wc Command

• It s used to find out number of newline count, word count, byte

and characters count in a files specified by the file arguments. ▪

Syntax :
wc [options] filenames
Optio Use
n wc -l Prints the number of lines in a file

wc -w Prints the number of words in a file

wc -c Displays the count of bytes in a file
wc -L Prints only the length of the longest line in a file

121
wc Command Example

wc -L Prints only the length of the longest line in a file

122

wc Command Example
wc -l Prints the number of lines in a file
 wc -w Prints the number of words in a file
wc -c Displays the count of bytes in a file

123

ln Command
• ln creates links between files.
• ln creates hard links by default, or symbolic links if the -s (--
 symbolic) option is specified. When creating hard links, each
TARGET must exist.

▪ Syntax :
ln [OPTION]… [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME
Optio Use
n ln -f If the destination file or files already exist, overwrite them

ln -i Prompt the user before overwriting destination files

ln -s Make symbolic links instead of hard links

124

ln Command Example
125

ln Command Example
ln -s Make symbolic links instead of hard links
 f2.txt f6.txt
(hello good morning) (hello good morning)
126

nl Command
• nl command numbers the lines in a file.
▪ Syntax :
nl [OPTION]... [FILE]...

▪ Example :
Optio Use
n nl -i Line number increment at each line

nl -s Add STRING after (possible) line number

nl -w Use NUMBER columns for line numbers

127

nl Command Example
128

nl Command Example
nl -i Line number increment at each line
129

nl Command Example
nl -s Add STRING after (possible) line number
130

nl Command Example
nl -w Use NUMBER columns for line numbers

131
head Command
• head makes it easy to output the first part (10 lines by default) of
files.

▪ Syntax :
head [OPTION]... [FILE]...

▪ Example :
Optio Use
Print the first n lines instead of the first 10; with the leading '-',
n print all but the last n lines of each file
head -
n
 head -c Print the first n bytes of each file; with a leading '-', print all but
the last n bytes of each file
head -q Never print headers identifying file names

132

head Command Example

 133

head Command Example

head -n Print the first n lines instead of the first 10; with the leading '-',
print all but the last n lines of each file
134

head Command Example

head -c Print the first n bytes of each file; with a leading '-', print all but
the last n bytes of each file

135
head Command Example
head -q Never print headers identifying file names

136
tail Command
• tail is a command which prints the last few number of lines (10
lines by default) of a certain file, then terminates.

▪ Syntax :
tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Optio Use
n tail - Output the last num lines, instead of the default (10)
n
tail -c Output the last num bytes of each file
tail -q Never output headers

137
tail Command Example

138

tail Command Example

 tail -n Output the last num lines, instead of the default (10)

139

tail Command Example

tail -c Output the last num bytes of each file
140

sort Command
• sort command is used to sort a file, arranging the records in a
particular order.
• By default, the sort command sorts file assuming the contents are
ASCII. Using options in sort command, it can also be used to sort
numerically.

▪ Syntax : sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...

 Option Use
sort -c To check if the file given is already sorted or not
sort -r Reverse the result of comparisons
sort -n Compare according to string numerical value
sort -nr To sort a file with numeric data in reverse order
sort -k Sorting a table on the basis of any column
sort -b Ignore leading blanks

141

sort Command Example

142

sort Command Example

sort -c To check if the file given is already sorted or not
143

sort Command Example

sort -r Reverse the result of comparisons
144

sort Command Example

sort -n Compare according to string numerical value
sort -nr To sort a file with numeric data in reverse order
 145

sort Command Example

sort -k Sorting a table on the basis of any column
146

find Command
• find command searches for files in a directory hierarchy.

▪ Syntax :
 find [option] [path...] [expression]
Option Use
find -name filename Search for files that are specified by ‘filename’
find -newer filename Search for files that were modified/created after
‘filename’
find -user name Search for files owned by user name or ID ‘name’
find -size +N/-N Search for files of ‘N’ blocks; ‘N’ followed by ‘c’ can
be used to measure size in characters
find -empty Search for empty files and directories
find -perm octal Search for the file if permission is ‘octal’

147

find Command Example

148

find Command Example

find -newer filename Search for files that were modified/created after
‘filename’
149

find Command Example

find -user name Search for files owned by user name or ID ‘name’
150

find Command Example

find -size +N/-N Search for files of ‘N’ blocks; ‘N’ followed by ‘c’
can be used to measure size in characters
151

find Command Example

find -empty Search for empty files and directories
152

uniq Command
• uniq reports or filters out repeated lines in a file.
• It can remove duplicates, show a count of occurrences, show only
repeated lines, ignore certain characters and compare on specific
fields.

▪ Syntax :
uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
Optio Use
n uniq Prints only unique lines
-u
uniq -d Only print duplicated lines
 uniq -D Print all duplicate lines
uniq -c Prefix lines with a number representing how many times they
occurred
uniq -i Ignore case when comparing

153

uniq Command Example

154

uniq Command Example

uniq -u Prints only unique lines
155

uniq Command Example

uniq -d Only print duplicated lines
156

grep Command
• The grep filter searches a file for a particular pattern of characters,
and displays all lines that contain that pattern.
• The pattern that is searched in the file is referred to as the regular
 expression.
• grep stands for globally search for regular expression and print out.

▪ Syntax :
grep [options] pattern [files]
Optio Use
n grep Prints only a count of the lines that match a pattern
-c
grep -h Display the matched lines, but do not display the filenames
grep -l Displays list of a filenames only
grep -i Ignores, case for matching

157

grep Command Example

158

grep Command Example

grep -c Prints only a count of the lines that match a pattern
grep -h Display the matched lines, but do not display the filenames
grep -l Displays list of a filenames only
159

grep Command Example

grep -n Display the matched lines and their line numbers
160

grep Command Example

grep -v This prints out all the lines that do not matches the pattern
161

grep Command Example

grep -w Match whole word
162

grep Command Example

grep -o Print only the matched parts of a matching line
163

grep Command Example

164

pipe (|) Command

• It redirects the command STDOUT or standard output into the
given next command STDIN or standard input.
• In short, the output of each process directly as input to the next
one like a pipeline.
• The symbol '|' denotes a pipe.
• Pipes help you mash-up two or more commands at the same time
and run them consecutively.

▪ Syntax :
command_1 | command_2 | command_3 | .... | command_N…

165

pipe Command Example

 166

pipe Command Example

167

pipe Command Example

168

tr(translate) Command
• The tr command in UNIX is a command line utility for translating or
deleting characters.
• It supports a range of transformations including uppercase to
lowercase, squeezing repeating characters, deleting specific
characters and basic find and replace.
• It can be used with UNIX pipes to support more complex
translation.
• tr stands for translate.

▪ Syntax :
tr [OPTION] SET1 [SET2]

169

tr(translate) Command
▪ POSIX Character set supported by tr command :
• [:digit:] Only the digits 0 to 9.
• [:alnum:] Any alphanumeric character.
 • [:alpha:] Any alpha character A to Z or a to z.
• [:blank:] Space and TAB characters only.
• [:xdigit:] Hexadecimal notation 0-9, A-F, a-f.
• [:upper:] Any alpha character A to Z.
• [:lower:] Any alpha character a to z..
Option Use
tr -s Replaces repeated characters listed in the set1 with single occurrence
tr -d Delete characters in string1 from the input
tr -c complements the set of characters in string. i.e., operations apply to
characters not in the given set
tr -cd Remove all characters except digits

170

tr Command Example
171

tr Command Example
172

tr Command Example
tr -s Replaces repeated characters listed in the set1 with single occurrence
173

tr Command Example
tr -d Delete characters in string1 from the input

174

tr Command Example
tr -c complements the set of characters in string.
i.e., operations apply to characters not in the given set
175

tr Command Example
tr -cd Remove all characters except digits

176
history Command
• history command is used to view the previously executed
command.

▪ Syntax :
history

▪ Example :
 177

history Command Example

178
write Command
• write sends a message to another user.

▪ Syntax :
write user [ttyname]

▪ Example
Optio Use
n user The user to write to

tty The specific terminal to write to, if the user is logged in to more
than one session

179

write Command Example

• Open first terminal.

• Open Second terminal then execute command on first terminal.

180

wall Command
• wall send a message to everybody’s terminal.
• wall sends a message to everybody logged in with their mesg
 permission set to yes.

▪ Syntax :
wall [-n] [-t TIMEOUT] [file]

▪ Example
Optio Use
n wall --nobanner Suppress banner
-n
wall -t --timeout TIMEOUT Write timeout to terminals in seconds.
TIMEOUT must be positive integer. Default value is 300 seconds,
which is a legacy from time when people ran terminals over
wall Command Example
• Open four different terminal, execute command on first terminal, message will display on
everybody’s terminal.
182