THE NANO WORLD

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
•define nanotechnology,
•characterize nanoscale;
•describe the various uses of nanotechnology;
•discuss concerns on the use of nanotechnology; and
•explain the status of the use of nanotechnology in the
Philippines.
 NANOTECHNOLOGY
refers to the science, engineering, and
technology conducted at the nanoscale,
which is about 1 to 100 nanometers
(NNI, 2017).
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 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
employs the study and application of
exceptionally small things in other areas of
science including materials science,
engineering, physics, biology, and
chemistry (NNI, 2017).
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In 1959, physicist Richard Feynman
introduced the concepts of
nanotechnology and nanoscience,
demonstrating how scientists can
direct and control individual atoms
and molecules through his talk
"There's Plenty of Room at the
Bottom" at the California Institute of
Technology.
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 The term "nanotechnology" was coined by
Professor Norio Taniguchi a decade after the
dawn of the use of ultraprecision machining
(NNI, 2017).
HOW SMALL IS A NANOSCALE?

• A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-⁹ of a

meter.
• The nanoscale is a range of dimensions that are
between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm). 6
 •Manipulation of
nanomaterials needs an
adept understanding of their
types and dimensions.
•The various types of
nanomaterials are classified
according to their individual
shapes and sizes.
•They may be particles,
tubes, wires, films, flakes, or
shells that have one or more
nanometer-sized 7

dimensions.
 HOW TO VIEW NANOMATERIALS
Scientists use special types of microscopes to view minute
nanomaterials. During the early 1930s, scientists used electron
microscopes and field microscopes to look at the nanoscale. The
scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope are just
among the modern and remarkable advancements in microscopy.
1. Electron microscope

2. Atomic force microscope (AFM)

3. Scanning tunneling microscope 8

 NANOMANUFACTURING
• It refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing
of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems.

•It also involves research, improvement, and incorporation of

processes for the construction of materials.

•Nanomanufacturing leads to the development of new products

and improved materials.
 There are two fundamental approaches to
nanomanufacturing:

1. BOTTOM-UP FABRICATION
• It manufactures products by building them up from atomic and
molecular-scale components.
•This method can be time-consuming.
•Scientists and engineers are still in search for effective ways of putting
up together molecular components that self-assemble and from the
bottom-up to organized structures.
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 2. TOP-DOWN FABRICATION

•It trims down large pieces of materials

into nanoscale.
•This process needs larger amounts of
materials and discards excess raw
materials.
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 New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication includes:

• Dip pen lithography

It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is
"dipped" into a chemical fluid and then utilized to "write" on a
surface, like an old-fashioned ink pen onto paper.

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 •SELF-ASSEMBLY
It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join
together to mold an organized structure in the absence of
an outside direction.

•CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in
response to form very pure, high-performance
films.
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 •NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY
It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by "stamping" or
"printing" them onto a surface.

•MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY

It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin
films.
•ROLL-TO -ROLL PROCESSING
It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on
a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal. 14
 •ATOMIC LAYER EPITAXY
It is a means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a
surface.

With the use of these techniques, nanomaterials are

made more durable, stronger, lighter, water-
repellent, ultraviolet- or infrared- resistant, scratch-
resistant, electrically conductive, antireflective,
antifog, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among others.
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 A product of nanomanufacturing: A 16 gauge wire,
approximately 1.3 millimeters in diameter, made from
carbon nanotubes that were spun into thread and the
same wire on a 150 ply spool. (Source: Nanocomp). 16
Nanotechnology involves operating at
a very small dimension and it allows
scientists to make use of the
exceptional optical, chemical,
physical, mechanical, and biological
qualities of materials of that small
scale (NNI, 2017). 17
 Distinct Features of
Nanoscale
1. Scale at which much biology occurs.
2. Scale at which quantum effects dominate
properties of materials.
3. Nanoscale materials have far larger
surface areas than similar masses of larger-
scale materials.
 Government Funding for
Nanotechnology in Different Countries
(Dayrit, 2005)

1. U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative

2. European Commission
3. Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under
the National Institute for Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology, AIST)
 4. Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology
Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

5. India (Nanotechnology Research and Education

Foundation)

6. China (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology)

7. Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative)

 8. Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology)

9. Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology or NINT)

10. South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative)

11. Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or NANOTEC)

12. Malaysia (National [Malaysia] Nanotechnology Initiatives or

NNI)
 Possible Applications of
Nanotechnology in the Philippines
(Dayrit, 2005)

1. ICT and semiconductors

2. Health and medicine
3. Energy
4. Food and agriculture
5. Environment
Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines
(funded by PCAS- TRD-DOST
1. ICT and semiconductors
2. Health and biomedical
3. Energy
4. Environment
5. Agriculture and food
6. Health and environmental risk
7. Nano-metrology
8. Education and public awareness
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Benefits and Concerns
of Using
Nanotechnology
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 1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may become
pervasive.

2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials with specific

properties.

3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies and paradigms

which may make some natural resources and current practices
uncompetitive or obsolete.

4. It may be complicated to detect its presence unless one has the

specialist tools of nanotechnology. 25
 Benefits and Concerns of the Application
of Nanotechnology in Different Areas
Example of Areas Affected by
Possible Benefits Concerns
Nanotechnology

• Improved detection and removal of contaminants • High reactivity and toxicity

Environment • Development of benign industrial processes and • Pervasive distribution in the environment
materials • No nano-specific EPA regulation

• Ability to cross cell membranes and

translocate in the body
Health • Improved medicine
• No FDA approval needed for cosmetics or
supplements

• Redistribution of wealth
• Better products
Economy • Potential cost of cleanups and healthcare
• New jobs
• Accessibility to all income levels

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 Social and Ethical Considerations in
Conducting Research on Nanotechnology
1. Who will benefit from it? On the other hand, who won't?
2. For whom and what are your objectives for developing your
product?
3. How will it affect social, economic, and political relationships?
4. What problem is your "product" trying to solve?
5. Who will have access to it? Who will be excluded?
6. Are there dangers involved with its development (e.g., safety,
health, pollution)? How can you minimize them?
7. Who will own it? How can you assure access to it? 27
SUMMARY
Nanotechnology is an advanced
interdisciplinary field that encompasses
science and technology that manufactures
materials of great help to the improvement
of various areas of society especially health
care, environment, energy, food, water, and
agriculture.
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 it is a field that needs to be explored, not only by
known experts but also neophytes, in order to
advance our knowledge of science and technology,
and more importantly, to help improve our quality
of life. But, before we engage in nanotechnology,
we need to take into account the social, ethical,
and environmental concerns of using such
nanomaterials.
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THANK
YOU!
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