class 7
class 7
1) Pink bollworm
1. Order: Lepidoptera
2. Family: Gelichidae
3. Scientific name:
Pectinophora
gossypiella
4. Damaging stage: larvae
5. Type of damage: borer
6. Host range: The adult is a small (̴1cm), thin, gray
oligophagous- bhindi, moth with fringed wings.
cotton
7. Distribution: through
out India
Flat, laid singly on leaves, flowers, bolls.
Larva: Varies in general color; young larva white and late instar almost black,
brown or green to pale or pink with several dark and light alternating bands
Damage
• Infestation occurs in the mid and late
stages of the crop
• The caterpillars feed on flower buds,
flowers and bore into bolls
• Rosetted flowers (When they are
found in flowers, the flowers do not
open and give rosette appearance)
• The young bolls, when attacked, are shed after a
few days, but the larger bolls remain on the plant.
• Interlocular boring and
formation of double seeds.
• The attacked buds and
immature bolls drop off.
Discoloured lint and burrowed
seeds.
• Pin hole or the aperture through which they enter
the boll is closed, making it difficult to differentiate
between a healthy and infested boll.
Management
• Maintain host-free period-
avoid rattooning
• HPR
• Refugia
• Crop rotation
• Use a pheromone trap-
mass trapping, mating
disruption
• Collect and destroy the
shed fruiting parts at
weekly intervals
• Crush the pink bollworm
larvae in the rosette
flowers
• Use acid delinted seeds only
• Seed fumigation with aluminium phosphide or
methyl bromide or heat treatment
• Release of Trichogramma chilonis
• Chemicals: ETL 5%
• Chlorpyriphos / Quinalphos/ Cypermethrin
2) Spotted bollworm
1. Order: Lepidoptera
2. Family: Noctuidae
3. Scientific name: Earias
vitella
4. Damaging stage: larvae
5. Type of damage: borer
6. Host range:
oligophagous- bhindi,
cotton
7. Distribution:
throughout India
3) Spiny bollworm
1. Order: Lepidoptera
2. Family: Noctuidae
3. Scientific name: Earias
insulana
4. Damaging stage: larvae
5. Type of damage: borer
6. Host range:
oligophagous- bhindi,
cotton
7. Distribution:
throughout India
Damage
• Young plants- bore
into terminal parts of
the shoots, which
wither away and dry
up
• Premature opening of bolls
• Poor lint formation
• Flaring up of bracts
• Bolls with bore hole plugged
with excreta
Management
• Set up pheromone trap @ 12/ha.
• Use bhindi as a trap crop
• Collection and destruction of affected fruits.
• Release of egg parasite Trichogramma
chilonis @ 1.0 lakh/ha
• Chemical: Deltamethrin/ Cypermethrin/
Fenvalerate
4) Whitefly
1. Order: Hemiptera
2. Family: Aleurodidae
3. Scientific name: Bemisia
tabaci
4. Damaging stage: nymph
5. Type of damage: sucking
6. Host range: polyphagous
7. Distribution: Cosmopolitant
Biotype?
• Concept given by Walsh in 1864
• An individual or a population that is distinguished
from the rest of its species by criteria other than
morphology
• Insects that are similar in morphology, but are
different physiologically
• A population of pest species that differ from other
populations of the species in its ability to attack a
particular cultivar
• Biotype is the ability of insects to overcome selection
pressure
• Biotypes are developed more when antibiosis is the
breeding mechanism
• BPH
• Gall midge
• Whitefly
• Hessian fly
• Aphids
5-9 days
16-30 days
Eggs: pear-shaped (0.2 mm long), with a gleaming white color
first instar (crawler) travels to a short distance until it successfully probes the leaf to
feed on the phloem sap
The fourth instar nymphs have a
yellowish-white color with large
eyes visible through the
integument; this stage is also
known as the “pupal” stage or
“red-eye nymph”
Nymphal period-
50-90 days
• Eggs: spherical, bright
yellow, laid in clusters or
loose irregular masses