PC EE 504-Module 3

Power Electronics

Diode Rectifiers &

Phase Controlled Converters

1
 Diode Rectifiers
• The function of a rectifier is to deliver an output voltage with an
average (dc) from an alternating (ac) voltage.
• As we know diodes are uncontrolled switches and hence diode
rectifiers are uncontrolled, that is the output cannot be
controlled against changes in the magnitude of ac input or
output load.
• The ac input may be single or three phase and there are
different forms of rectification as half-wave, center-tap full-wave,
bridge rectifier.
• Rectifiers have varying number of pulses (p) in the output per
cycle of the ac input. A broader name for rectifiers is converters.
• Generally the input to the rectifier comes from the secondary of
a transformer with the primary connected to the mains supply.
The source inductance (leakage inductance referred to
secondary) has an effect on the dc output of any converter.
• A free-wheel diode also affects the dc output of a converter.
• The schematic circuit and waveforms for different types of
2
rectifiers are shown in Figs. 1 to 5.
 Rectifiers-Circuits & Waveforms-I

For all single phase converters the ac input is Vm*sinwt, that is the peak
voltage is Vm. For all three phase converters the peak phase to neutral
voltage is Vm. The three phase voltages are Vm*sinwt, Vm*(sinwt-2*p/3),
Vm*(sinwt + 2*p/3). All results are expressed in terms of Vm.
Rectifiers-Circuits & Waveforms-II
The precise definition of
A ‘Highly Inductive R-L
Load’ is given as:
tan-1(w*L/R) tends to
Infinity.
The physical effect is that
the inductance does not
allow any change in the
load current which is
considered to be constant
as shown.
This concept will be used
in all converter analysis.
In all converter waveforms
The load voltage is shown
as VL and load current as
IL. The input current is IS.
Rectifiers-Circuits & Waveforms-III
This is the most
common type
of single phase
rectifier used in
practice as it
does not have
any direct
component in
the input.
The input
current IS can be
seen to be
purely
alternating.
In Fig. 2 both
IS1 and IS2 have
. net dc value. In
Fig. 1 IS=IL and
has net dc value.
With D1 & D2 ON, D3 & D4 are OFF and with D3 & D4 ON, D1 & D2 are OFF. 5
Rectifiers-Circuits & Waveforms-IV

The three input phases are A, B, C with neutral N.

As the input line current is same as the diode current, it has net dc. 6
 Rectifiers-Circuits & Waveforms-V

This rectifier is widely used in industry. The line voltage and diode conduction
sequence are shown. The line current has no net dc and the input is 3 wire. 7
 Rectifier Performance Parameters

The peak secondary voltage is Vm Volts, f is the input frequency in Hz, R is the load in W. 8
Performance Factor of p-Phase Rectifier on R Load

The input ac at frequency f has p number of phases in star connection.

Hence the output has p pulses and is called a ‘p-pulse rectifier’.
The peak secondary phase to neutral voltage is Vm.
The diode PIV is 31/2*Vm.
These rectifiers have net dc in input and hence very low Transformer
Utilization Factor (TUF) even with high Rectification Efficiency.
The secondary fundamental phase angle of current with secondary voltage
Is found from Fourier series expansion of the current.
9
Performance Factor of 3f Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

10
Effect of Freewheeling Diode on Converter Performance
• This has been shown in Fig. 1 for the single phase half wave rectifier
on R-L load.
• There is delay in the load current from voltage as shown after the
rectifying element starts conducting.
• The inductive current will continue after the zero crossing of the
voltage and the rectifying element is not commuted naturally as the
current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously. Hence the
current continues and the rectifying element continues to conduct,
forcing the load voltage to go negative.
• The load voltage jumps to zero only when the inductive load current
becomes zero and the rectifying element stops conducting.
• Thus the converter delivers a bi-polar output voltage (also called
voltage inversion).
• Voltage inversion is avoided by using a Free-wheeling Diode (FWD) as
shown.
• At the zero crossing of the load voltage as it goes negative, the FWD
becomes forward biased and starts conducting the load current.
Hence the main rectifying element stops conducting as the inductive
current finds an alternate path through the FWD.
• The voltage across the load becomes equal to the negative value of
the forward voltage of the FWD which is usually a fraction of a volt and
is considered as zero in practical cases.
• In effect, addition of a FWD converts an inductive-resistive (R-L) load
into a simple resistive (R) load. 11
Effect of Source Inductance on Converter Performance
This is shown in Fig. 6 for a 1f full wave bridge
rectifier. The effect is pronounced for the load to
be highly inductive (R-L) to make the load current
practically constant which is indicated in two
colours for the conduction of the diode pair D1-D2
and D3-D4. At the zero crossing of the input voltage
The source inductance Ls does not allow a step
change in the input current IS and hence the
current through D1-D2 falls gradually with that in
D3-D4 rising gradually to keep the load current
constant as shown. This takes place for a time Dt
on the time axis corresponding to an angle m on
the wt axis as shown. For this time all four diodes
are conducting and there is a short-circuit on the
source that is controlled only by the inductance LS.
The load voltage becomes zero for this time Dt and
this results in a net reduction in the output dc
voltage. The higher the value of LS, the longer will
be Dt and more will be the reduction in output dc
voltage of the converter.
The mathematical calculations are given in next
12
slide.
Effect of Source Inductance on Converter Performance
The change in current Di in time Dt in Fig. 6 is Di=IL, the load current.
For a change in voltage Dv we get: LS*Di/Dt=Dv or LS*IL=Dv*Dt - - -(1)
If there are p pulses in a cycle, the reduction in average (dc) voltage for a
cycle time period T=1/f is given from (1) by: DVdc=p*Dv*Dt/T= p*f*LS*IL- - - (2)
The angle m in Fig. 6 is called the overlap angle as the conduction of the
rectifying elements overlap in this period.
Without any overlap in Fig. 6: Vdc = (Vm/p)*∫0psinx*dx=2*Vm/p - - -(3)
With overlap Vdc-DVdc=(Vm/p)*∫mpsinx*dx=(Vm/p)*(1-cosm) - - - (4)
Combining (2), (3) and (4): 1-cosm = w*LS*IL/Vm - - -(5)
Hence the angle of overlap can be found from (5) for a 1f bridge rectifier.
The value of p in Fig. 6 is 2 (two-pulse converter); for a three phase bridge
rectifier (six-pulse converter) p=6 and that must be used in equation (2).
For phase angle controlled converters which have a firing angle delay,
the overlap angle m depends on the firing angle by the general equation:
cosa1-cos(a1 + m1) = cosa2-cos(a2+ m2) - - - (6)
Where m1 is the overlap angle for firing angle a1 and m2 is the overlap angle
for firing angle a2.
Hence knowing the overlap angle for one firing angle, one may find out the
overlap angle for another firing angle.

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 Phase Controlled Converters
• The principle of phase control to achieve a controlled dc output
from an ac input has been discussed.
• Phase controlled converters can be classified by the number of
ac input phases, single or three.
• Phase controlled converter can be half-wave or full wave.
• Phase controlled converters are further classified as i) Semi-
converters, ii) Full-converters iii) Dual-converters according to
their Voltage-Current quadrants of operation shown in Fig.7
• Semi-Converter Full-Converter Dual-Converter

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Quadrant Operation of Converters
The Semi-Converter can operate in the first quadrant only as shown
in Fig. 7a with both output voltage and current remaining positive
with R or R-L load. The Semi-converter has built-in freewheeling
action which does not allow inversion of output voltage even with an
inductive (R-L) load.
The Full-converter operates in the first quadrant only with R load and
is equivalent to a Semi-converter. With inductive (R-L) load the Full-
Converter operates in the first and fourth quadrant with output
current remaining positive and voltage either positive or negative
(called inversion). Thus when driving a dc motor, the Full-converter
can produce both forward motoring (first quadrant) and reverse
braking (fourth quadrant) with voltage (speed) negative and current
(torque) positive. Addition of a freewheel diode restricts the operation
of the Full-converter to first quadrant only and becomes equivalent to
a Semi-converter.
A Dual-Converter is the combination of two Full-converters making it
possible to operate in all four quadrants. For a dc motor this means
forward and reverse motoring, forward and reverse braking all are
possible. Circulating currents are set up in a Dual Converter.
Half-wave phase controllers can operate in first and fourth quadrants
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(Fig. 7b) with R-L load.
 Performance Factors of Converters
• The Performance Factors for Converters are defined exactly as for
rectifiers. Though they are intrinsically for R load, for converters more
interest is in Performance Factors at constant load current, that is a
very highly inductive R-L load.
• The peak ac input for single phase is Vmsinwt. For three phase the
phase to neutral voltages are Vmsinwt, Vmsin(wt-2p/3), Vmsin(wt+2p/3).
• The starting point of Performance Factor calculation is the average
and RMS output voltages. For all converters both are functions of the
firing angle a. Average voltage=Vdc(a); RMS voltage=VRMS(a)
• Form Factor FF(a)=VRMS(a)/Vdc(a), Ripple Factor RF(a)=[1-FF(a)2]1/2 ,
Efficiency=1/FF(a)2. The other important Performance Factors are
Transformer Utilization Factor TUF, Power Factor PF and Harmonic
Factor HF. These are generally evaluated at constant load current I L.
The secondary line current (both for 1f and 3f) is given generally as
IS(a) and hence for 1f input TUF=21/2*Vdc*IL/{Vm*IS(a)} and for 3f input
TUF=21/2*Vdc*IL/{3*Vm*IS(a)}
• For PF and HF, IS(a) has to be expanded in Fourier series and IS1(a) is
the fundamental magnitude & f1 the phase. PF= {IS1(a)/ IS(a)}*cos(f1)
• HF=[{IS(a)/ IS1(a)}2-1]1/2
• All are numerically computed from Vdc(a), VRMS(a), IS(a).
Single Phase Half Wave Converter-I

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 Single Phase Half Wave Converter-II
• Fig. 8 gives the basic circuit and the associated waveforms of the
Single Phase Half Wave Converter. The circuit is quite similar to the
Single Phase Half wave Rectifier in Fig. 1 with the diode replaced by a
thyristor which is fired at wt=a. The thyristor current is IT, voltage is VT.
• For R-Load the thyristor conducts from wt=a to wt=p, the load current
is a scalar multiple of load voltage and IS=IT=IL. The average and RMS
voltages are given by: Vdc=Vm*∫apsinx*dx/(2*p)=Vm*(1+cosa)/(2*p) - -(7)
• VRMS=(Vm/2)*[(p-a+sina*cosa)/p]1/2 - - -(8)
• For a=0, the values in (7) and (8) become same as rectifier.
• For R-L load the thyristor conducts till wt=b>p. The limits in the
integral in (7) become a and b and Vdc= Vm*(cosa-cosb)/(2*p) - -(9)
• b is called the angle of extinction and depends on the ratio w*L/R.
• The average voltage thus reduces and for b>2*p-a, Vdc<0. this is
called voltage inversion with current remaining positive and the
converter thus can operate in double quadrants as shown in Fig. 7b.
• The PIV of the thyristor is Vm for R and R-L loads.
• With R-L-E load (E is a back emf load as battery or a dc motor), the PIV
of the thyristor becomes E+Vm and the load VL=E when T is OFF.
• The effect with a FWD is similar to that of the single phase rectifier. It
has been shown for a constant current (high w*L/R) load. The FWD
conducts when thyristor is OFF and IL=IT+IFWD. 18
Single Phase Semi-Converters-I

19
 Single Phase Semi-Converters-II
• There two versions: Symmetrical as shown in Fig. 9 and Asymmetrical
as shown in Fig. 10. Thyristor T1 is fired at wt=a and T2 at wt=p+a in
both cases. In both cases the resistive load current is a scalar multiple
of the load voltage as shown. In both cases the thyristor PIV is –Vm.
• In both cases the average and RMS voltages are given by:
Vdc=Vm*∫apsinx*dx/p=Vm*(1+cosa)/p--(10) 0<a<p
• VRMS=(Vm)*[(p-a+sina*cosa)/(2*p)]1/2 - - -(11)
• For a high w*L/R load, a constant load current IL is considered.
• Input RMS current IS=IL*[1-a/p]1/2 - - -(12)
• From (10), (11), (12) FF, RF, TUF, Rectification efficiency can be found
as function of a. But these are numerically calculated for given a.
• DF=cos(a/2) - - - (13) PF=(1+cosa)*[2/{p*(p-a)}]1/2- - - - (14)
• HF= [p*(p-a)/{4*(1+cosa)}-1]1/2 - - - (15)
• The Semi-converter has inherent freewheeling action as seen from the
Figs 9 and 10. There is a difference in the freewheeling actions of the
two converters.
• The inherent freewheeling action improves the Performance Factors,
especially Power Factor, of the Semi-converters over Full Converters.
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 Single Phase Semi-Converters-III
• As seen from Figs. 9 and 10, Single Phase Semi-converters
comprise of two thyristors and two diodes.
• For R Load, the thyristor T1 and diode D1 conduct from wt=a to
wt=p; thyristor T2 and diode D2 conduct from wt=p+a to wt=2p in
each cycle.
• For a constant current load for the symmetrical converter, the
thyristor T1 continues to conduct with diode D2 from wt=p to
wt=p+a till T2 is fired and T1 becomes off. Then T2 conducts with
D2 and after wt=2p the pair T2 - D1 conduct. This is shown in Fig.9.
• Hence each thyristor and diode conduct for wt=p in each cycle. If a
freewheel diode FWD is added, in each cycle the thyristors and
diodes will conduct for p-a and the FWD for 2a. The FWD reduces
the current load on the thyristors and diodes in the main circuit.
• For the asymmetrical converter in Fig. 10, the thyristors conduct
for p-a in each cycle and the diodes conduct for p in each cycle.
• The two diodes D1 and D2 in series physically form a FWD and
hence there is no use of adding any FWD in this case.
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Single Phase Full Converter-I

22
 Single Phase Full Converter-II
• The circuit and waveforms are shown in Fig. 11. The 1f Full Converter
comprises of four thyristors of which T1, T2 are fired together at wt=a
and T3 ,T4 are fired together at wt=p+a
• The Full Converter behaves exactly as a Semi-converter on R load or
with a FWD connected. The waveforms, voltage equations and all
Performance Factors become exactly same as that for a semi-
converter. This is true for both single and three phase input.
• For a high w*L/R load, a constant load current IL is considered.
Vdc=Vm*∫ap+asinx*dx/p=2*Vm*cosa/p--(16) 0<a<p VRMS=(Vm)/21/2 - - -(17)
• DF=cosa - - -(18) PF=2*21/2*cosa/p - - -(19) HF=[p2/8-1]1/2 - - -(20)
• From equation (16) it is noticed that the average load voltage becomes
negative for a>p/2. This is called voltage inversion as discussed with
the converter operating in the fourth quadrant with current positive
and voltage negative. The operation for a<p/2 is called rectifying
mode in the first quadrant with both voltage and current positive.
• The conduction period of T1, T2 is from wt=a to wt=p+a and the
conduction period of T3 ,T4 from wt=p+a to wt=2p+a in both modes.
• The PIV is Vm for the thyristors in both modes but as shown in Fig. 11;
for the inversion mode it is forward blocking instead of reverse as in
rectifying mode.
• For a R-L-E load, Vdc>E for rectifying mode operation and power flows
from the load to the source in inversion mode. For a dc motor load, it
works as a generator in inversion mode.
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Single Phase Dual Converter
The Dual Converter, as the name
suggests, is a combination of two
Full converters as shown in Fig.12.
Converter 1 operates in the first and
fourth quadrants and Converter 2 in
the second and fourth quadrants as
shown in Fig. 7c. One converter works
in the rectifier mode (a<p/2) and the
other in inverting mode (a>p/2). Hence
Power flow to the load is possible in
either direction. As both converters are
on together, a current can circulate
from one to another. The circulating
Current is limited by the center-tapped
Inductor and this current keeps both
the converters conducting independent
of the load. The two average voltages:
Vdc1=2*Vm*cosa1/p Vdc2=2*Vm*cosa2/p
As Vdc1= -Vdc2 , cosa1= -cosa2
which gives a1+a2 = p - - - (21)
The magnitude of circulating current24 is
given by 2*Vm/(w*L) - - - (22)
Power Factor Improvement of Converters-I

One major problem of converters is that the power factor at the supply
reduces with increasing firing angle which affects the power system.
Different techniques are used to improve power factor in converters.
The single phase semi-converter is taken as an example as shown in
Fig. 13a has a lagging pf with Vdc=(Vm/p)∫apsinx*dx=(Vm/p)*(1+cosa) -(23)
In the Extinction Angle Control shown in Fig. 13b: has a leading pf.
Vdc=(Vm/p)∫0p-bsinx*dx=(Vm/p)*(1+cosb) -(24) for a=b, the power factors
become equal and opposite and splitting the load into firing and
extinction angle control improves the overall power factor.
The Symmetric Angle Converter has DF=1 and as PF=DF*IS1/IS, this
improves the PF. Vdc=(Vm/p)∫(p-b)/2(p+b)/2sinx*dx=(2*Vm/p)*sin(b/2) -(25)
The main difficulty is that GTOs are needed for trigger OFF as natural 25
commutation is not possible for extinction or symmetric control.
 Power Factor Improvement of Converters-II

In this method the rectifying elements (GTO1 & GTO2 in Fig. 14) are switched
on and off by pulses of varying width in each half-cycle as shown in Fig. 14.
Hence the term Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Usually the pulses are
generated by comparing a triangular carrier wave Ac and a sinusoidal
modulating wave Ar for Ar>Ac as shown in Fig. 14. This technique eliminates
harmonics with increasing carrier frequency and has DF=1 thus vastly
improving power factor. The disadvantages are that trigger OFF switches are
needed as commutation is not natural and switching losses are increased as
the switching frequency is the carrier frequency.. 26
 Three Phase Converters-I
• Single phase converters are either single pulse (half-wave) or two
pulse (full wave). Three phase converters can be either three pulse or
six pulse. The advantage of having more pulses per ac input cycle for
the Converter Performance Factors have been shown in the tables for
Rectifiers. Hence three phase converters are preferred to single phase.
• A single phase converter can cause unbalance in the power system if
the load exceeds a limit. As converters always have a balanced load,
the three phase converters do not affect the power system regardless
of the magnitude of load.
• The basic principles of conversion as semi-converters operating in
single quadrant, full converters in double quadrants (also half-wave
converters), dual converters in all four quadrants as shown in Fig. 7
apply similarly to three phase converters as to single phase types.
• A three phase full converter on R load is equivalent to a semi-
converter, similar to single phase versions.
• Freewheeling action is also similar to three phase converters as to
single phase. The semi-converter has inherent freewheeling feature
and the addition of an extra freewheel diode shifts the extra current to
the FWD from the main converter switches.
• Addition of a freewheel diode makes an inductive load of a three
phase full wave converter equivalent to a resistive load as for single
phase.
• The effect of source inductance for 3 phase converters is also similar
to single phase with changed value of the number of pulses, p, in
equation (2). 27
 Three Phase Converters-II
• The main intricacy of three phase conversion lies in the identification
of conducting phases for the switches. This determines the range of
possible firing angle.
• For the half-wave converter shown in Fig. 15, the switch having the
most positive phase to neutral voltage conducts.
• For the full wave semi-converter comprising of three thyristors and
three diodes as shown in Fig. 16, the combination of switches having
most positive line voltage shall conduct. The switches are numbered
according to the most likely conduction sequence T1-D1, T2-D2, T3-D3.
The firing pulses to the 3 thyristors are spaced 120o apart in a cycle.
• For the full wave full converter comprising of six thyristors as shown
in Fig. 17, since six switches conduct in each cycle the firing pulses
are spaced 60o apart and as phase B lags 120o from phase A, the
thyristor on positive bus from phase A is numbered T1 and from phase
B is numbered T3. The thyristor on the negative bus from phase A lags
180o from T1 and is numbered T4. Following this logic thyristor on
negative bus from phase C is named T2 instead of T8 as the cycle
repeats after six. Each thyristor has to be fired twice and there are two
conduction sequences for each as T1-T6, T1-T2.
• It is extremely important to understand this 1-3-5/4-6-2 number
sequence in three phase converters. It also applies to three phase
inverters.
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 Three Phase Converters-III

In Fig. 15, each thyristor is fired from its respective phase to neutral
voltage Van, Vbn, Vcn. For the semi-converter and the full converter there
are six line voltage vectors and it is important to choose the correct
voltage phasor for firing. This also places a limit on the range of firing
angle. The range is 0<a<p for Half-wave and Semi-converter but 0<a<2*p /3
for Full-converter.
The details of all the load voltage waveforms for different firing angles,
(for R load the load current is a scalar multiple of voltage), current
waveforms for high w*L/R constant current load with all expressions for
Vdc and Vrms and IS (as for 1f) are given in an excel spreadsheet. The ac
voltage vectors are also shown for clarity and Van=Vm*sinwt has been taken
as the reference phase and all results are expressed in terms of Vm, the peak
phase to neutral voltage.
The three phase dual converter has the similar circuit construction as the
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single phase version with the relation a1+a2=p.
 Numerical Problems-I
A single phase full wave bridge rectifier operates from an input of 240 V
rms 50 Hz input. Find the dc output voltage and ripple voltage for a load
of R=20 W, find the rectification efficiency , transformer utilization factor
and power factor.

Vdc=2*Vm/p=2*240*21/2/p=216.08 V FF=p/(2*21/2)=1.11 RF=(1.112-1)1/2=0.48

Ripple Voltage=0.48*216.08=104 V Rect. Efficiency=1/1.112=81%
Idc=Vdc/R=216.08/20=10.8 A IS=FF*Idc=1.11*10.8=12 A
TUF=216.08*10.8/(240*12)=0.81 PF=1

A three phase full wave bridge rectifier operates from an input of 400 V
line rms 50 Hz input. Find the dc output voltage and ripple voltage for a
load of R=20 W, find the rectification efficiency , transformer utilization
factor and power factor.

Let rms line voltage=Vline Vdc=3*31/2*Vm/p=3*21/2*Vline/p=1.35*400=540 V

RF=4.2% Ripple voltage=22.69 V FF=1.00088 Rect. Eff=99.82%
Vm=400*(2/3)1/2=326.6 V IS=1.35*Vm/R=22.04 A Idc=540/20=27 A
TUF=540*27/(31/2*400*22.04)=95.41% PF=3/p=0.954
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 Numerical Problems-II
A single phase full converter at a firing angle 45o on R-load gives a dc
voltage 100 V. What will be the dc voltage at the same firing angle for a
highly inductive constant current load?

For R-load the full converter is equivalent to a semi-converter.

Vdc=(Vm/p)*(1+cosa)=(Vm/p)*(1+2-1/2)=100 V (Vm/p)=100/(1+2-1/2)
For constant current load Vdc=(2*Vm/p)*cosa=200/[21/2*(1+2-1/2)]=82.84 V

A fully controlled single phase thyristor bridge converter is used for the
braking of a dc motor whose equivalent circuit is shown below. The load
current is ripple free and constant at 10 A. Find the firing angle of the
converter.
The direction of current opposes the braking emf.
The net output voltage is 2W*10A-150V= -130 V
The converter operates in inverting mode.
Vdc=(2*Vm/p)*cosa= -130 V
2*21/2*230*cosa/p= -130 cosa= -0.6278
Gives a=129o

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 Numerical Problems-III
A single phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc converter is
operating at a constant dc output of 20 A at a firing angle 25o and overlap
angle 10o. Find the fundamental displacement factor and power factor at
ac input.

DF=cos(a+m)=cos(35o+10o)=0.7071 PF=2*21/2*0.7071/p=0.637

A three phase full controlled bridge converter is feeding a constant and

ripple-free load of 10 Ampere at firing angle 30o. Find the rms value and
the fundamental component of the input current to the bridge. Hence find
the HF of the input current.

The rms input current IS=(2/3)1/2*IL= 8.16 A IS1=(61/2/p)*IL=7.8 A

PF=(3/p)*cosa=0.827

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 Numerical Problems-IV
A lead acid battery of 55 cells (nominal 110 V DC) is to be charged from
1.75 V/cell to 2.75 V/cell at 10 A DC. The net resistance in the charging
circuit is 1 ohm and the voltage drop across each rectifying element is
1.5 V. A single phase semi-controlled converter is used. Find the range
of the firing angle needed for a supply of single phase 220 +/-10% V,
50 Hz.

At 1.75 V/cell, the required dc voltage

Vdc1=55*1.75+2*1.5+10*1=109.25 V
The highest firing angle shall be at this dc output and maximum ac input
Vm1=21/2*220*1.1=342.24 V
Vdc1=(Vm1/p)*(1+cosa1) cosa1=(p*109.25/342.24)-1=0.002861
That gives maximum firing angle a1=90o

At 2.75 V/cell, the required dc voltage

Vdc2=55*2.75+2*1.5+10*1=164.25 V
The lowest firing angle shall be at this dc output and minimum ac input
Vm2=21/2*220*0.9=280.01 V
Vdc2=(Vm2/p)*(1+cosa2) cosa2=(p*164.25/280.01)-1=0.843
That gives minimum firing angle a2=32.5o
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 Numerical Problems-V
A separately excited dc motor is run for first quadrant control from an ac
3f supply 415 V, 50 Hz on its armature circuit. The rated armature voltage
is 500V, the rated power is 5 kW, the armature resistance is 0.5 W, the
forward voltage drop of semiconductors is 1.5 V. Find the firing angle at
80% of rated speed at full torque assuming no losses.

The rated armature current IL=5000/500=10 A and this will be the current
at full torque. The dc voltage output Vdc=0.8*500+0.5*10+2*1.5=408 V
As only single quadrant operation is needed, a semi-converter is to be
considered. Vdc=3*31/2*Vm*(1+cosa)/(2*p) and Vm=(2/3)1/2*415=338.85 V
cosa=2*p*408/(3*31/2*338.85)-1=0.456 a=63o

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