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class 7

Entomology

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10 views48 pages

class 7

Entomology

Uploaded by

Chandni Tyagi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Insect Pests of Cotton

1) Pink bollworm
1. Order: Lepidoptera
2. Family: Gelichidae
3. Scientific name:
Pectinophora
gossypiella
4. Damaging stage: larvae
5. Type of damage: borer
6. Host range: The adult is a small (̴1cm), thin, gray
oligophagous- bhindi, moth with fringed wings.
cotton
7. Distribution: through
out India
Flat, laid singly on leaves, flowers, bolls.
Larva: Varies in general color; young larva white and late instar almost black,
brown or green to pale or pink with several dark and light alternating bands
Damage
• Infestation occurs in the mid and late
stages of the crop
• The caterpillars feed on flower buds,
flowers and bore into bolls
• Rosetted flowers (When they are
found in flowers, the flowers do not
open and give rosette appearance)
• The young bolls, when attacked, are shed after a
few days, but the larger bolls remain on the plant.
• Interlocular boring and
formation of double seeds.
• The attacked buds and
immature bolls drop off.
Discoloured lint and burrowed
seeds.
• Pin hole or the aperture through which they enter
the boll is closed, making it difficult to differentiate
between a healthy and infested boll.
Management
• Maintain host-free period-
avoid rattooning
• HPR
• Refugia
• Crop rotation
• Use a pheromone trap-
mass trapping, mating
disruption
• Collect and destroy the
shed fruiting parts at
weekly intervals
• Crush the pink bollworm
larvae in the rosette
flowers
• Use acid delinted seeds only
• Seed fumigation with aluminium phosphide or
methyl bromide or heat treatment
• Release of Trichogramma chilonis
• Chemicals: ETL 5%
• Chlorpyriphos / Quinalphos/ Cypermethrin
2) Spotted bollworm
1. Order: Lepidoptera
2. Family: Noctuidae
3. Scientific name: Earias
vitella
4. Damaging stage: larvae
5. Type of damage: borer
6. Host range:
oligophagous- bhindi,
cotton
7. Distribution:
throughout India
3) Spiny bollworm
1. Order: Lepidoptera
2. Family: Noctuidae
3. Scientific name: Earias
insulana
4. Damaging stage: larvae
5. Type of damage: borer
6. Host range:
oligophagous- bhindi,
cotton
7. Distribution:
throughout India
Damage
• Young plants- bore
into terminal parts of
the shoots, which
wither away and dry
up
• Premature opening of bolls
• Poor lint formation
• Flaring up of bracts
• Bolls with bore hole plugged
with excreta
Management
• Set up pheromone trap @ 12/ha.
• Use bhindi as a trap crop
• Collection and destruction of affected fruits.
• Release of egg parasite Trichogramma
chilonis @ 1.0 lakh/ha
• Chemical: Deltamethrin/ Cypermethrin/
Fenvalerate
4) Whitefly

1. Order: Hemiptera
2. Family: Aleurodidae
3. Scientific name: Bemisia
tabaci
4. Damaging stage: nymph
5. Type of damage: sucking
6. Host range: polyphagous
7. Distribution: Cosmopolitant
Biotype?
• Concept given by Walsh in 1864
• An individual or a population that is distinguished
from the rest of its species by criteria other than
morphology
• Insects that are similar in morphology, but are
different physiologically
• A population of pest species that differ from other
populations of the species in its ability to attack a
particular cultivar
• Biotype is the ability of insects to overcome selection
pressure
• Biotypes are developed more when antibiosis is the
breeding mechanism

• BPH
• Gall midge
• Whitefly
• Hessian fly
• Aphids
5-9 days

16-30 days
Eggs: pear-shaped (0.2 mm long), with a gleaming white color
first instar (crawler) travels to a short distance until it successfully probes the leaf to
feed on the phloem sap
The fourth instar nymphs have a
yellowish-white color with large
eyes visible through the
integument; this stage is also
known as the “pupal” stage or
“red-eye nymph”

Whitefly taxonomy is based exclusively on puparial


characteristics
Fully developed adults of B. tabaci emerge from the dorsal
surface of the pupal case through an inverted “T”-shaped slit
• An adult is yellow-bodied with a pair of white
wings that form an inverted V-shape covering
the thorax and abdomen
Damage
• Feeding damage- yellowing and drying
• Honeydew excretion, sooty
mold development, and
reduction in photosynthetic
ability leading to reduced
yield
• Vector of viral diseases
(>200 plant virus)
• Cotton leaf curl, Cassava
mosaic, Tomato yellow leaf
curl
• (Begomovirus, Carlavirus,
Crinivirus, Ipomovirus, and
Torradovirus)
Management
• Predator: green ;lace wings
• Parasitoid: Encarsia sp
• Chemical:
5) Red cotton bug/ cotton stainer
1. Order: Hemiptera
2. Family: Pyrrhocoridae
3. Scientific name: Dysdercus
koenigii
4. Damaging stage: nymph,
adult
5. Type of damage: sucking
6. Host range: cotton, bhindi,
maize, wheat, etc
7. Distribution: throughout
India
7 days

Nymphal period-
50-90 days
• Eggs: spherical, bright
yellow, laid in clusters or
loose irregular masses

• Site of Oviposition: In moist


soil or crevices in the
ground
Damage
• Suck sap from leaves and green bolls of cotton
• Bad boll opening and poor lint quality
• Seeds may have less oil and low germination
• Nematospora gossypi fungus enter injury site and
stains cotton fiber
Management
• Plough the field to destroy
eggs
• Predators: Assassin bug
(Harpactor costalis)
• Chemical: Dimethoate/
Imidacloprid/
Chlorpyriphos
6) Cotton leaf roller
1. Order: Lepidoptera
2. Family: Pyralidae
3. Scientific name: Sylepta
derogata
4. Damaging stage: larva
5. Type of damage: sucking
6. Host range: cotton, bhindi,
etc
7. Distribution: throughout
India
7) Cotton leaf hopper
1. Order: Hemiptera
2. Family: Cicadelliidae
3. Scientific name: Amrasca
bigutulla
4. Damaging stage: nymph,
adult
5. Type of damage: sucking
6. Host range: cotton, bhindi,
potato, brinjal, etc
7. Distribution: throughout
India
Damage
• Downward curling and
reddening of leaves.
• Under severe infestation
turn brick red colour.
• Growth retardation and
death of plants.
• Cultivate of hairy (hirsute) varieties of cotton
• Adopt synchronized sowing.
• Treat seeds with Beauveria bassiana
• Apply nitrogenous fertilizers judiciously.
• Predators: Chrysoperla, spiders
• Imidacloprid or Buprofezin

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