I) tlll 1)(l(I l

I 11 (l(I lKKI II I ~!Kl f ~tKltl fill' flll I ti I It,

. t, ' J{,1 l l "' •II be '
Ih 1 11th 111111,1I .11,11 y n·• ••i\l'tll'\ 1 '-iuwill rcJl h tc1 f 70()(). I ,,tc ,ea e,JIu r u I I
I ' I l \ t',11 'Oll'i hb ,1no1lll l ..a .,n 1/ vear ,,11d / u•tl ,,,
l r
I,1 lt,·11 r,1lt'1•d 1"5 i11 a,,•Jir, t we,·k of .,efl'' i,,, 20.75? th
rI , , 1, Ir 11•11 t /11 11•/iul werk 11•i// /rrr u•t'rkly wii l be ,.~ 20 .7c;., '""
. sai•lll, :,., the n ,,vcck.
"t ll t llllN SuppoSt.' Jaslecn's wC'CldY s,wmgs . f'irst terlfl a== 5 and common d1flrr
A p with
l It o1rlv, J.i~il'l'n's w,-ekly saviogs form an · ·
,J l.1~.
nth term 20.75
a +(n I) d 20.7'i n-1===- -==>n-1=9 ⇒ n- 1
15.75
5
5 t (11 1) >< 1.75 20.75 ::> (11 1) >< t.75"' 15,7 :::> 1.75 - J

Hence, Jasleen's weekly savings will be f 20.75 in 10th week, tfOl'I)

If tlit m'h term of A.P. be 1/n and n1h term be 1/m, then show that its (mnl'
tennil1. 1111
1c e, :
'Then.
SOLUTION <riven A.p
Let II and d be the first tenn and coJIIII\Oll djfference respectively of the o·

...(ii
-1 .,nth tenn ⇒ -=a
1 +(m-l)d
" n ...(ii/
- • nth term ~ -1
1 s a+ (n -1) d
,. m
01\•N•bllmat~~ ~timl (Ii) fmlll equadm (i), we get
n 1-m •<•-,e)4 m-p
1',_._;s(m-n)d
1111 =-- d=-
...,, 1

Putting d • _il\eq1M1Ua u.-- mn

1 '"" 1
~1ll: noN Clearlv 6 13 ?Q "ll61'..; an A.P. with first term a== 6 and comm,m d1ff
I • Let ti , , , - , ... , - .' t
,erebentermsinthegivenA ,P,Then, _ ,., 16 -=> 711 = 217
an = 216 ⇒ a+ (11 -1) d = :!16 ⇒ 6 + 7 (n - l) - .... ~ n 3]
Here,nisoddso l n + 1)
'1
th
.
,.c.
(~)
.,
th
== 16 th termisthemiddletermandis giver,b
y
.... a16 = a+ (16 - 1) d = a + ISd == 6 + 15 x 7 == 111
F\\MPLE
c. . 16 . ' ... , 24l. - 7 and co
F'md the middle tcrm(s) of the A.P. 7, 13' 19
J\..1l lITION Clearlv 7 13 19 "411.·s an A.P. with first term a - mmon differ...
1 6 ., ' ' ' ' ..., ~ -"t

an = 241 ⇒ a+ (11 - 1) d = 241 ⇒ 7 + 6 (n - 1) == 241 ⇒ 6n = 240 ⇒ n == 40

' = · Let there be 11 terms in the A.P. Then,

Oearly, is even. So, ( %

11
)"' = 20,. and ( %+ 1)"' = 21"' are middle terms and are giv~
aw =a+ (20 - 1) d =a+ 19d = 7 + 19 x 6 == 12l
127
3nd • a = a + (21 - 1) d = a + 20d == 7 + 20 x 6 ==
21
F\ l\!\1PL E 19 Consider the A.P. 2, 5, B, 11 , ... , 302. Show that twice ofthe middle term ofthe
A.P. is equal to the sum of its first and last term.
SOLLfllON Clearly, 2, 5, 8, 11, ..., 302 is an A.P. with first term a= 2 and common diffe
d = 3. Let there be n terms in the given A.P.. Then,
n th term =a 302 ⇒ a+ (n - 1) d = 302 ⇒ 2 + 3 (n - 1) = 30 ⇒ 3n = 303 ⇒ n:: I
2
th
11 1
Oearly, n is odd. Therefore, ( ; ) i.e. 51 st term is the middle term and is given by

;:: a51 = a + 50d = 2 + 50 x 3 = 152.

Now, First term+ Last term =2 + 302 =304 = 2 x 152 = 2as1
Thus, twice the middle term is equal to the sum of the first and last term.
EXAMPLE 20 In the A.P. 1, 7, 13, 19, ... , 415, prove that the sum of the middle terms is equal toi.
sum offirst and last terms.
SOLUTION We observe that 1, 7, 13, 19, ..., 415 is an A.P. with first term a= 1 and co
differenced= 6. Let there be n terms in the given A.P. Then,
n th term = 415 ⇒ a + (n - 1) d = 415 ⇒ 1 + 6 (n - 1) = 415 ⇒ 6n = 420 ⇒ n=~
th th
th 7
So, there are 70 terms in the given A.P. Therefore, ( ~) = 35 and ( o + 1) = 36111
the middle terms and are given by 2
a = a + 34d = 1 + 34 x 6 = 205 and, a36 = a + 35d = 1 + 35 x 6 = 211
35
a35 + a36 = 205 + 211 = 416 and, a,. + a,o = 1 + 415 = 41 6
Oearly, a35 + a36 = a1 + a,o.
EXAMPLE 21 Which termof thesequenct 20, 19 .!_ 1s.!.
• - r The · · A 4_' 2 ' 17 4
. ttr"',
3, ·.. 1s. the first negative
SOLu l I'-'''" given sequence JS an .P in which firsf
li(=-3/4). Letthen th termofthegivenA.P. beth firs term~(=20)and common ·
._ < o e t negative term. Then,

⇒ 11 + (n - 1) d < 0
⇒ lD+(fl-l)x(-3/4)<0

⇒ ---<0=>
83 3n 83-3"<0=> 3n>IB=:>n > 27 ~3 ⇒ n ~ 28[·: nisanaturaln
4
4
 1

l " AP. "

l Ll!'I. l t t lit· the first term anJ d ~ the common dafferem.--e ot the g1, ein A r Thl!n.
..i. th wnn ....., a lP 1) d q
th term r a+ (q 1) Q p . (u
~ ~~ lnl_from (1) we get: (p 'f) J (I pl J 1
ruttlllg J - l m l1l "' e get: a <r 1) ( 1) 'I ⇒ 11 (p + q _ 1)
th tt: rm , ( n 1)d (p + q 1l (n 1) x ( -1) - (p q - n)
t I'S t m t rm of an A.P. is eq,uJJ to ,r times its n t rm
+ ft l ~p S;,i'
~ll.L'1101' Let II be the first term and d be the common difference of the given ~.P. Then
l'" timt?S mth tenn) = (n times ,rth term)
m na
~
=> m a + (m - 1) d I = n {a+ (n - 1) d}
=> m a+ (m - 1) d I - n {a+ (n -1) d} = 0
=> a (m - n) + Im (m - 1) - n (n - 1)} d = 0
⇒ 2 2
a (m - n) + {(m - n ) - (m - n)} d = 0
⇒ a (m - n) + (m - n)(m + n -1) d = 0
⇒ (m-n){a+(m+n-l)d} =0
[·: m - nJ
⇒ , + (m + n - 1) d = 0
::) , . II= 0
Heoce, (m + n)lh term of the given A.P. is zero.
Ifp"', ft and,-,,, terms ofan A.P. ""a, b, c mptdit1tly, thtn s1ton, thllt
, (~ - r) + b (r - p) + c (p - q) = 0 (ii) (a - b) r + (b - c) p + (c - 'I = 0 •>
lllJOON (i) Let A be the first term and D be the common difference of the given A P. Then.
I = pth term=> II = A+ (p -1) D .. (1)
b = 11th lelm => b = A+ (q -1) D . (u)
c = rlh ll!nn=>C A+ (r-l)D . m)
• ('I - r) + b Cr - p) + c (p - q)
( A + <, - 1) D ('f r) + { A + (q -1) DJ (r - p) + { A + (r 1) D
[Uling(
A c, - r) + (r ,> + fJ, 9)} + D { C, t)(• r) +('I l)(r ,> + (
A u+o{,,C. r)+,<r ,> rC, f) (f r) (r p) <, •>l

I. (I
A I
(I) <luubtt..... OQ ,._
D 8 0

~llt#tt6
(tiQ flOllll(l)llfld (l) . _ (
....
pt
D
 41

T um t t/111 e 1111ml1cu, Ill A.P. ,~ 3, and tllcrr produLI, B. J 111d till' numb r
, l t thC' number-. be (a -d), a, (a+ d). It b gh en that the r-.um of the numbe:., 1., ,.
{, t) +a+ (a+ d) -1 ...:::;. 3a i ..::;, a 1
., , 6c1 gh en that the product of the product of the numbers b 8.
111 1 ( d) (a){a + d) 8
2 2
_;, ,1 (,r - d ) - 8
::::- (-1)(1- i 1 } ~ 8 ⇒ d 2 = 9 ⇒ d - ±3 [·:a - -1 ]
If d==3, the numbers are-4,-1, 2. If d =-3, the number~ are 2,-1,- 4.
'fhU'-, the numbers are --4, -1, 2, or 2, - 1, - 4.
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
Find four numl?ers i11 A.P. wlwscsum is 2Uand the sum of whose squares 1s 120.
rxA'1.1Pl l 3
SOLLITION Let the numbers be (a - 3d), (a - d), (a + d), (a + 3d) . Then,
Sum of numbers= 20
(a - 3d) + (a - d) + (a + d) + (a + 3d) = 20 ⇒ 4a = 20 ⇒ a =5
:::)
It is given that, sum of the squares= 120 2
⇒ (a - 3d)2 + (a - d)2 + (a + d)2 + (a + 3d) = 120
2
⇒ --1a 2 + 20d = 120
⇒
2
a2 + 5d = 30 [·: a = 5)
⇒ 25 + 5d 2 = 30 ⇒ 5d = 5 ⇒ d = ± 1
2

If d = 1, then the numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8. If d = -1, then the numbers are 8, 6, 4, 2.

Thus, the numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8 or 8, 6, 4, 2.
EXAMPLE 4 Divide 32 into four parts which are in A.P. such that the product of extremes is to the
product of means is 7:15. OR
The sum offour consecutive numbers in A.P. is 32 and the ratio of the product of the first and last
terms to the product oftwo middle terms is 7: 15. Find the number.[NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2018,20)
SOLUTION Let the four parts be (a - 3d), (a - d), (a + d) and (a + 3d). It is given that
Sum of the numbers =32
⇒ (a - 3d) + (a - d) +(a+ d) +(a+ 3d) = 32 ⇒ 4a = 32 ⇒ a= 8
It is also given that
(a - 3d)(a + 3d) 7
=-
(a - d)(a + d) 15
2
a2 9d2 2 2
64 - 9d
= 512 ⇒ d = 4 ⇒
7
⇒
-
a2 _ d2 = 7
⇒ _ d2 = 15 ⇒ 12Bd d =± 2
15 64
Thus, the four parts are a - 3d,a - d,a + danda + 3d i.e., 2, 6, 10, 14.
. . . . . . . . . . . (fl(lmt
EXAMPLE 5 If the numbers a, b, c, d, e form an A.P., then find the value of a - 4b + 6c _ 4d + e.
SOLUTION Let D be the common difference of the given A.P. Then,
b = a+ D, c = a + W, d = a+ 3D and e = a + 4D
a - 4b + 6c - 4d + t = a - 4 (a + D) + 6 (a + 2D) - 4 (a + 3D) + (a + 4D)
= a - 4a - 4D + 6a + 12D - 4a - 12D + a + 4D
= a - 4a + 6a - 4a + a - 4D + 1W - 12D + 4D = o
 IODw arwllllllll,.....

willllltlllllll• 31111d.w•M □A

99 t9 3 1)69J •1'
r.; J d-. • 9J _,

1 -- .....
111ttlllf,m 111un41iaaa..-J.._
 247
,1-r,11,11 Tll rRl li.,RI ½SIO!\'-

f\ ~MrLI 15 A 111111!11/acturcr of TV :;ct~ pr~duccd 600 11.nits in the third year and 700 units in the
,ti't'tltlr yea~·· A~s11'.11111g tl!at the pro!~11ct1011111crcascs -'~~iformly by afixed number every year,find
·,he ,nid11ct10!1 111 (1) tl1ejm,t yea~ (11). the 10th year ~111) 7 years. . [Cl\ ,r 201,, NC ERTi
'i(.)I1Ul 10N Since the product10n mcreases uniformly by a fixed number every year.
Therefore, the sequence formed by the production in different years is an A.P.
Let be the first term and d be the common difference of the A.P. formed i.e.,' a' denotes the
11
production in the first year and d denotes the number of units by which the production
incrcJses every year.
We have,
11 600 and a7 = 700 ⇒ a + 2d = 600 and a + 6d = 700
3
5otving these equations, we get: a = 550 and d ~ 25
(i) We have, a ... 550
. Production in the first year is of 550 TV sets.
tiil The production in the 10th year is given by a10 •
. Production in the 10th year = a10 = a + 9d = 550 + 9 x 25 = 775.
~ . production in 10th year is of 775 TV sets.
(iii) Let S., denote the total production in 7 years. Then,
> = Sum of 7 terms of the A.P. with first term a(= 550) and common differenced (= 25).
I

⇒ S., = ~ {2 X 550 + (7 - 1) X 25} = ~ (1100 + 150) = 4375

Thus, the total production in 7 years is of 4375 TV sets.
EXAMPLE A sum oft 280 is to be used to awardfour prizes. Ifeach prize after the first is t 20 less
16
titan its preceding prize, find the value of each of the prizes. [CBS£ 2014, J\iCERn
SOLUTION The values of four prizes form an A.P. with common differenced= -20 the sum
of whose terms is 280. Let the value of first prize be fa. Then,
Sum= 280
⇒ i{2.a+(4-l)x-20}=280 ⇒ 2(2a-60)=280 ⇒ a-30=70 ⇒ a=lOO
Hence, the ta1ues of 4 prizes are f 100, f 80, f 60 and f 40.
EXAMPLE 11 In aschool, students thought ofplanting trees in and around the school to reduce noise
polution and air polution. It was decided that the number of trees that each section of each class will
plant be the same as the class in which they are studying e.g. - a section of I class will plant 1 tree, a
section of II class will plant 2 trees and so on a section of class XII will plant 12 trees. There are three
sections ofeach class. How many trees will be planted by the students? [CBSF ::01 ➔ "-/CERT)
SOLUTION Since each section of each class plants the same number of trees as the class
number and there are three sections of each class.
:. Total number of trees planted by the students
1
= 3 (I + 2 + 3 + ... + 12) =3 [ : {2 xi + (12 - 1) x I}] = 3 { 6 (2 + 11)} = 18 x 13 = 234
1 1
lXAMPLE 18 If the m'h term ofan A.P. is - and the n1h term is - , show that the sum of mn terms
. 1 11 m
IS - (,,m + 1).
~2 [CBSE 2015, 2017}
LIJTION Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P. Then,
1 1
a"' = -n ⇒ a+ (m -1) d = - -W
 ,e d
1

f'u g = -1 m 1) ,, e get

-1) _!__ _ 1 =:- + .!_ 1 1 .._ 11 1

mn n n mn 11 mn
1 1
:5 mn mn I 2 ( 1)" l (m 1 l)
= -::;-- :!a + ( m - 1) d } 2 l ,,
n mn '1111 I 2 ' +

t'-:A' PL£ 1 TI-.e i:;um of n, 211 3n tcnns ofan A.P arr 5 1• S_, 5 rf5J',-rtn•t•l11. Pror r that
= 3 <Si - > s~ s.
SOLL'TIO~ Let a be the first term and dbe the common difference of the given A.P. Th

Si = Sum of n terms ⇒ Si - ~ { 2a + (11 - 1) d}

2
S.. = Sum of 2n terms ⇒ S., = " { 2a + (2n -1) d}
- - 2
3n }
and, ~ = Sum of 3n terms ⇒ 53 =-
2
{ 2a + (311 - 1) d

Nov.•,
~ - Si = 2n {2a + (211 - l} d} - " {2a + (n - 1) d}
2 2
=> ~-Si=; [2 {2a+(2n-l)d}-{2a+(n -l)d} J-; {2n+(3n-l)d J
3n
3 (Si - Si) = { 2a + (3n - I} d} = 53
2
Hence, ~ = 3 (Si
- Si).
FXAMPLE 20 The sums ofn terms ofthree arithmetical progressions are S 1, 52 ands~. 71wfirst te
ofeach is unity and the common differences are 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Prove that S1 + s~ 25i.
SOLUTION We have,
S = Sum of n terms of an A.P. with first term 1 and common difference 1
1
n n
⇒ Si = { 2 x 1 + (n -1) x 1} 2 (n + 1)
2
Si = Sum of n terms of an A.P. with first term 1 and common diffl•rC'nce 2
2
⇒ Si = ; {2 x 1 + (n - 1) x 2 t n
S3 = Sum of n tenns of an A.P. with first term 1 and common difft rence ':\
~ ~ = "{ 2 x 1 + (n 1) x 3} n t)
2 2(3n
n n
S. + -5:J == 2'" + 1) + 2 (3n 1) 2n2 and ~ n

Hence 5s ~
...-~• LE Iftltl tl1lf af"' lt!rrn, if
,,, + n .,.,,,. zero
•n A P. II tht .,,,, ~ 11maf1t n ttrm,
 ..49

L (ll)N 1,•tnbelhl'lin,ttL•rm,inddht lht•lnmmundiflcrenccofthegiH•nA.P. I hen,

...i1I ., ,',

11
1) d I
,, I 2a 1) d I { 2a ♦( 11
111 t (m
2
211 ( 111 II ) + { Ill ( 111 I) 11(11 l)jd o
2
2a(111 11)t-{(11i2 11 ) (111 11)jd o
(111 11) 1211 + (111 + 11 ll d I O 2a + (m + 11 - 1) d =O [·:m 1110] ... (i)

+ II l 2a Ill + II
111
+- ( 111 + 11 l) d } --xO 0 I c.,ing <O I
2 2
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

AMPLL :u An A.P. co11sists of 37 term!::i. The ::.11111 of the three middle most terms 1s 22.c; and the
E' ,{the /11 -.t tltrcr terms is 429. Find the A.P. I1\it 1:-R r I- Xl \.IPI IthI
;:;;~JON ln 37 tcnns of the A.P., we find th.1t 19th term is the middle tenn and )8th, 19th, 20
term~ are three middle most terms and 35 111, 36th , 371h nre last three terms.
Leta be the fir~t term and d be the common difference of the A.P. It is given that
n + a19 + a20 = 225 and, a35 + a36 + a37 = 429
18
(a+ 17d) +(a+ 18d) +(a+ 19d) = 225 and, (a+ 34d) +(a+ 35d) +(a+ 36d) = 429
311 + 5-!d = 225 and 3a + 105d = 429
~ a + l Btl = 75 and a + 35d = 143 ⇒ a = 3 and d = 4
Hence, the A.P. is 3, 7, 11, 15, ......
EXAMPLE 23 Find the s11111 of all 11 tenns ofan A.P. whose middle most term is 30.
jNC.:f Rl b XE..1'.1PI \R l
50LUTI0'.\1 Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P Clearly, if'
th
an A.P consisting of 11 terms, ( 11 + 1 ) i.e. 6 th term is the middle most term. It is given that
2
the middle most term is 30.
1.e. a = 30 ⇒ a + Sd = 30 ... (i)
6

S = 11 {2a + (11-1) d} = 11 (n + Sd) = 11 x 30 = 330 [Using (i)]

11
2
f:UMPLE 24 The sum of the third and seventh terms ofan A.P. is 6 and their product is 8. Find tlze
um offirst sixteen terms of the A.P.
~LL'TION l eta be the first term and d be the common difference of the A.P. It is given that
a1 + a7 = 6 and a 3 a 7 = B
(a+ 2d) +(a+ 6d) = 6 and (o + 2d)(n + 6d) - 8
2a + Bd 6 and (a + 2d) (11 + 6d) 8
a+ 4d = 3 and (a + 2d) (a + 6d) = 8
a 3 - 4d and (a + 2d) (a + 6d) 8
(3 - 4d + 2d) (3 - 4d + 6d) 8 [Putting a = 3 - 4d in thL• ~ l0n i L n 1l I l
⇒ 4d2 ⇒ d2
1
(3 - 2d)(3 + 2d) = 8 ⇒ 9 4d
2 8 - 1 - _! d
4
1 .,
ase1 When d I
2
Putting d = .:!.. in
2
a ::\ 4d, ,vc get: ,1 - 3- 4x .,
-
1
-
16 1\ I9
Sb { 2a + (16 - 1) d } 8 I.,
1-- } + ] c; X -,,
f = 8 )( - ,, - 76
2 - -
 1
2
AP ,an: 1 d l T dth rrr tJ "

- 1 n LHSf n-l m- 1⇒ n
o 1 • No\\, - ., 2m - 1 Thus t find
temlS Ttheh, ghenA P s \\em~treplacerrb) (2m-1)m(1 Repla
,, t
a + (m -1} d
7 2 -1) .i.. 1
.::0, --~...:..=-14m-- -6
4 (2m -1)- 27 _ + (m -1} d_ Sm+ 23
terms of the h-. o A P's 15 (14m -6) ·(Sm+ 23)
11 umsaf m and n tmn ofan AP 1s m : 11 Sh t that t lt r tlo
1 -1 2n-1) ~ 1 -1
be the first term and d the common difference of the gn en AP Then the
terms are gn en by
m 2a + m -1 d and, 5 n 2.1 u l)dl respectl\el\
2 2
5 ,,,1
s -;;r
27 + (m - 1) d ,,,-,
2
n
., 2.J (n 1) d
"
2a- m-1)d m
2a- -l)d
- I 11

2a + m 1) d n 2a + (n 1) d m
2a n m) d l(n l)m (m l)n 2.a(u m) d(11 m) d '>

T. a+(m 1Jd a+(m 1)2a 2m 1

T. a.i..(11 1)d a+(n 1)2a 2,r 1
Ifthereare(2n+1JtmnsmA P,thn1pro etht,ttll rat, (the 11111 fodtt rt I
eren term i!I (n + 1) n.
Let a and d be the first term and common difference r pect1, I) of the 1\ en A P
denote the kth term of the given A P. Then,
a a (k 1} d
Sum of odd t rms a +a a
n 1 a ( 1 1) d]
a a+ (2n + I 1) d
2
(n 1)(a + nd)
a
n, a
Sum of even terms Q + 04 + II +. 2'
a (2n 1) d [ ·: 1) d]
 • •

15 :::, 1 - 15 ⇒ a= 5
t tht: number obtamed b .
) re, er:;mg the digits is 594 less than the ongiruil
11 L1 + 99J 594 ⇒ 198d = 594 ⇒ d =3
t:r 1-. 111 + 99J - 111 ,. 5 + 99 . :. 3 _ 852. (·: 5, d ,]
0
~ ' 7'
1 01 5
a loan °ft 3250 by pa1/mg t 20 in the first montl, and tlzen increases the
t
b • , rv month. Hotl' Ion~ will ,t take Jum to dear ti I
th 1 . 1
,
ze oan.
L , ~uppo5e e oan ~ c eared in 11 months. Cle.arb,, the amounts form an A.P with
. ._ term 2 and the 1. ommon difference 15. ·
~um of the p,nments in II months= 3250
,, 2 1-l)xlS =3250

4il-15z-15)-3250
:::, - 15 + '1:;) - 6500
~ :; z -r :?,=;n - 6500 0
:::, ., : _ Sn 1300 = 0 ⇒ (n - 20) (3n + 65) = 0 ⇒ n - 20 = O ⇒ n = 20 (:. 3n + 65 ~ OJ
Th .. the loan LS cleared in :w months.
• .4 sm,1/l tarace at a football ground comprises of 15 steps each of which 1s 50 m long
1 1
t ofscud concrete. Ead1 step lzas a rise of m and a tread of m (See Fig. 5.1). Ctzlculate tlie
4
me {co11crete required to build the terrace.
2 , ERr
~ ..TIO'\ \\'e observe that the length and width of each step are 50 m and 1 /2 m
rc:5pt'C'b\ eh. Also '" e have

HE of first step .!... m Height of second step = ( .!. + .!. ) rn = ( 2 x .!. ) m

4 ' 4 4 4
. 3
and so on.
Hr ght of third step =
4m

.lm
2
~/
~
~~~-------/
1 :j
-m 1 -m
4 -m 4
2 Fig. 5.1
, \/., v, .. , v1 denote respectively the volumes of the concrete required to build the
p

ond, third, ... , fifteenth step. Then,

I, SOx½ ¼m',v,={sox½x( 2x¼)}m ,V ={50x½x 3x¼ m' 3

3

4 SOx~x] m 1 andsoon.
2
the total, olume of the concreter. Tilen,
 l 1 1 J 1 1 'i l r;, J
;:,= 50 ---~- 't- Su l> 2 + 5£)• ~ 2 4
" 41 2 4 2 4
S= 1 1 ., 3 15 I J1 2 J
⇒ 50x2 l4_,.; ... 4 .... ..,.4lm =2514+4+4+
25 25 15 1 25 l'i
5=4fl+2+3+···+15 }m' -x-;--(1+15)m 4 x 2 16m 75t'lrn
4 -
lOOlogsare stacked in thefol/tm'lng manner. 20/ogs 111 the bottom rcru, 19 m thf
r.rw, 18 in the rcr.IJ nut to it and 50 on (see Fig. 5.2). In Jwu, many rows 200 logs are placed and
m:my logs are in ~ tap row?
SOLUTION Suppose 200 I~ are stacked in n ro\•.rs. The~e are 20 Jogs ~ the first row and 6)f
number of logs in a row is one less than the number logs m the precedm~ row. So, numherci
logs in \Tari0t1Srows form an AP. with first term a(=20) and common d1fferenced(=-l).A5
there are 200 logs in all rows.
(Sum of n terms of an A.P. with a= 20 and d = -1) = 200
n
⇒
2 f 2a - (n - 1) d} = 200
n
⇒ {2 X 2Q .... (n -1) X -1} = 200
2
"(40-n-,.1)=200
2
⇒ n (41 - n) = 400 Fig. 5.2
⇒ n 2 - 41n + 400 = O ⇒ (n - 25)(n -16) =0 ⇒ n = 16 or, n 25
Hn =25, thennumberoflogsin25th rowisequalto25th tennsofonA.P. with first tenn20and
common difference -1.
Number of logs in 25th row = a + 24d = 20 - 24 = -4
Clearly, this is not meaningful. 1nerefore, n = 16. Thus, logs are ,laced in 16 row:;.
Number ol logs in top row= Number of Jogs in 16th row
= 16th term of an A.P. with a = 20 and d = - 1
=Q + J5d =2() + 15 X - J : 5
Hence, there are 5 logs in the top row.
~ghm, buys _a shop for f 120,000. He pays halfof the amount m cash and agrtts t
pa/.* """1na m 1.2 /l1l1flllll mstalmmts of'. S,000 each. Ift~ rtltt ofrntertst IS 12°o and he pays w,tJ,
tltt inMJlhnmt the tnlnt!SI dw on the unpaid tnn0unt, find IM total c08t of h 8h
SOLtmON Raghav pays half off 120,000 i.e f 6(),(XX) . t I! op. .
12 annual instalment& off 5,(0) each. With~ . m cuh and the balance f 60,000 ~
amomd at the rate ol 12% per annum. inatalment he pays interest on the unpaid
.". Amolmf ol first inlt.alment s f 5_,0IJ + fntl!n!at CJ11 llftfta~-'
-...-. amount of , 60,000
.
-,s,(QJ+f(ioo°x60,(Q) 12 )
fS,CO>+f7,200 ,12,2'XJ
:. Aamantolaeamd ntalment •f 5,(Q)+ lnlalJll ca1
• '5 """ 12 unpaid amount of' 55,<XX>
,uuu+f ->c5501X) tJ1J
.a.L.:-'irwtaJmmt•f•IMII l(XJ , f5,CXX>+f6,600 ftl,
• Amounf al UJRU ..,,..,.,. lntaat QI\
Ullpaid lllftount off 50,000
 , 11; 2.H11 / lf!i:;t f11; 1.41 fl rrm~-.dt rlltllll 11
tt 1•t I lttl t r,mdl 1tvmn1~,s~nn 2.,mtfrt
2'it 11
th. rw '\"'
1;! , It,., P' L'n th.it thL• gap bet\\ een I\\ o umsccull, e
1
"' 1 l 1..l ;Ii l .md the top Jndbottom nmgs .irl' 2.5 mctrL' i.e. ~
,, .. 1 111

-~ l~ nt •lP ,rt
2t;()
1 11. Sm
25
~,, l'n th,1t the rungs .UL' decrl'asmg uniform!\ in length
It 1" ~ i:; dl1 at the buttom to 25 011 at the top. Therefore, length,;;
4
Jflhl run~"' hmn an A.P. ,, ith fin,t term a 4c; cm and 11th '25cm
1•1 t l ' t
ro, -,r;
~
COl· 45cm
l tht' kn~th 11f the\\ ood required for nmgs be L metres. Fig 5 4
I
'fhl'Il L Stun (,f 11 terms of un A.P." ith first term 45 cm and la~t term= 25 cm

L ~I (45 >15) cm = 385 cm 3.85 metn.,:; [ ·: S : {a • ll]

:::- ~LI A :-pirnl is made 11p of s11cc1•,,;i£1c s1•1111-urd1•s, with ct'11t1c~ n/Jm1,1tcl11 at A 1111d R,
43c1•11t1c nt A, of mdii 0.5 cm,
l\ ',~1,, ri•itlt 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2..0 cm, .... as .;J,ow11 i11 F,~. 5. 5 u•/1111 ,.; thi•
• r 1,, .,., j
ti1l It ngtlt of~11ch n :.piral 11wd1• 11p ofthirt1•e11 co11:,1•c11til c . .1•111i-circb? ( Take n - 7 .

~LLTION Let 1 , 1 , I,, 14 , ... , In be the lengths (circumferences) of semi-circles ot r.idn

1 2
i 0.5 cm, r = 1.0 cm, r, = 1.5 cm, r4 = 2.0 cm, r5 = 2.5cm, ... respectivel), Then,
2
1t
1 = ,rr1 = x 0.5 011 =
1
7t
2 cm
12 = n:r~ = 1t 1 2( %) cm
x cm =

/1 = rrr, = 7t x i cm = 3( %) cm
/4 = n-r4 = 1t x 2 cm = 4( %Jcm
Ftg 55
"

/11 n-rn = n x 13 cm - 13 ln:) cm

2 2
I.et Lbe the total length of spiral made of 13 consecutive semi-circles. Then

L li+l +l,+···+111 {;+2l;J+3l;) ···+13 rt cm

Jt
13 (1 + 13)an lsm s /)
L 2 + 3 + .. • + 13) cm
2 2
22 13 cm 143 cm
L 14cm
7
2c;s

I XAMPLF.
,1
otat d44 / n a potato rncc, a h11cket is placed al the start mg pomt, u /11 11 t , mfr 1 1
o,an5 f I1cuthc1·
(See J'i • '/ti
po /tl t oes arc plated 1111 apart 111 ll ~/mtg l (II('. Tl·
urrarc 11 pot '''1 '
I 1
d
r~r~ R· ,6 ), Each t ompel ,tor Mar/o:;from tltc bucket, picks up tile nearc'-f potato, run l i
If l11 th_e lmckel, n111s bnck to pick up the next potato,
mu 5 ll' _cu11 f 111ucs ;,, the• same wav 1111 t rl all tlze pott1focrnrc i11
nm to tile bu k.et to dr 1p II II
tlte buLkl'l. Wfint t the total d
,:

comprl ,tor lzas to nm? ~

r I

5 nJ 3m 3m! : a

Fig. 5.6
Q Q 0 Q A

Sl )Ll.J TTONWe have,

d 1 = Distance run by the competitor to pick up first potato= 2 x 5 m
d2 = Distance run by the competitor to pick up second potato= 2 (5 + 3) m
d -= Distance run by the competitor to pick up third potato= 2 (5 -t- 2 x 3) m
1
d = Distance run by the competitor to pick up fourth potato= 2 (5 + 3 x 3) m
4

dn = Distance run by the competitor to pick up n th potato= 2 /5 + (n -1) x 3) m

:. Total distance run by the competitor to pick up 11 potatoes
d1 + d2 + d1 + •" + dll
= 2 x 5 + 2 (5 + 3) + 2 (5 + 2 x 3) + 2 (5 + 3 x 3) + ··· + 2 { S + (n - 1) x 3} metres

- 2[5 + ( 5 + 3} + { 5 + (2 X 3)} + { 5 + (3 X 3} + ... + { 5 + (n -1) X 3} ~

= 2 [<S + S + ... -r 5)+ {3 + (2 x 3) + (3 x 3) + ... + (n -1) x 3}
11 times
J
11 1
= 2[ Sn+ 3 {1 + 2 + 3 + · .. + (n-1)} ]= 2 [Sn+ 3( ; ) {1 + (11 -1)}] [ Using: Sn

2 Sn -t-
311 (n - 1)} = [10n + 311 (n - l)J = 3n 2 + 711 = n (3n + 7) metres
{ 2
EXERCISE 56
---
BASIC
1. .I-ind the sum of the following arithmetic progressions:
11) 2 , 24, 22, .. to 36 terms (ii) a+ b, a - b, a - 3b, ... to 22 terms

""1 , ( r + I/ }, ( l + 1/) 2 ...., .

to nterms (t\J -x - 11 , 'h
- · ~2 I/ • 5 - 111
-x· ~ - ,. to, te1Il"
UII
r+I( x~11 r If

., .. _ ... . '\.ll r _
:?. Whh. htc.: rm c fth t! Ar - ' 1.!., ...... \\ ill be - Tr.· Fm d the sum of this A.P upto the t fTll- ~
f', t r
1 ., 14 ., 126
Find th sum of I '-t ten terms of the A p_. 8 10 ' 1...
•· F d the um t the f r;t Jli t rms of eaLh of the f ll . ·
3 + 4n wmg sequences h °
.,i; u II - 9 - Sn
m f th fi r.,t - terms uf an A p h
. \\i ~ n tennis gnen h J

m c f d rtam number of terms

l t tenn tarbn.g from first t rm f an