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1- Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures-7th-Semester

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9 views

1- Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures-7th-Semester

Uploaded by

joseph
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Reinforced Concrete

Structures II

Dr. Mohammad
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building construction materials in
every country. In many countries, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural
material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete
construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and of the
constituents of concrete (gravel or crushed rock, sand, water, and cement), from
the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and from the
economy of reinforced concrete compared with other forms of construction.
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Reinforced concrete slabs are large flat plates that are supported by reinforced
concrete beams, walls, or columns; by masonry walls; by structural steel beams or
columns; or by the ground. Probably the most basic and common type of slab is
the one-way slab. A one-way slab may be described as a structural reinforced
concrete slab supported on two opposite sides so that the bending occurs in one
direction only—that is, perpendicular to the supported edges.
If a slab is supported along all four edges, it may be designated as a two-way
slab, with bending occurring in two directions perpendicular to each other.
If the ratio of the lengths of the two perpendicular sides is in excess of 2,
however, the slab may be assumed to act as a one-way slab with bending
primarily occurring in the short direction.
One way slabs may exist as floor slabs and in concrete stairs.
One-way Slabs
If they are supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred to as one-way
slabs because the bending is in one direction only—that is, perpendicular to the
supported edges. Actually, if a rectangular slab is supported on all four sides, but
the long side is two or more times as long as the short side, the slab will, for all
practical purposes, act as a one-way slab, with bending primarily occurring in the
short direction. Such slabs are designed as one-way slabs.
A one-way slab is assumed to
be a rectangular beam with a
large ratio of width to depth.
Normally, 1.0m wide piece of
such a slab is designed as a
beam the slab being assumed
to consist of a series of such beams side by side.
The method of analysis is somewhat conservative because of the lateral restraint
provided by the adjacent parts of the slab. Normally, a beam will tend to expand
laterally somewhat as it bends, but this tendency to expand by each of the 1.0m
strips is resisted by the adjacent 1.0 m wide strips, which tend to expand also. In
other words, Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be zero. Actually, the lateral
expansion tendency results in a very slight stiffening of the beam strips, which is
neglected in the design procedure used here. The load supported by the one-way
slab, including its own weight, is transferred to the members supporting the edges
of the slab.
Obviously, the reinforcing for
flexure is placed perpendicular to
these supports—that is, parallel to
the long direction of the 1.0m wide
beams.
Two-way Slabs
When slabs are supported by columns arranged generally in rows so that the
slabs can deflect in two directions, they are usually referred to as two-way slabs.
Two-way slabs can be strengthened by the addition of beams between the
columns, by thickening the slabs around the columns (drop panels), and by
flaring the columns under the slabs (column capitals).
Types of Two-way Slabs
In practice, two-way slabs take various forms. The followings are some of the
common types:
1. Flat plates:
Flat plates are solid concrete slabs of uniform
depths that transfer loads directly to the
supporting columns without the aid of beams or
capitals or drop panels. Flat plates can be
constructed quickly because of their simple
formwork and reinforcing bar arrangements. Flat
plates are used for relatively light loads, as
experienced in apartments or similar buildings.
Flat plates are most economical for spans from
4.5m to 6.0m.
2. Waffle slabs
For longer spans than mentioned in flat plates, the thickness required for the
shear transfer of vertical loads to the columns exceeds that required for flexural
strength. As a result, the concrete at the middle of the panel is not used
efficiently. To lighten the slab, reduce the slab moments, and save material,
the slab at midspan can be replaced by intersecting ribs.

Note that, near the columns, the full depth is


retained for shear transfer of loads from the slab
to the columns. This type of slab is known as a
waffle slab (or a two-way joist system) and is
formed with fiberglass or metal “dome”
forms. Waffle slabs are used for spans from
7.5m to 12m.
3. Flat slab
For heavy industrial loads, the flat slab system shown below may be used. Here,
the shear transfer to the column is accomplished by thickening the slab near the
column with drop panels or by flaring the top of the column to form a column
capital.
Drop panels commonly extend about
one-sixth of the span in each
direction away from the column,
giving extra strength and stiffness in
the column region while minimizing
the amount of concrete at midspan.
Flat slabs are used for loads in excess
of 4.5 kN/m2 and for spans of 6.0m to
9.0 m.
4. Two-way slab with beams:
This type of floor system is used where its
cost is less than the costs of flat plates or flat
slabs. In other words, when the loads or spans
or both become quite large, the slab thickness
and column sizes required for flat plates or
flat slabs are of such magnitude that it is
more economical to use two-way slabs with
beams, despite the higher formwork costs.

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