BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SANITARY/ Nonpotable water may be used for flushing waterclosets

(toilets), irrigating grass and gardens, washing cars, and

PLUMBING SYSTEM for any use other than drinking, cooking, or cleaning.
Plumbing History Community water systems obtain water from two
sources:
• Nearly 4000 years ago, the ancient Greeks had
hot and coldwater systems in buildings. The ❖ Surface water
Minoan Palace Knossos on the isle of Crete had - is water that collects on the ground or in a
terra cotta (baked clay) piping laid beneath the stream, river, lake, reservoir, or ocean.
palace floor. These pipes provided water for
fountains and faucets of marble, gold, and silver - the rain that runs off the surface of the ground
that offered hot and cold running water. into streams, rivers, and lakes.
• On the island of Crete, Minoan Kings had -Surface water can be collected in a storage tank
bathrooms with hot and cold running water. The called a cistern. A cistern can fill with rainwater
Minoan Palace of Knossos used ceramic bathtubs as it drains from the roof of a building or a more
along with the world’s first flushing toilet elaborate collection system.
complete with drainage systems.
• Roman aqueducts were built in all parts of the ❖ Ground Water
Roman Empire, from Germany to Africa, and --Groundwater seeps through the soil and is
especially in the city of Rome, where they trapped on impervious stratum, a layer of soil or
totalled over 415 kilometres (258 mi). The rock that water cannot pass through. The water
aqueducts supplied fresh water to public baths collects in pores of permeable stratum; a layer
and for drinking water, in large cities across the of porous earth that water can pass through
empire, and set a standard of engineering that such as sands, gravels, limestone, or basalt.
was not surpassed for more than a thousand Saturated permeable stratum capable of
years. Bridges, built in stone with multiple providing a usable supply of water is known as
arches, were a distinctive feature of Roman an aquifer.
aqueducts and hence the term aqueduct is often
applied specifically to a bridge for carrying water -Ground water, which is obtained by drilling
wells, is water located below the ground surface
Plumbing History
in pores and spaces in the rock.
• Plumbarius refers to an individual who worked in
the sanitary field of ancient Rome. Plumbum on
the otherhand, meant lead. A metal used as
plumbing material by the Romans, preferred for
its twin properties of malleability and resistant to
acid
• Historians theorize that lead leaching into
drinking water from water supply pipes and lead
from other sources poisoned the Roman
aristocracy, contributing to the decline of the
Roman Empire.
Plumbing in the Philippines
• Before the decades of the 40’s, household
plumbing installation was considered as a luxury
item available only to the upper crust of the
society. Majority of the population, aside from What is Plumbing
not being able to afford plumbing installation in • The word plumbing is derived from
their homes, where still unaware of the “plumbum”, latin for the metallic
importance of sanitation facilities in the form of element lead
an efficient water supply and waste disposal • System of piping that carries water into
system. and out of a building.
• Most of the households, particularly in the rural • The art and science of installing pipes,
areas, were adopting the indigenous and fixtures and other apparatus to convey
ingenious methods of water supply and waste and supply water in buildings
disposal, unmindful of the ill effects brought anddispose and discharge waste and
about by poor sanitation other liquids, gases and other substance
Sources of Potable Water out of a building in a safe, orderly, health
and sanitary way to ensure the health
▪ Water is the name given to the liquid compound and sanitation of life and property.
H2O.
▪ In a pure state it is tasteless and oderless. Plumber - A plumber is someone who installs or
▪ A supply of good water is more important to repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures and
human survival than food. equipment such as water heaters and backflow
▪ Potable is clean water that is suitable for human preventers
drinking. It must be available for drinking,
cooking,and cleaning.
OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING BRASS PIPE
Plumbing has two main objectives: -Red brass piping, consisting of approximately 85%
• To supply water to different parts of the building copper and 15% zinc, is used as water supply piping.
(water supply system)
- The pipe is threaded for fitting connections, but this
• To remove and discharge human wastes and
other substances out of the building into the requires thicker walls to accommodate the threading,
public sewer or septic tank (sanitary drainage
system / DWV system) making installation and handling more difficult than for
copper
Components in Plumbing Supply/Distribution
system
❖ Pipe
❖ pipe fittings & valves
❖ plumbing fixtures
PIPE
- is a round, hollow channel used to transport liquids such
CAST IRON PIPE
as water or solid–liquid mixtures such as wastewater
from one point to the next. - commonly used in gravity building and storm
drain/sewer systems. Cast iron pipes and fittings are
- In a building plumbing system, pipes transport hot and
limited to gravity pressure systems.
cold water and remove liquid and solid wastes. Piping in
buildings is also used in transporting natural and liquefied - it is durable, conveniently installed and answer to the
petroleum gases, fuel oil, compressed air, refrigerants, most plumbing needs of all types of building less than 25
and irrigation water. storey high. However, buildings taller than 25 storey do
not specify the use of cast iron pipe
- Water pipe generally falls into one of two categories:
pressure pipe, which delivers supply water; and drain, • Two type of Cast iron pipe
waste, and vent (DWV) pipe, which carries waste and soil
water away. Both categories are sold in metal and plastic; - SV type
however,metal (copper in plumbing systems) dominates - which is generally used for building installation
the pressure category. Plastic and cast iron are the most
common piping material for DWV - XV type

CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER PIPE - extra duty pipe used for underground installation

TYPE DESCRIPTION
K type - is the heaviest.
- is used primarily for underground water
service in water supply systems.
- Type K copper tubing is color coded in
green for quick visual identification

L type - is lighter than K type.

- it is commonly used in residential water
supply line and for radiant heating
installations.
- Type L copper tubing is color coded blue
M type - is the thinnest and available only in a rigid
ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE
form
- is specially designed for small water supply - made from alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is widely used
lines and for a radiant heating installation in chemical laboratories, industries and other installation
- copper tubing is color coded red. where acid wastes are being discharge.

DWV copper - the thinnest copper tube and is used in STEEL PIPE
tube non-pressure applications. It is made in hard
- Steel pipe is available in the following nominal
temper only and is obtainable in straight
diameters: 3⁄8, 1⁄2, 3⁄4, 1, 11⁄4, 11⁄2, 2, 21⁄2, 3, 31⁄2, 4,
lengths of 20 ft (6.1 m).
5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 in. It is typically sold in lengths of 21
- the color code is yellow
ft. When steel pipe is forged, a black oxide scale forms
COPPER PIPE on its surface that gives it a dull black finish, and as a
result it is called black pipe.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Copper is naturally - Copper pipes also encounter -Because steel is subject to rust and corrosion, the pipe
corrosion-resistant problems from water acidity, so they manufacturer also coats it with protective oil. Black pipe
metal - lightweight are not good to install for plumbing is most commonly used for natural gas supply lines and
systems that draw water from a well. fire suppression sprinkler system lines.
- Cost more than plastic
 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE
- sometimes referred to simply as plastic pipe. is used for
- is covered with a protective coating of zinc that greatly
water supply systems because its economy and ease of
reduces its tendency to corrode and thus extends its life
expectancy. It is moderately corrosion resistant and installation make it popular, especially on projects such
suitable for mildly acid water. as low-cost housing or apartments where cost economy
is important.
- It was commonly used for water supply, waste, and vent
Types of Plastic Pipes
lines in plumbing systems through the early 1950s. It is
not frequently used for water supply lines today because a. the rigid type
the minerals in the water react with the galvanizing
material and form scale, which builds up over time and 1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
will eventually clog the pipe. 2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
4. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
5. Polypropylene (PP)
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
b. the flexible type
1. the Polyethylene (PE)
2. the Polybutylene (PB)
LIGHTWEIGHT WROUGHT-IRON PIPE
❖ The plastic pipe being used for hot water lines
- designated Standard (or Schedule 40), is the type are the Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride(CPVC),
most commonly used for water supply and fire Polyvinyl Dichloride (PVDC), and the
Polypropylene(PP)
suppression sprinkler systems
-The most commonly used wrought-iron pipe is
galvanized. The zinc-galvanized coating adds extra
corrosion resistance.

Lead pipe
- one of the oldest plumbing materials used by the
Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Roman builders as soil
and waste pipe. Lead is highly resistant to acid and is
suitable for underground installation. But because lead is
poisonous and injurious to human health, it is never used
to convey water for human consumption.
Concrete and Asbestos Cement pipe
- These pipes are traditionally used for sewage, industrial
waste, storm water, and drain field applications.
Concrete pipe is also used as large water supply pipe.
These materials are not commonly used in building
plumbing systems.
PIPE FITTINGS COUPLINGS
Pipe Fittings - used to join straight runs of pipe.
- Are attachments placed on pipe end, which provide - If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting may
flexibility in piping system. These are commonly used for
changing the direction of flow, distribution, increase or be called a reducing couple or reducer, or an adapter.
decrease the flow capacity and interconnection.
- fittings for steel and wrought-iron pipe are made of
malleable iron and cast iron. The fittings for plastic,
copper, and brass pipe are made of the same materials
as the pipe being connected.
UNION
ELBOW
- a union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to
- usually at 45° and 90°, are angular fittings used to
allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for
change the direction of a supply pipe.
maintenance or fixture replacement.
- standard union pipe is made in three parts consisting
of a nut, a female end, and male end

THREE WAY ELBOW

NIPPLE
TEES - Is a fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe,usually
- are used in a supply system when a line must branch provided with a male pipe thread at each end, for
off at a straight run. connecting to other fittings.
-A reducing tee allows different pipe sizes to be
joined together in a supply system.
-Sanitary T and sanitary Y are tee-like fittings used
in sanitary drainage systems that make a more gradual
turn to prevent blockage.

CAP OR PLUG
- A type of pipe fitting which is liquid or gas tight,
and is used to cover the end of a pipe. A cap has a similar
function to a plug. For screwed systems the cap would
have female threads where a plug would have male
threads
VALVES occurs. A 90° rotation of the ball causes the valve to be
- Valves are used to control flow of the water throughout fully closed.
the system. - Ball valves are available in both on/off shutoff control
- device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a and controlled-flow designs. Controlled-flow ball valves
fluid by opening, closing or partially obstructing various are designed to regulate the flow of water
passageways.
GATE VALVE
- is a manual valve that has a wedge-shaped leaf hat,
when closed, seals tightly against two metal seats that
are set at slight angles. This type of valve is usually used
where the flow of the water is left either completely
opened or closed for most of the time. CHECK VALVE

- The gate valve is not used to regulate flow of water. - opens to allow the flow of water in the direction

Instead, it is used to shut off the flow of water such as to desired and prevents flow in the other direction.

fixtures and equipment when repairs or replacement

must be made.

FLOW CONTROL VALVE

- automatically adjusts the rate of water flow to a
GLOBE VALVE
predetermined flow rate as pressure in the system varies.
- a manual, compression-type valve, commonly used
where there is occasional or periodic use, such as
lavatories (faucets) and hose connections (called hose
bibbs).
- This type of valve regulates the flow of water.

FLUSHOMETER
- valve like device designed to supply a fixed quantity
of water for flushing toilets and urinals. When operated,
it automatically shuts off after a measured amount of
water flow in order to conserve water.
ANGLE VALVE
- is a manual valve similar in operation to the globe
valve, utilizing the same principle of compressing a
washer against a metal seat to cut the flow of water

HOSE BIBBS
- sometimes called a sill cock, is a valve designed to
accept the threaded connection of a hose.

BALL VALVE
- manual valve that has a ball with a hole through it
that is mounted between two seats. When the ball hole
is in line with the valve openings, full flow of water
 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE commode, the building code specifically refers to it as a
- an adjustable valve designed to reduce pressure to a water closet.
specific setting. These valves are commonly used in
building plumbing systems where street water pressure
is excessive and needs to be reduced before being sent to
plumbing fixtures.

BIDET
- personal hygiene plumbing fixtures used for genital
and perineal cleanliness. It is typically used after using
the water closet. The bidet is not designed or intended
to carry away solid human waste. Some bidets have a
THERMOSTATIC VALVE
warm air dryer that is used to blow dry the genital and
- frequently called a tempering valve or mixing valve, is
perineal area after washing.
an automatic valve thermostatically blends hot and cold
water to desired temperatures and to prevent scalding.

LAVATORIES
TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE - Lavatory is a bowl or basin used for washing face and
- safety valve designed to limit pressure of a liquid vapor hands.
or gas. These valves are specified such that the valve - the basin of a lavatory may be of the following form:
remains closed at normal operating pressures yet it is Rounded, square, oval, rectangular, trapezoidal,
allowed to open to release excessive pressure. They are Triangular
commonly found as a safety feature on water heaters and
boilers.

PLUMBING FIXTURE
- plumbing fixtures are receptacles intended to receive
water, liquid or water-carried waste and discharge them
BATHTUB
into the drainage system .
- Plumbing fixtures used for bathing.
- an approved receptacle, device, or appliance that uses
water and discharges wastewater.
WATER CLOSET
- is a plumbing fixture that serves as an indoor
receptacle and removal system for human waste.
- is a plumbing fixture used to convey organic body
waste to the plumbing system.
- Although this fixture is commonly called a toilet or
 URINALS
- plumbing fixtures that are commonly used in public
restrooms where it is desirable to reduce possible
contamination of the water closet seats.

SHOWERS
- is an overhead nozzle that sprays water down on the
bather. Shower fittings may be placed over bathtubs
instead of having a separate shower space; this is
commonly done in residences, apartments, and motels.

SINK/KITCHEN SINK
- is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing
hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. Sinks have taps
(faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include
a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing.
Basic Properties of fluid flow Volumetric flow rate (Q)

- frequently called flow rate

Basic Properties of fluid flow:
- is the volume of the substance that passes a point in a
❖ Density
❖ Specific Weight system per unit of time
❖ Specific Gravity
- usually expressed in L/s, L/min, m3/s, cfs(ft3/s),
❖ Volume
❖ Volumetric flow rate ft3/min, gps, gpm.
❖ Velocity
Q= V/time
❖ Viscosity
❖

Density(ρ) Velocity (v)

- mass per unit volume - the rate of linear motion of a substance in one
- density of water @ standard condition(4oC) is direction
1000kg/m3 (1kg/L) or 62.4 lbm/ft3
- is expressed in in/s, ft/s, m/s

- In a fluidic system such as a plumbing system, water

Specific Weight (γ)
velocity is expressed as an average velocity because
- is the weight of fluid per unit volume.
water molecules each have different speeds and
- specific weight of water @std.condition(40C) are
directions of travel
9.81KN/m3 and 62.4lb/ft3
v = Q/A

Specific Gravity
Viscosity
- ratio of the fluid’s density to a standard reference
density(water @ 40 C or 390F) - is the property of a fluid which determines the amount
of its resistance to shear forces.
- Specific gravity of water is 1
-the measure of a fluid's resistance to flowing at a given

rate.
Example:

1. Determine the specific weight of water

2. Raw sewage is found to weigh 60.5 lb/ft3. Determine

its specific gravity.

Volume (V)
Example
- is the amount of space occupied by the substance.
1.) Determine the flow rate in gpm, for water flowing out
- is typically expressed in cubic meters(m3) or cubic
a faucet based on 2gal in 23 s.
feet(ft3)
2.) Determine the volumetric flow rate, in L/min, for

water flowing out of a faucet based on 6 L in 8 s.

3.) Type L copper tube (0.875 in outside diameter and

0.785 in inside diameter) carrying water at a volumetric

flow rate of 10 gpm. Determine the average velocity(ft/s)

of water flow in a pipe.

4.) Determine the average velocity(m/s) for water flow in

a copper tube (21.4 mm outside diameter and 19.9 mm

inside diameter) carrying water at a volumetric flow rate

of 40 L/min. ans. 2.14 m/s