District South West B-II

Support Material for Grade 12 Mathematics

This support material for Grade 12 Mathematics has been thoughtfully prepared under the
esteemed guidance of Dr. Rajvir Singh, DDE District South West B-II, and Mrs. Ritu Puri,
DDE Zone.

Its aim is to provide a focused syllabus, carefully curated to help students focus on key concepts
and topics that are essential for securing good marks in the CBSE Board Examinations. The
material ensures alignment with the latest CBSE curriculum and examination patterns, offering
students a clear and targeted approach to their preparation, a focused blueprint of the curriculum,
and essential resources designed to enhance student performance in the CBSE Board
Examinations.

The material includes:

 Focused syllabus: Highlighting key topics that are critical for success in the
examinations.
 Blueprint of the Must-to-do syllabus: Offering insights into the weightage of chapters,
types of questions, and distribution of marks.
 Important Points to Remember: Summarizing key formulas, theorems, and concepts
for each chapter in a concise and easy-to-revise format.
 Practice Sample Papers: A collection of well-structured sample papers based on the
latest CBSE pattern to strengthen students’ exam readiness.

This support material is an all-encompassing guide aimed at simplifying preparation and

boosting confidence. District South West B-II is committed to fostering academic excellence
and supporting students in their journey toward success.

Team

1. Rakesh kumar (20171056) , Lecturer Maths, GBSSS PAPRAWAT (1822263)

2. Shailendra Prakash (19927519), Lecturer Maths ,GBSSS GOELA KHURD (182257)
3. Pinki Sharma (20130175), Lecturer Maths , GGSSS JHARODA KALAN (1822066)
4. Rahul (20224501) , Lecturer Maths, SOSE AFPS JHAROD KALAN (1822304)
5. Preeti Rana (20172352), Lecturer Maths, G CO-EDSV DICHAON KALAN (1822262)
 Focused syllabus for class XII (Mathematics)
CH – 1: RELATION AND FUNCTONS
 One-one & Onto functions
 Equivalence Relation
 No. Of Relations
CH – 2: INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 Principle Values
 Identification of graphs
CH – 3: MATRICES
 Express as sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices
 Prove type questions: 3A2+2A+I = 0 & Hence find A-1
 No. of possible matrices with given condition (1 Mark)
 Find k for singular matrix (1 Mark)
 Find the value of k & m etc in AB + CD = E type question (1 Mark)
CH – 4: DETERMINANTS
 Solve equation using matrix method
 Using product of matrices to solve system of equation
 Using product (type 2) AT type
 MCQs using properties of determinant of A, AT, adj (A), A-1 (1 Mark)
 To find area of triangle/parallelogram
 To find given minor & co factor (1 Mark)
CH – 5: CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
𝑑2 𝑦
 Find 𝑑𝑥 2 in parametric equation
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
 Prove the equation type question (𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑦)
 Differentiate f(x) (sin x) w.r.t g(x) (cos x) type question
CH – 6: APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Increasing / Decreasing
 Area / Volume case study
CH – 7: INTEGRATION
 Odd / Even function (1 Mark)
 Definite integral property based (1 Mark)
1 1
 ∫ √𝑎2 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ √𝑎2 2 𝑑𝑥 formula based question
−𝑥 −𝑥

CH – 8: APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
  Line / Parabola/ Circle/ Ellipse based question
CH – 9: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 Order / Degree
 Linear Differential Equation (LDE)
 Variable Separable Method based questions
CH – 10: VECTORS
 Finding angle between two vectors, whether they are parallel or perpendicular
 Find unit vector in given direction
 Find DR’s / DC’s
CH – 11: 3 DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
 Shortest distance between skew lines/ parallel lines
 Image / Foot of perpendicular
 Area of Triangle/ Parallelogram
CH – 12: LPP
 Whole chapter
CH – 13: PROBABILITY
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
 𝑃 (𝐵 ) = , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵)
 Independent events 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵)
 Baye’s Theorem
 Probability distribution: ∑ 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 ) = 1 and 𝐸 (𝑥 ) = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 )
 Blue print

Sr. Chapters including only Total MCQ VSA SA LA (case Total

No. must do topics Questions ( 1 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (5 marks) study) Marks
( 4 marks)

1. RELATION AND 2 1 1 6 marks

FUNCTONS
2. INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC 2 1 1 3 marks
FUNCTIONS
3. MATRICES AND 5 2 2 1 11 marks
DETERMINATS
4. CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY 3 2 1 4 marks

5. APPLICATION OF 1 1 4 marks
DERIVATIVES
6. INTEGRATION 3 2 1 5 marks

7. APPLICATION OF 1 1 3 marks
INTEGRALS
8. DIFFERENTIAL 2 1 1 4 marks
EQUATIONS
9. VECTORS and 3 1 1 1 8 marks
3- DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
10. LPP 1 1 5 marks

11. PROBABILITY 1 1 4 marks

12. Total 22 + 10 4 3+ 3+ 2 50 +
2 choice 1 choice 1 choice 8 marks
choice
 Import points to remember (Chapter wise)
Chapter 1
Relation and Function
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Cartesian Product of Sets:-
AB (a,b) : aA and b B.
Results On Cartesian Products of Sets:
(i) A(B C) (AB)(AC).

(ii) A(BC) (AB)(AC).

(iii) A(B C) (AB) (AC).
(iv) If A and B have 'n' elements in common, then A × B and B × A have n2 elements in
common.
(v) If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then
(a) n(A × B) = m.n (b) n(B × A) = m.n
(c) n(A × A) = m2 (d) n(B × B) = n2
2. Relation: Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. Any subset of AB is said to be a
relation from the set A to the set B.
3. Binary Relation on a set : Every subset of A × A is called a binary relation on A.

I. (i) Identity Relation: IA=( a,a ) : aA.

(ii) Universal Relation: A × A is called the universal relation on A.
II. A relation R on A is said to be :
(i) Reflexive, if a R a aA
(ii) Symmetric, if a R b b R a.
(iii) Transitive, if aRb and bRc aRc.
(iv) Anti-symmetric, if aRb and bRa a b.

III. Equivalence Relation: A relation which is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive is called
an Equivalence relation.
(i) The inverse of an equivalence relation is an equivalence relation.
(ii) The intersection of two equivalence relations is an equivalence relation.
(iii) The union of two symmetric relations is symmetric.
(iv) The union of two transitive relations need not be transitive.
(v) If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then total no. of relations from A to B is 2m.n.
(vi) If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then total no. of relations from B to A is 2 m.n.
𝟐
(vii) If n(A) = m, then total no. of relations from A to A is 𝟐𝒎 .
𝟐
(viii) If n(B) = n, then total no. of relations from B to B is 𝟐𝒏 .
IV. A relation R on a set A is:
(i) Reflexive A IA R. (ii) Symmetric R-1 R.
(iii)Transitive RoR  R
4. Functions or Mappings:
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then, a rule or a correspondence f which associates to
each xA, a unique element f (x) B, is called a function or a mapping from A to B, and
we write, f : AB. f (x) is called the image of x and x is called the pre-image of f (x).

A is called the domain of f and f (x) : xAB is called the range of f.
5. Various Types of Functions:

A function f : AB is said to be :

(i) Many-One, if two or more than two elements in A have the same image in B.
(ii)One-One, if distinct elements in A have distinct images in B
i.e,. f is one-one, if f (x1 ) f (x2 )x1 x2 .
(iii) Into, if at least one element in B which has no pre-image in A.
(iv) Onto, if Range = Co-domain.
One-one mapping is called Injective; onto mapping is called Surjective and a one-one, onto
mapping is called bijective.
7. Chart to find the domain of various functions :-
Function Domain
1. 𝟏 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∶ 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎}
𝒇(𝒙)
2. 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∶ 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎}
𝒈(𝒙)
3. √(𝒇(𝒙)) 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∶ 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝟎}
 4. 𝟏 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∶ 𝒇(𝒙) > 𝟎}
√(𝒇(𝒙))
5. 𝒍𝒐𝒈[𝒇(𝒙)] 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∶ 𝒇(𝒙) > 𝟎}
6. |𝒇(𝒙)|, [𝒇(𝒙)], 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) 𝑫 = 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏(𝒇)

Notes:
(i) As range of all functions cannot be derived by one method. So, students are advised to
be a bit careful while finding range and also go through the options once because option
might be very helpful to find the range of the given function.
(ii) If a line parallel to x- axis cuts the graph of f (x) at more than one point, then the
function is NOT One-One.
(iii)If a line parallel to x - axis cuts the graph of f (x) at atmost one point, then the function
is One-One.
(iv) If f '(x) remains unchanged in its sign for every point in the domain of the function,
then f (x) is always One - One.

CHAPTER 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
1. (i) sin1 x x sin.
(ii) cosx x cos.
(iii) tanx x tan.
2. Domain & Range:
Functions Domain Range
(Principle Values)
Sin-1 x [-1 , 1] 𝝅 𝝅
[− , ]
𝟐 𝟐
Cos-1 x [-1 , 1] [𝟎 , 𝝅]
Tan-1 x ℝ 𝝅 𝝅
(− , )
𝟐 𝟐
Cot-1 x ℝ (𝟎 , 𝝅)
Sec-1 x ℝ − (−𝟏 , 𝟏) 𝝅
[𝟎 , 𝝅] − { }
𝟐
Cosec-1 x ℝ − (−𝟏 , 𝟏) 𝝅 𝝅
[− , ] − {𝟎}
𝟐 𝟐
 𝝅 𝝅
3. (i) sin-1 (sin x ) = x ,if − 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐   

(ii) cos-1 (cos x) = x, if 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅

𝝅 𝝅
(iii) tan-1 (tan x) = x, if − 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐

4. (i) sin-1 x = cosec-1(1/x)

(ii) cos-1 x = sec-1(1/x)
(iii) tan-1 x = cot-1(1/x)
5. (i) sin-1 (-x) = - sin-1 x
(ii) cos-1 (-x) = cos-1 x
(iii) tan-1 (-x) = - tan-1 x
(iv) cot-1 (-x) = cot-1 x
(v) cosec-1 (-x) = - cosec-1 x

(vi) sec-1 (-x) = sec-1 x

𝝅
6. (i) sin-1 x + cos-1 x = , −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏  
𝟐
𝝅
(ii) tan-1 x + cot-1 x = 𝟐
𝝅
(iii) sec-1 x + cosec-1 x = 𝟐 , |𝒙| ≥ 𝟏
𝒙+𝒚
7. (i) tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1(𝟏−𝒙𝒚 ) , when x>0 , y>0 and xy<1

𝒙+𝒚
(ii) tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1(𝟏−𝒙𝒚 ) , xy>1

𝒙−𝒚
(iii) tan-1 x - tan-1 y = tan-1(𝟏+𝒙𝒚 ) , when x>0 , y>0 and xy<-1
 CHAPTER 3
MATRICES
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
Matrix: A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions. The numbers
or functions are called the elements or the entries of the matrix.
The elements in ith row and jth column of a matrix is denoted by aij.
In general, an m × n matrix has the following rectangular array:

 a11 a1n 
A= (aij)m×n =  

a amn 
 m1

A= (aij)m×n, 1≤ i ≤ m, 1≤ j ≤ n i, j ∈
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply m × n
matrix (read as an m by n matrix).
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order mn (read as m by n).
2. Diagonal elements of a matrix: The elements aij for which i=j are called the diagonal
element of the matrix.
3. Comparable matrices: Two matrix A and B are said to be comparable if they are of the
same order.
4. Operations on matrices:
(I) Addition and subtraction of matrices: The sum of two matrix is defined only when they
are of same order.
If A= (aij)m×n and B= (bij)m×n then A+B =(aij + bij)m×n and A-B =(aij - bij)m×n
(II) Scalar multiplication: Let A= (aij)m×n and k be a real number, then kA = (k aij) m×n
(III) Multiplication of matrices: For two matrices A and B, the product AB exist only
when number of column in A = number of rows in B. Otherwise AB does not exist.
n
Let A= (aij)m×n and B= (bij)n×p then C= (cik)m×p where (cik) = a b
j 1
ij jk

If AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that A×B = B×A

5. Transpose of a Matrix:
The Matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of a matrix A is called the
transpose of A, written as AT or A′
For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, we have
(i) (A′)′ = A (ii) (kA)′ = kA′ (where k is any constant)
(iii) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′ (iv) (A B)′ = B′ A′
6. Types of matrices:
(I) Diagonal matrix: A square Matrix A= (aij)m×n in which every non diagonal elements is 0
is called a diagonal matrix.

 a1 0 0
D= 0 
0  or D = diag (d1, d2, d3,… dn)

0 an 
 0

(II) Scalar Matrix: A diagonal Matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal is called a
scalar matrix.
(III) Unit or Identity Matrix: A scalar Matrix with each diagonal element 1, is called a unit
Matrix.
We denote a unit matrix of order n by In or  .
(IV) Triangular Matrix: The matrix A= (aij)m×n is called:
(i) an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 when i > j.
(ii) a lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 when i < j.
(V) Symmetric matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be symmetric if (A)′ = A
(VI) Skew-symmetric Matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be skew-symmetric if (A)′ = -A
For any square matrix A, we have
- (A + A)′ is always symmetric.
- (A - A)′ is always skew- symmetric.

Chapter 4
Determinants
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
Determinant:
To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n, we can associate a number (real or complex)
called determinant of the square matrix A, where aij = (i, j) th element of A.
Definition of determinants in terms of function:
If M is the set of square matrices, K is the set of numbers (real or complex) and
f : M → K is defined by f (A) = k, where A ∈ M and k ∈ K, then f(A) is called the
determinant of A. It is also denoted by | A| or det A or ∆.

If A = [ 𝒂𝒄 𝒅𝒃 ] then determinant of A is written as |A| = | 𝒂𝒄 𝒅𝒃 | = det (A)

Remarks:
(i) For matrix A, | A| is read as determinant of A and not modulus of A.
(ii) (ii) Only square matrices have determinants.
Key points to be remember about determinants:
(1) Let A = [aij] of order n, then |kA| = kn |A|
(2) If A and B are square matrix of the same order, then
|AB| = |A| |B|
(3) Let A = [aij] is a diagonal matrix of order n (n≥2), then
|A| = a11×a22×a33×…..ann

Minors and Cofactors

Definition: Minor of an element aij of a determinant is the determinant obtained by
deleting its ith row and jth column in which element aij lies. Minor of an element aij is
denoted by Mij.
Remark: Minor of an element of a determinant of order n(n ≥ 2) is a determinant of order
n – 1.
Definition: Cofactor of an element aij, denoted by Aij is defined by Aij = (–1)i+j Mij , where
Mij is minor of aij
Note: If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or
column), then their sum is zero. For example, ∆ = a 11 A21 + a12 A22 + a12 A23 =0
Adjoint of a matrix:
The adjoint of a square matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij] n×n,
where Aij is the cofactor of the element aij . Adjoint of the matrix A is denoted by adj A.

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝟏𝟑 T

Let 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 then adjA = 𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝟐𝟑
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝑨𝟑𝟏 𝑨𝟑𝟐 𝑨𝟑𝟑
Theorem 1: If A be any given square matrix of order n, then A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A | I ,
where I is the identity matrix of order n.
Definition: A square matrix A is said to be singular if A = 0.
A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if A ≠ 0
Theorem 2 If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are
also non-singular matrices of the same order.
Theorem 3 The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their
respective determinants, that is, |AB| = |A| |B|, where A and B are square matrices of the
same order.
Theorem 4: A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is non-singular matrix.

Some important points to remember related to adjoint and inverse of a Matrix.

(1) Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order n then |adj A| = |A| n-1
(2) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of same order then
adj (AB) = (adj B) × (adj A)
(3) If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj AT = (adj A)T
(4) Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order n then adj(adj A) = |A| n-2A
𝟏
(5) Let A be a non-singular square matrix, then |A-1| = |𝑨|
(6) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of same order then
(AB)-1 = (B)-1× ( A)-1
(7) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)-1 = (A-1)T
(8) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AA-1= A-1A=I and (A-1)-1 = A

Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix:

Consider the system of equations
𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟑
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝟏
Let A= 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 , X = 𝒚 and B = 𝒅𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝒛 𝒅𝟑
Then, the system of equations can be written as, AX=B, i.e.,
 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒅𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝒛 𝒅𝟑
Case I If A is a nonsingular matrix, then its inverse exists.
X = A-1 B
This matrix equation provides unique solution for the given system of equations as inverse
of a matrix is unique. This method of solving system of equations is known as Matrix
Method.
Case II If A is a singular matrix, then | A| = 0. In this case, we calculate (adj A) B.
If (adj A) B ≠ O, (O being zero matrix), then solution does not exist and the system of
equations is called inconsistent.
If (adj A) B = O, then system may be either consistent or inconsistent according as the
system have either infinitely many solutions or no solution.

CHAPTER 5
Continuity and differentiability
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
Limit:
We say lim f ( x) is the expected value of f at x = a given the values of f near x to the left of
x c

a. This value is called the left hand limit of f at a.

We say lim f ( x) is the expected value of f at x = a given the values of f near x to the right of
x c

a. This value is called the right hand limit of f(x) at a.

If the right and left hand limits coincide, we call that common value as the limit of f(x) at x
= a and denote it by lim f ( x)
x c

Continuity: Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c be a point
in the domain of f. Then f is continuous at c if 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = f(c).
𝒙→𝒄

More elaborately, if the left hand limit, right hand limit and the value of the function at
x = c exist and equal to each other, then f is said to be continuous at x = c.
A real function f is said to be continuous if it is continuous at every point in the domain of f.
Differentiability:
Suppose f is a real function and ‘a’ is a point in its domain. The derivative of f at ‘a’ is
defined by
𝒇(𝒂+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒂)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 , provided this limit exists. Derivative of f (x) at ‘a’ is denoted by f′(a)
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)
The derivative of f at ‘x’ is defined by f′(x)= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 , provided this limit exists.
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

The process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation.

Theorem: If a function f is differentiable at a point ‘c’, then it is also continuous at that
point.
Corollary: Every differentiable function is continuous.

Basic rules for differentiation:

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
1. [𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
2. [𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
3. [𝒇[𝒈(𝒙)] = (𝒇(𝒚) × (𝒚), 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
4. [ ]=[ ]
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) [𝒈(𝒙)]𝟐

Basic formulae for differentiation:

𝒅
1. (𝒙 n) = n 𝒙 n-1
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
2. (log 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅 x x
3. (𝒆 ) = 𝒆
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
4. (𝒂 x) = 𝒂 x log 𝒂
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
5. (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
6. (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
7. (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) = sec2𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
8. (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙) = − cosec2𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
9. (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
10. (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
11. (𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐
 𝒅 𝟏
12. ) (𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙) = −
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝒅 𝟏
13. (𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 |𝒙|√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝒅 𝟏
14. (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 −𝟏 𝒙) = −
𝒅𝒙 |𝒙|√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝒅 𝟏
15. (𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒅 𝟏
16. (𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙) = −
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐

CHAPTER 6
Application of Derivative
Points to remember:
Rate of change: Whenever one quantity y varies with another quantity x, satisfying some
𝒅𝒚
rule y= f(x), then (or f′ (x)) represents the rate of change of y with respect to x and
𝒅𝒙
dy 
f′ (x1) or represents the rate of change of y with respect to x at x = x1.
dx  x  x1

Increasing and decreasing function:

Let I be an interval contained in the domain of a real valued function f. Then f is said to be
(i) Increasing on I if x1 < x2 in I ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2) for all x1 , x2 ∈ I.
(ii) Strictly increasing on I if x1 < x2 in I ⇒ f(x1) < f(x2) for all x1 , x2 ∈ I.
(iii) Decreasing on I, if x1 < x2 in I ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2) for all x1, x2 ∈ I.
(iv) Strictly decreasing on I, if x1 < x2 in I ⇒ f(x1) > f(x2) for all x1, x2 ∈ I.
(v) Constant on I, if f(x) = c for all x ∈ I, where c is a constant.
Derivative test:
Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b). Then
(a) f is increasing in [a,b] if f ′(x) > 0 for each x ∈ (a, b)
(b) f is decreasing in [a,b] if f ′(x) < 0 for each x ∈ (a, b)
(c) f is a constant function in [a,b] if f ′(x) = 0 for each x ∈ (a, b)

Maxima and Minima:

Let f be a function defined on an interval I. Then
(a) f is said to have a maximum value in I, if there exists a point c in I such that f(c) > f(x),
for all x ∈ I. The number f(c) is called the maximum value of f in I and the point c is called
a point of maximum value of f in I.
(b) f is said to have a minimum value in I, if there exists a point c in I such that f (c) < f (x),
for all x ∈ I. The number f (c), in this case, is called the minimum value of f in I and the
point c, in this case, is called a point of minimum value of f in I.
(c) f is said to have an extreme value in I if there exists a point c in I such that f (c) is either
a maximum value or a minimum value of f in I. The number f (c), in this case, is called an
extreme value of f in I and the point c is called an extreme point.
By a monotonic function f in an interval I, we mean that f is either increasing in I or
decreasing in I.
Every continuous function on a closed interval has a maximum and a minimum value.
Theorem: Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Suppose c ∈ I be any point. If f
has a local maxima or a local minima at x = c, then either f ′(c) = 0 or f is not differentiable
at c.
Critical points: A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f ′(c) = 0 or f is not
differentiable is called a critical point of f.
Theorem (First Derivative Test): Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Let f be
continuous at a critical point c in I. Then
(i) If f ′(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through c, i.e., if f
′(x) > 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f ′(x) < 0 at
every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is a point of local
maxima.
(ii) If f ′(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, i.e., if f
′(x) < 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f ′(x) > 0 at
every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is a point of local
minima.
(iii) If f ′(x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither a point of
local maxima nor a point of local minima. Infact, such a point is called point of
inflection.
If c is a point of local maxima of f, then f(c) is a local maximum value of f. Similarly, if c
is a point of local minima of f, then f(c) is a local minimum value of f.
Theorem (Second Derivative Test): Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈
I. Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then
(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) < 0.
The value f (c) is local maximum value of f.
(ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f ′ (c) 0 = and f ″(c) > 0.
In this case, f (c) is local minimum value of f.
(iii) The test fails if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) = 0.
In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of
local maxima, local minima or a point of inflexion.
Theorem: Let f be a continuous function on an interval I = [a, b]. Then f has the absolute
maximum value and f attains it at least once in I. Also, f has the absolute minimum value
and attains it at least once in I.
Theorem: Let f be a differentiable function on a closed interval I and let c be any interior
point of I. Then
(i) f ′(c) = 0 if f attains its absolute maximum value at c.
(ii) f ′(c) = 0 if f attains its absolute minimum value at c.
CHAPTER 7
INTEGRALS

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
𝑥 𝑛+1
1.∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 (𝑛 ≠ −1)
𝑛+1
1
2. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑥 + 𝐶

3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥
4.∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑎

5.∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

6.∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

7.∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

8.∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

9.∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

10.∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶

11.∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log | sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = − log | cos 𝑥 |
12.∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝜋 𝑥
13.∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = log ( 4 + 2) + 𝐶
𝑥
14.∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = log | tan |
2
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
15.∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 log | 𝑥+𝑎 | + 𝐶
1 1 𝑎+𝑥
16.∫ 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 log | 𝑎−𝑥 | + 𝐶
1 1 𝑥
17.∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝐶
𝑎
 1 𝑥
18.∫ √𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +𝐶
−𝑥 2 𝑎
1
19.∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
−𝑎 2
1
20. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
+𝑎 2

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
21. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +𝐶
2 𝑎

𝑥 𝑎2
22. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
2

𝑥 𝑎2
23. ∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + log |𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
2
1
24. ∫ √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢
25. Integration by parts: ∫ 𝑢. 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢. ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ {𝑑𝑥 . ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

26. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶

𝑏
27. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥 )]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑏 𝑏
28. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑎
29. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
30. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
31. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
32. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
33. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(−𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎
34. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥
 CHAPTER 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
Area bounded by the curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙), 𝒙- axis and the ordinates 𝒙 = 𝒂 and 𝒙 = 𝒃 is given by
𝒃 𝒃 y = f(x)
A = ∫𝒂 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

x=a x=b

Area bounded by the curve 𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒚), 𝒚- axis and the ordinates 𝒚 = 𝒄 and 𝒚 = 𝒅 is given by
𝒅 𝒅
A = ∫𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = ∫𝒄 𝒈(𝒚) 𝒅𝒚
y=d

x = f(y)

y=c

Remarks: If the area is negative, we take its absolute value.

Shortcut to find area of some particular curves:
𝟖𝒂𝟐
1. Area between 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 and 𝐲 = 𝒎𝒙 is .
𝟑𝒎𝟑
𝟕𝟐𝒂𝟐
2. Area between 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 and 𝐲 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 is .
𝒎𝟑
𝟖
3. Area between 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒃𝒚 and 𝐲 = 𝒎𝒙 is 𝟐 𝟑
𝒃 𝒎 .
𝟑
4. Area between 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒃𝒚 and 𝐲 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 is 𝟕𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒎𝟑 .
𝟐
𝟏𝟔𝐚𝐛
5. Area between 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 and 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒃𝒚 is .
𝟑
𝟖𝒂𝟐
6. Area between 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 and its latus rectum is .
𝟑
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
7. Area of ellipse 𝟐
+ = 𝟏 is πab.
𝒂 𝒃𝟐
 CHAPTER 9
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
1. Differential equation:
An equation involving derivative (derivatives) of the dependent variable with
respect to independent variable (variables) is called a differential equation.
A differential equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect
to only one independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation, e.g.,
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝐲 𝒅𝒚
+ 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆𝒙 and − ( 𝒅𝒙)𝟐 + 𝒚 = cos𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐
2. Order and degree of differential equation:
Order of a differential equation is defined as the order of the highest order
derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the independent variable
involved in the given differential equation.
The integral power of the highest order derivative involved in a differential equation
when expressed as a polynomial in y (dependent variable) and its derivatives is
called the degree of the differential equation.
3. Solution of a Differential equation:
(i) A function of the type f(x,y) satisfying the D.E. is called its solution.
(ii) General solution: If the solution of a D.E. of order 𝒏 contains 𝒏 arbitrary
constants, then the solution is called the general solution or complete
integral.
(iii) Particular solution: A solution obtained by giving particular values to
arbitrary constants in the general solution, is called a particular solution or
Particular integral.
4. Types of Differential equation:
(i) Differential equations in which variables can be separable
𝒅𝒚
A first order-first degree differential equation is of the form 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚)
If F (𝒙, 𝒚) can be expressed as a product f (x) g(y), where, 𝒇(𝒙) is a function
of 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒚)is a function of y, then the differential equation is said to be of
variable separable type.
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
The differential equation = 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) then has the form = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒚)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(ii) Homogeneous differential equations
A function F(x, y) is said to be homogeneous function of degree 𝒏 if
F(λ 𝒙, λ 𝒚) = λn F(𝒙, y) for any nonzero constant λ.
or
A function F (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 𝒏 if
𝒚 𝒙
F(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 n g( 𝒙 ) or 𝒚 n g( 𝒚 ).
(iii) Linear differential equations
 𝒅𝒚
A differential equation of the from + 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸 where, P and Q are
𝒅𝒙
constants or functions of x only, is known as a first order linear differential
equation.
The function g(x) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 is called Integrating Factor (I.F.) of the given
differential equation.

CHAPTER 10
Vector algebra

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
1. Scalars: Real numbers are called scalar.
2. Vectors:
(i) A directed line segment ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨𝑩 is called a vector.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(ii) A vector 𝑨𝑩 has magnitude and direction.
(iii) Its length or magnitude is denoted by |𝑨𝑩| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and its direction is from A to B.
(iv) If 𝜶⃗⃗ = a 𝒊̂ + 𝒃 𝒋̂ + 𝒄 𝒌̂ then in short we denote it by (a, b, c). Thus we say that the
components of 𝜶 ⃗ along x-axis, y axis and z- axis are a, b and c respectively.
(v) 𝜶⃗⃗ = a 𝒊̂ + 𝒃 𝒋̂ + 𝒄 𝒌̂ then magnitude of 𝜶 ⃗ = |𝜶 ⃗⃗ | = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
(vi) Collinear vectors: Vectors on the same straight line are called collinear vectors.

- ⃗ and ⃗𝒃 are collinear  𝒂

𝒂 ⃗ = α ⃗𝒃 for some α.
- ⃗ and 𝒃
The necessary condition for 𝒂 ⃗ to be collinear is 𝒂 ⃗ =𝟎
⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗

(vii) Position vector of a point: Let O be the origin and P(x, y, z) be a point then
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = x 𝒊̂ + 𝒚 𝒋̂ + 𝒛 𝒌̂ is called the position vector of P.
𝑶𝑷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ denoted by 𝑶𝑷
(x) The unit vector of 𝑶𝑷 ̂ =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑶𝑷|

(xi) Consider the position vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑶𝑷 (𝒓 ⃗ )of a point P(x, y, z). The angles α, β, γ made
by the vector with the positive directions of x, y and z-axes respectively, are called
its direction angles. The cosine values of these angles, i.e., cosα, cosβ and cos γ are
called direction cosines of the vector, and usually denoted by l, m and n,
respectively.
The numbers lr, mr and nr, proportional to the direction cosines are called as
direction ratios of vector, and denoted as a, b and c, respectively

𝑶𝑷 = x 𝒊̂ + 𝒚 𝒋̂ + 𝒛 𝒌̂ then direction ratios of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑶𝑷 are x, y and z.
 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
And direction cosines of the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑷 are , ,
√𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐

3. Section formula:
(i) Let A and B be two points with position vectors 𝒂 ⃗ respectively and let
⃗ and 𝒃
P be a point which divides AB is in the ratio m:n then position vector of
⃗ +𝐧𝒂
m𝒃 ⃗
P=
𝒎+𝒏
1
(ii) ⃗ + ⃗𝒃)
Position vector of mid-point of AB= 2 (⃗𝒂
(iii) Let the position vector of the vertices of triangle ABC be 𝒂 ⃗ , 𝒃 and 𝒄
⃗
1
respectively then position vector of centroid= 3 (⃗𝒂 ⃗ + ⃗𝒃 + 𝒄
⃗)
(iv) Points A, B, C will be collinear  ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒕𝑨𝑪⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ for some scalar t.
(v) Points A, B, C and D be coplanar  ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨𝑩, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑪, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑫 are coplanar.
(vi) ⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌̂ , ⃗𝒃 = 𝒃𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒃𝟑 𝒌̂ and
If 𝒂
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
⃗ = 𝒄𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒄𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒄𝟑 𝒌̂ will be coplanar  𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 = 0
𝒄
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑

4. Scalar multiple of a vector: Let 𝒂 ⃗ be a given vector and λ is a scalar. Then the
product of the vector 𝒂 ⃗ by the scalar λ, denoted as λ𝒂
⃗ , is called the multiplication of
vector by the scalar λ.
5. Scalar or dot product of vectors:
The scalar product of two nonzero vectors 𝒂 ⃗ , denoted by 𝒂
⃗ and 𝒃 ⃗ , is defined as
⃗ .𝒃
⃗ . ⃗𝒃 = |𝒂|
𝒂 ⃗⃗⃗ . |𝒃 ⃗ and ⃗𝒃 , 0 ≤  ≤ π
⃗ | cos  where  is the angle between 𝒂
Observations:
⃗
⃗𝒂 .𝒃
(i) cos  = ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
|𝒂| .|𝒃|
(ii) ⃗ ⃗ . ⃗𝒃 = 𝟎.
⃗ and 𝒃 are perpendicular if and only if 𝒂
𝒂
(iii) 𝒂 ⃗ =𝒃
⃗ .𝒃 ⃗ .𝒂 ⃗
(iv) ⃗ .𝒂
𝒂 ⃗ =| 𝒂⃗ |2
(v)  is acute  𝒂 ⃗ >𝟎
⃗ .𝒃
⃗𝒂 .𝒃 ⃗
(vi) ⃗ on ⃗𝒃 = ⃗
Length of projection of 𝒂
|𝒃|
(vii) ⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌̂ and ⃗𝒃 = 𝒃𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒃𝟑 𝒌̂
If 𝒂
then 𝒂⃗ . ⃗𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑
6. Vector or cross product of vectors:

The vector product of two nonzero vectors 𝒂 ⃗ and ⃗𝒃 , denoted by 𝒂

⃗ × ⃗𝒃 and defined
as 𝒂⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗ = |𝒂|
⃗⃗⃗ . |𝒃 ̂ , where  is the angle between 𝒂
⃗ | sin  𝒏 ⃗ and 𝒃⃗ , 0 ≤  ≤ π, and 𝒏
̂
is the unit vector perpendicular to 𝒂 ⃗ and ⃗𝒃.
 Observations:
⃗ |
⃗ ×𝒃
|𝒂
(i) sin  = ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
|𝒂| .|𝒃|
(ii) ⃗ and 𝒃
𝒂 ⃗ are parllel if and only if 𝒂
⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗ = 𝟎.
(iii) ⃗ × ⃗𝒃 = - ( ⃗𝒃 × 𝒂
𝒂 ⃗ )
(iv) ⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌̂ and 𝒃
If 𝒂 ⃗ = 𝒃𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒃𝟑 𝒌̂
𝒊 𝒋̂ 𝒌̂
then 𝒂⃗ ×𝒃⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑
(v) If 𝒂 ⃗ are two adjacent sides of a triangle then its area= 1 |𝒂
⃗ and 𝒃 ⃗ | square
⃗⃗ × 𝒃
2
units.
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑨𝑪
Area of triangle ABC is 2 |𝑨𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | square units.
(vi) If ⃗𝒂 and ⃗𝒃 are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its area = | ⃗𝒂⃗ × ⃗𝒃|
square units.
1
(vii) If 𝒄 ⃗ and ⃗⃗𝒅 are the diagonals of a parallelogram then its area = 2 |⃗𝒄 × ⃗𝒅| square
units.
(viii) If ⃗𝒂 and ⃗𝒃 are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its length of its
diagonals are |𝒂 ⃗ + ⃗𝒃| units and |𝒂
⃗ − ⃗𝒃|units.

Chapter 11
Three dimensional geometry
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Direction cosines: If a directed line L passing through the origin makes angles α, β and γ
with x, y and z-axes, respectively, called direction angles, then cosine of these angles,
namely, cos α, cos β and cos γ are called direction cosines of the directed line L.
Direction ratios: Any three numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a
line are called the direction ratios of the line. If l, m, n are direction cosines and a, b, c are
direction ratios of a line, then a = λl, b=λm and c = λn, for any nonzero λ ∈ R.
The direction ratios of the line segment joining P(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q(x2 , y2 , z2 ) may be
taken as: x2 – x1 , y2 – y1 , z2 – z1 or x1 – x2 , y1 – y2 , z1 – z2
EQUATION OF A LINE THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND PARALLEL TO A GIVEN
VECTOR
Vector equation of a line:
Let ⃗𝒂 be the position vector of the given point A with respect to the origin O of the
rectangular coordinate system. Let 𝒍 be the line which passes through the point A and is
parallel to a given vector ⃗𝒃 . Let 𝒓
⃗ be the position vector of an arbitrary point P on the line.
Hence, the vector equation of the line is given by 𝒓 ⃗ = 𝒂⃗ + λ ⃗𝒃 where λ is some real
number.
Cartesian equation of a line:
Let the coordinates of the given point A be (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) and the direction ratios of the line
be a, b, c.
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏
= =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏
If 𝒍, 𝒎, 𝒏 are the direction cosines of the line, the equation of the line is = =
𝒍 𝒎 𝒏

EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH TWO GIVEN POINTS

Vector equation of a line:

⃗ and ⃗𝒃 be the position vectors of two points A (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) and B (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 )

Let 𝒂
⃗ be the position vector of an arbitrary point
respectively that are lying on a line. Let 𝒓
P(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) on the line.

⃗ = 𝒂
Hence, the vector equation of the line is given by 𝒓 ⃗ -𝒂
⃗ + λ (𝒃 ⃗ ) where λ is some real
number.
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏
Cartesian equation of a line: 𝒙 =𝒚 =𝒛
𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 𝟐 −𝒛𝟏

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

Let 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 be two lines passing through the origin and with direction ratios 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒃𝟏 ,
𝒄𝟏 and 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒃𝟐 , 𝒄𝟐 , respectively. The angle θ between them is given by

𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉 = || ||
√𝒂𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒄𝟏 𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝟐

Two lines with direction ratios 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒃𝟏 , 𝒄𝟏 and 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒃𝟐 , 𝒄𝟐 , respectively are

(i) perpendicular i.e. if θ = 90° when 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒂𝟏 𝒃 𝒄
(ii) parallel i.e. if θ = 0 when = 𝒃𝟏 =𝒄𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SKEW LINES

⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Let 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 be two skew lines with equations 𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 and 𝒓
𝒂𝟏 + λ 𝒃 𝒂𝟐 + µ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃𝟐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝒃𝟏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒃𝟐 ) . (𝒂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂𝟏 )
Hence, the required shortest distance is | ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|
| 𝒃𝟏 × 𝒃𝟐 |

DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES

𝒂𝟏 + λ ⃗𝒃 and 𝒓
⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Let 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 be two skew lines with equations 𝒓 𝒂𝟐 + µ ⃗𝒃
⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ × (𝒂
𝒃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂𝟏 )
Hence, the required shortest distance is | ⃗ |
|
| 𝒃

CHAPTER 12
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
The term linear implies that all the mathematical relations used in the problem are linear
relations while the term programming refers to the method of determining a particular
programme or plan of action.
Linear Programming Problem is one that is concerned with finding the optimal value
(maximum or minimum value) of a linear function (called objective function) of several
variables (say x and y), subject to the conditions that the variables are non-negative and
satisfy a set of linear inequalities (called linear constraints).
Objective functions:- Linear function Z= ax+by where a and b are constraints which has to
be maximized or minimized is called a linear objective function.
Constraints:- The linear inequalities or in equations or restrictions on the variables of a
linear programming problem.
Optimization problem:- A problem which seeks to maximise or minimise a linear function
(say of two variables x and y) subject to certain constraints as determined by a set of linear
inequalities is called an optimization problem.
Feasible region:- It is defined as a set of points which satisfied all the constraints.
Feasible solutions:- Points within and on the boundary of the feasible region represents
feasible solutions of the constraints.
Optimal feasible solution:- Feasible solution which optimises the objective function is called
optimal feasible solution.
Convex set: Convex set is a set of points in a plane, on which the line segment joining any
two points in the set, completely lies in the set.
Convex polygon: A polygon is a convex polygon if the line segments joining any two points
inside it lies completely inside the polygon.

CHAPTER 13
PROBABILITY
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
1. Random Experiment:-
If in each trial of an experiment conducted under identical conditions, the outcome is not
always the same, but may be any of the possible outcomes, then such an experiment is
called random experiment.
Examples:
Tossing a fair coin, rolling an unbiased die, drawing a card from well shuffled pack of
cards are all examples of random experiments.
2. Sample Space:-
The set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment is called a sample space.
Examples:

(i) In tossing a fair coin, we have: S {H,T}

(ii) In a throw of a die, we have: S {1,2,3,4,5,6}

(iii) When two coins are tossed together, S {HT,TH,HH,TT}

(iv) When two dice are thrown together, S {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1, 4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1),
(2, 2), (2,3), (2, 4), (2,5), (2,6),(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3, 4), (3,5), (3, 6) , (4,1), (4, 2), (4,3), (4, 4),
(4,5), (4,6),(5,1), (5, 2), (5,3), (5, 4), (5,5), (5, 6) , (6,1), (6, 2), (6,3), (6, 4), (6,5), (6,6)}
3. Simple Event:- Each outcome of an experiment is called a simple event.
4. Event:- Any combination of simple events is called an event. It is denoted by E.
Example:
When a die is thrown, then each one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is simple event. But, getting a prime
number is an event E={2, 3, 5}.
5. Mutually Exclusive Events:-
A set of events is called mutually exclusive, if the happening of one event excludes the
happening of the other. Thus, E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive, if E1 ∩ E2=∅.
Example: In throwing a die, we have S {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Let E1 = event of getting a number less than 3 = {1, 2}.

And, E2 = event of getting a number greater than 4 ={5,6}. Clearly, E1  E2 .

6. Exhaustive Events:-

The events E1,E2 , ...., Ek such that E1 E2 Ek S are called exhaustive events.
7. Probability:-
In a random experiment, let S be the sample space and let E S . Then, E is an event.
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒕 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑬 𝒏(𝑬)
P(E)= 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒕 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑺 = 𝒏(𝑺)

8. Complementary Events:-

Let S be the sample space and Let E S . Then, E is an event. Also, Ec S . So, Ec is also
an event, called complementary event. We denote Ec by 𝑬 ̅ and E' also.

9. Addition Theorem:-
P(E1 E2 ) P(E1 ) P(E2 ) P(E1 E2 )
Remark, If E1 E2 , then P(E1 E2 ) P(E1 ) P(E2 )
10. Independent Events:-
Two events are said to be independent, if the occurrence of the one does not depend upon
the occurrence of the other.
Example: Suppose two fair coins are tossed.
Let E1 = event of getting a tail on first coin and E2 = event of getting a tail on second coin.
Clearly, the occurrence of tail on second coin does not depend upon the occurrence of tail
on first coin.
So, E1 and E2 are independent events.
11. Multiplication Theorem:-

If E1 and E2 are independent events, then P(E1 E2 ) P(E1).P(E2 )

12. Conditional Probability:-
The probability of the occurrence of an event E1, when an event E2 has already occurred, is
called the conditional probability, P(E1 / E2 ).
𝑷(𝑬𝟏 ∩𝑬𝟐 ) 𝑷(𝑬𝟏 ∩𝑬𝟐 )
We have: (i) P(E1 / E2 )= ii) P(E2 / E1 )=
𝑷(𝑬𝟐) 𝑷(𝑬𝟏)
 ̅ ∩𝑩
𝑷(𝑨 ̅) 𝟏−𝑷(𝑨∪𝑩)
̅ /𝑩
(iii) P(𝑨 ̅ )=
̅
= 
𝑷(𝑩) 𝟏−𝑷(𝑩)

13. Theorem of Total Probability: Let events E1, E2,….., Ek form partitions of the sample
space S, where all the events have a non-zero probability of occurrence. For any event A
associated with S, according to the total probability theorem,
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
𝑷(𝑨) = 𝑷(𝑬𝟏 ). 𝑷 ( ) + 𝑷 ( 𝑬𝟐 ). 𝑷 ( ) + ⋯ + 𝑷 (𝑬𝒌 ) . 𝑷 ( )
𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑬𝒌
14. Baye’s Theorem:-
If E1, E2,….., Ek form a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events of a random
experiment and A is an event, then
𝑬𝒊 𝑷(𝑬𝒊 ). 𝑷(𝑨/𝑬𝒊 )
𝑷( ) =
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
𝑷(𝑬𝟏 ). 𝑷 ( ) + 𝑷(𝑬𝟐 ). 𝑷 ( ) + ⋯ + 𝑷(𝑬𝒌 ). 𝑷 ( )
𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑬𝒌
Special case: for n=2,
𝑬𝟏 𝑷(𝑬𝟏 ). 𝑷(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 )
𝑷( )=
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
𝑷(𝑬𝟏 ). 𝑷 (𝑬 ) + 𝑷(𝑬𝟐 ). 𝑷 (𝑬 )
𝟏 𝟐
 Sample paper 1 M.M - 50
Section A
Section A carries 1 marks each Section B carries 2 marks each
Section C carries 3 marks each Section D carries 5 marks each
Section E carries 4 marks each
Section A
𝑑𝑦
1. If y = sin2(x2), then 𝑑𝑥 is:
(a) cos2(x2) (b) cos2(2x) (c) 2sin (2x2) (d) 2xsin(2x2)
2. If set A has 4 elements and set B has 5 elements, then find the total number of all possible
relations from A to B.
(a) 20 (b) 220 – 1 (c) 220 (d) 220 – 2
3. How many diagonal matrices are possible if all the entries of a square matrix of order 3
are either 2, 1 or 0?
(a) 27 (b) 9 (c) 39 (d) 3
4. Show that the relation Find the value of k foe which the given function is continuous at
𝜋
𝑥 = 2.
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝜋
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠
𝑓(𝑥 ) = {𝜋 − 2𝑥 𝜋
2
5, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
2
5
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 2
5. If a matrix A = [ 1 2 3 ], then the matrix 𝐴𝐴𝑇 is
3
(a) [ 1 2 3 ] (b) [ 14 ] (c) [ 6 ] (d) [2]
1

6. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2 and |A| = 9, the the value of |A -1| is

1 1
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 9

𝑑4 𝑦
7. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 4 + sin(𝑦 ′′′ ) = 0 are respectively
a) 4, 4 (b) 4, 3 (c) 4, 1 (d) 4 and not-defined

8. A unit vector in the direction of the resultant of the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂+𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂+𝑘̂ is
1 1
(a) ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) (b) (3 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
√3 √14
1 1
(c) 5 (4 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ ) (d) (2 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ )
√5
𝜋

9. Find the value of ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
𝜋
−
2
 (a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) 2
4 7
10. For any two events A and B, P(A) = and P(AՈB) = then P(B/A) is
5 10
1 1 7 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 8 8 20

Section B
3 5]
11. If 𝐴 = [ is written as A = P + Q, where P is symmetric and Q is skew symmetric
7 9
matrix, then find P and Q.
−3 2 1 0
12. If A = [ ] and I = [ ], find the scalar k, so that A2+ I = kA
1 −1 0 1
Or
|𝑖−𝑗|
Write the element a of a 2 × 3 matrix A = [aij], whose elements are given by aij = 2
−1 1 −1 1 −1 𝜋
13. Find the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛(− )
√3 √3 2
̂ ̂
14. Show that the points 𝐴 (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘 ), 𝐵 (𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5 𝑘 )
and 𝐶 (3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 4 𝑘̂ ) are the vertices of a right angled triangle.
Or
Given f(x) = x3−6x2 + 9x + 2, find the local maxima and minima.

Section C

𝑥2 𝑦2
15. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse + =1 or
16 9
4
Solve: ∫1 |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
16. Find 𝑑𝑥 at x = 1, y = 4 if sin2y + cosxy = k
Or
𝑑2 𝑦
If x = a 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 ∅ , y = a 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 ∅ then find 𝑑𝑥 2
17. Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Or
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
2xy + y2 − 2x2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 , y = 2 when x = 1

Section D
2 −3 5
18. If 𝐴 = [3 2 −4], then find A-1. Use A-1 to solve the following system of equations:
1 1 −2
2x – 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y – 4z = -5
x + y – 2z = -3
 19. R on the set Z of all integers given by R ={ (a,b) : 2 divides (a – b) } is an equivalence
relation.
Or
−4 4𝑥
Let f: R− { 3 }→ R be a function defined as f(x) = 3𝑥+4 . Show that f is a one-one
function. Also, check whether f is an onto function or not.
20. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Maximize Z = −x + 2y
Subject to the constraints 𝑥 ≥ 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 5, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 6, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Section E
21. (Case Study) A fair die is rolled. Consider the events A = {1, 3, 5},
B = {2, 3} and C = {2, 3, 4, 5}.
On the basis of above information, answer the following:
a) Find P(A/B) and P(B/A).
𝐴∩𝐵 𝐴∪𝐵
b) Find the probability P(A/C), 𝑃 ( ), 𝑃 ( )
𝐶 𝐶
Or
Find the shortest distance between the lines l1 and l2 whose vector equations are
𝑟 = (−𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + λ ( 7𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂+ 𝑘̂) and

𝑟 = (3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 7 𝑘̂ ) + µ (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂+ 𝑘̂)

22. The equation of the path traced by a roller coaster is given by the polynomial
f(x) = a (x + a )( x + 1 ) ( x – 3 ). If the roller coaster crosses y-axis at a point ( 0 , -1)
answer the following questions:
(i) Find the value of a.
(ii) Find 𝑓′′(x) at x = 1

Answers:

Q.1 d Q.13 𝜋
12

Q.2 c Q.14 To show or

the local maximum occurs at x=1and the
local minimum occurs at x=3

Q.3 a Q.15 12π or 9.5

 𝜋
Q.4 a Q.16 −1 + 4√2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 ∅𝑐𝑜𝑡∅
3𝑎

Q.5 b Q.17 y = 𝑒 𝑐𝑥 or
2𝑥
𝑦=
1 − log |𝑥|

Q.6 d Q.18 x = 1, y = 2 and z= 3

Q.7 d Q.19 To show

Q.8 c Q.20 (3 , 2 )

Q.9 c or c Q.21 1 1
(a) P(A/B) = 2 , P(B/A) = 3
and 1 1
(b) P(A/C) = 2 , P(AՈB/C) = 4
Q.10
3
P(AU B/C) = 4
OR
2√29
3 6
P= [ ] 1
Q.11 6 9 Q.22 (i) 27
20
0 −1 (ii)
Q= [ ] 27
1 0

1
0 1
Q.12 2
k = -4 or [ 1 1]
0
2 2
 Sample paper 2 M.M - 50
Section A carries 1 marks each Section B carries 2 marks each
Section C carries 3 marks each Section D carries 5 marks each
Section E carries 4 marks each
Section A
𝑑𝑦
1. If 3x2 + 8xy + 5y2 = 1, then find .
𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥+8𝑦) (6𝑥+8𝑦) (6𝑥+8𝑦) (18𝑥+16𝑦)
(a) − 16𝑥+40𝑦 (b) − 8𝑥+10𝑦 (c) (d)
8𝑥+10𝑦 12𝑥+20𝑦
2. If set A has 4 elements and set B has 5 elements, then find the total number of all non –
empty relations from A to B.
(a) 20 (b) 220 – 1 (c) 220 (d) 220 – 2
3. How many non – zero matrices are possible if all entries of a square matrix of order 3 are
either 2, -2 or 0?
(a) 34 (b) 32 (c) 34 – 1 (d) 32 – 1
4. Find the value of k foe which the given function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2
3𝑥 + 5, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 2
𝑘𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 2
11 4 11
(a) 11 (b) − 4 (c) 11 (d) 4
5. If a matrix has 24 elements then how many orders if can have?
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c)8 (d) 10

6. If A is a square matrix of order 3, such that |Adj A|= 25, then value of |A| is
(a) 25 (b) 5 (c) – 5 (d) – 25

7. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑥𝑑𝑦 – 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 where 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0 is
(a) xy = c (b) y = cx (c) x = c y2 (d) y = c x2

8. If 𝑎 = 𝜆𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂+ 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 9𝑗̂+ 2𝑘̂ are perpendicular then the value of 𝜆 is
16 16 10
(a) 4 (b) (c) − (d)
5 5 9
𝑎 √𝑥
9. Find the value of ∫0 𝑥+ 𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√ √
𝑎
(a) 0 (b) a (c) 2 (d) 2𝑎

10. In a box of 100 light bulbs, 10 are defective. If 2 bulbs are selected at random without
replacement, what is the probability that at least one bulb is defective?
9 21 27 1
a) 10 b) 110 c) 110 d) 10
 Section B

11. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then find the simplified value of
(A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A.
1 5],
12. For the matrix A = [ verify that
6 7
(i) A + A’ is a symmetric matrix (ii) A - A’ is a symmetric matrix
Or
1 2 −3 −2
Show that the matrix A = [ ], satisfy the equation 2A – 5 I = [ ],
3 4 −1 0
where I is the identity matrix of order 2.
13. Find the domain and range of the function f(x) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 2 − 4 )
14. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining the two points P and
Q whose position vectors are (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) respectively in the ration
2 : 1 (i) internally (ii) externally
Or
Given f(x) = 2x3−9x2 + 12x − 3, determine the intervals where the function is increasing
and decreasing.

Section C

15. Find the area bounded by the line x + 2y = 8 and the line x = 1 and x = 3.
Or
1
Solve: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
16. If x = ecos3t and y = esin3t ,prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
or
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
If y = A emx + Benx , show that 𝑑𝑥 2 − (𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝑦 = 0
17. Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Or
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
− 3y cotx = sin2x , y = 2 when x =
𝑑𝑥 2

Section D

18. Using matrix method solve the following system of linear equations:
2 3 10
+ + =4
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
4 6 5
− + =1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
 6 9 20
+ − =2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
19. Show that the relation S in the set R of real numbers defined 𝑆 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑎 ∈
𝑅, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅} is Reflexive and Transitive but not Symmetric.
Or
𝑥−3
Let f: A → B where A = R− {5} and B = R− {1} be a function defined as f(x) = 𝑥−5 .
Show that f is a one-one and onto function.
20. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Maximize Z = x + y
Subject to the constraints 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ −1, −𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 0, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Section E

21. (Case Study) A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and
reports that it is a six.
a) Find the probability of the event of the event that a man reports that six occurs in
the throwing of the die.
b) Find the probability that it is actually a six.
Or
𝑥−3 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
a) Find the image of the point (1, 2, 1) with respect to the line 1 = 2 = 3 .
b) Find the equation of the line joining the given point and its image.
22. A rectangular visiting card is to contain 24 square cm of printed matter. The margins at
the top and bottom of the card are to be 1 cm and the margins on the left and right are to
1
be 12 cm as shown:
1 cm
On the basis of above information, answer the following
questions: Printed
(i) Write the expression for the area of the visiting card matter

in terms of x. 1
1 cm
(ii) Obtain the dimensions of the card of minimum area. 2
 Answers:

Q.1 b Q.13 Domain: [- √5, - √3] U [√3, √5]

𝜋 𝜋
Range: [− 2 , 2 ]

−1 4 1
Q.2 b Q.14 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ and -3 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑘̂
3
Or
the function is increasing on (−∞,1)
and (2,∞), and decreasing on (1,2)

Q.3 c Q.15 6 sq. units or

3
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥- 2 +√𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 | + c

Q.4 d Q.16 To prove

Q.5 c Q.17 tany = c(1-ex) or y = 4 sin3 x – 2 sin2x

Q.6 b Q.18 x = 2, y = 3 and z = 5

Q.7 b Q.19 To show

Q.8 b Q.20 No solution

Q.9 c and b Q.21 1 3

a) b)
3 8
and 𝑜𝑟
Q.10 39 −20 19
Image ( 7 , , )
7 7
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
Equation of a line = =
16 −17 6

Q.11 A Q.22 72
(i) A = 30+2x + 𝑥
(ii) 9cm and 6cm

Q.12 verify
 Sample paper 3 M.M - 50
Section A carries 1 marks each Section B carries 2 marks each
Section C carries 3 marks each Section D carries 5 marks each
Section E carries 4 marks each
Section A
1. Find the derivative of sin x w.r.t cos x.
(a) 1 (b) tan x (c) – tan x (d) – cot x
2. If set A contains 4 elements and set B has 5 elements, then find the total number of non –
trivial relations from A to B.
(a) 20 (b) 220 – 1 (c) 220 (d) 220 – 2
3. How many scalar matrices are possible if all entries of a square matrix of order 3 are
either -2 or 0?
(a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 1
𝑥 2−3𝑥+2
4. The number of points of discontinuity of the rational function f(x) = −𝑥 3+ 4𝑥
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 2𝑏 4 −3
5. If [ ]=[ ] then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 =
5𝑐 − 𝑑 4𝑐 + 3𝑑 11 24
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 10

6. If A is a square matrix of order 3, such that |Adj A|= 25, then value of |3A| is
(a) 15 (b) 45 (c) 135 (d) 75
𝑑𝑦
7. Integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 0 is
(a) cosx (b) secx (c) ecosx (d) esecx

8. The value of p for which 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂+ 9𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 𝑝𝑗̂+ 3𝑘̂ are parallel vectors is
3 2
(a) 2 (b) 15 (c) 3 (d) −15
5
9. Find the value of ∫−5 |𝑥 + 2| 𝑑𝑥
(a) 15 (b) -15 (c) 29 (d) 24

10. A random variable X has the following probability distribution:

X 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2
The expected value (mean) of X is:
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.5 (c) 1.6 (d) 1.7
 Section B
𝑝 𝑞
11. If A = [ ] is a skew symmetric matrix, then find the value of p, q and s.
−4 𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
12. If A = [ ] and A + A’ = I, then find the value of 𝛼.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
Or
−1 0 −1 1
If [2 1 3] [−1 1 0 ] [ 0 ] = 𝐴, then find 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 and 5(m + n).
0 1 1 −1
1 √3 4𝜋
13. Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
2 2 3
14. Find the area of parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vectors
𝑎 = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ ), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝑜𝑟
2𝑥
Given f(x) =𝑥 2 +1, find the local maxima and minima.

Section C
15. Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 4x , x = 1 , x = 4 and x-axis in the first
quadrant.
Or
𝑑𝑦
Find , if (cosx)y= (cosy)x
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥−1
16. Solve: ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥
Or
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
If x = acosθ + bsinθ , y = a sinθ – b cosθ , find 𝑑𝑥 2 at θ = 2
17. Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
{𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )} 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = {𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )} 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Or
Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2

Section D
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
18. Use product [−7 1 3 ] [1 −2 −2] to solve the system of equations:
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
x–y+z=4
x – 2y – 2z = 9
2x + y + 2z = 1
19. Check whether the relation S in the set R of real numbers defined by
S = {(a,b) : 1 + ab > 0} is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive.
Or
 Show that the function f: R → R be a function defined as f(x) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1. is neither
one-one nor onto function. Also find all the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 3

20. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:

Minimize Z = −3x + 4y
Subject to the constraints 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Section E
21. (Case Study) On frequent trips to a certain city, a person stays at hotel A 50% of the
time, at hotel B 30% of the time and at hotel C 20% of the time. While checking in, there
is a problem in reservation 3% of the time at hotel A, 6% of the time at hotel B and 10%
of the time at hotel C.
a) Find the probability that the person stays at hotel A and has a problem with the
reservation.
b) Suppose the person has a problem with the reservation. What is the probability
that the person is staying at hotel A.
or
Two cars are moving along the lines
𝑟 = (8𝑖̂ − 19𝑗̂ + 10 𝑘̂ ) + λ ( 3𝑖̂ − 16𝑗̂+7 𝑘̂) and
𝑟 = (15 + 29𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ ) + µ (3𝑖̂ − 8𝑗̂ − 5 𝑘̂)
If a truck is moving perpendicular to both cars than find out the vector equation
for its linear path if it passes the point (1, 2, -4)

22. Mahesh bought a new house. He observed that the window of the house in the form of a
rectangle surmounted by a semi-circular opening having perimeter 10 m as shown. Based
on the above information, answer the following:
i) Find the area(A) of the window.
ii) Mahesh is interested in maximizing the
area of the whole window, for this to happen,
find the value of x. y cm

x cm
 Answers:

Q.1 d Q.13 5𝜋
6

Q.2 d Q.14 15√2 or f(x) has a local maximum at x = 1 and

a local minimum at x = −1

Q.3 b Q.15 28
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦+𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Or 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Q.4 c Q.16 log| x − 1| − 5 log | x − 2| + 4 log| x – 3| + 1

or -1

Q.5 d Q.17 𝑦 𝑥2
xy cos|𝑥 | = c or y = + c 𝑥 −2
4

Q.6 c Q.18 x = 3, y = -2 and z = -1

Q.7 b Q.19 To show

Q.8 c Q.20 ( 4, 0)

(i) P(R) = 0.0530

Q.9 c or d Q.21 (ii) P(A/R) = 0.2830
and Or
Q.10 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4 𝑘̂ ) + λ ( 2𝑖̂ + 3+ 6 𝑘̂)

Q.11 p = 0, q = 4, s = 0 Q.22 𝑥2 𝜋𝑥 2
(i) A = 5𝑥 - −
2 8
20
(ii) 𝑥 = 4+𝜋

Q.12 𝜋
3
 Sample paper 4 M.M - 50
Section A carries 1 marks each Section B carries 2 marks each
Section C carries 3 marks each Section D carries 5 marks each
Section E carries 4 marks each
Section A

1. Find the derivative of sec ( tan-1 x) w.r.t x.

𝑥 1 𝑥
(a) 1+𝑥 2 (b) √1+𝑥 2 (c) √1+𝑥 2 (d) 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2
2. Let A = {1,2,3} and R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}, then the relation R is
(a) Reflexive, Symmetric But NOT Transitive (b) Reflexive, Transitive But NOT
Symmetric
(c) Symmetric, Transitive But NOT Reflexive (d) Equivalence relation
3. How many matrices are possible if all entries of a square matrix of order 2 are either
3, -4 or 0?
(a) 27 (b) 16 (c) 81 (d) 32
4. Find the value of k for which the given function is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 5𝑥
𝑘 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝜋 5
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
5 𝜋
1 1 1
5. If 𝐴 = [1 1 1] then 𝐴4 =
1 1 1
(a) 𝐴 (b) 9𝐴 (c) 27𝐴 (d) 3𝐴
6. If A is a square matrix of order 3, such that |Adj A|= 25, then value of |A. Adj A| is
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) 125 (d) None of these
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
7. The sum of order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑑𝑥 )4 + y = 0 is
a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
̂
8. If 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ −2𝑘 and 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂+ 34 are the diagonals of a parallelogram then the area of the
parallelogram is
a) √91 square units (b) 5√3 square units (c) 8 square units (d) 10√3 square
units
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥
9. Find the value of ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (b) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (c) 4 (d) − 2

10. If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.3, and P(A ∩ B) = 0.2, If A and B are independent events , then

P(A|B) is
 2
a) 0.18 (b) 3 (c) 0.6 (d) 0.3
Section B

−3 2
11. Express [ ] as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
1 −1

−3 2
12. If A = [ ], prove that A2 + 4A + I = O. Hence, find A-1.
1 −1

Or
−2 2 0
Find a matrix A such that 2A – 3B + 5C = O , where B = [ ] and
3 1 4
2 0 −2
C=[ ]
7 1 6
13. If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are unit vectors such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = 0 ,
then find the values of 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐. 𝑎.

14. Find the local maxima and minima of the function f(x) = sinx + cosx in the interval
0≤x≤2π.

Section C

15. Find the area bounded by the region y = 9x2 , y = 1 and y = 4.

Or
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
If xy = ex-y , prove that 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
16. Solve: ∫ 5−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Simplify 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )

17. Find the general solution of the differential equation

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(1 + 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
𝑜𝑟
Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Section D

18. A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pens A, B and C. Meenu purchased 1 pen of each variety
for a total of Rs 21. Jeevan purchased 4 pens of A variety, 3 pens of B variety and 2 pens
of C variety for Rs 60. While shikha purchased 6 pens of A variety, 2 pens of B variety
 and 3 pens of C variety for Rs 70. Using matrix method, find the cost of each variety of
pen.
19. Let R be defined on 𝑁 × 𝑁 (where N is the set of natural numbers) as
𝑎 𝑏
(a,b)R(c,d) ⟺ = 𝑑 . Show that R is an Equivalence relation.
𝑐

Or
Show that the function f: R → {x ∈ 𝑅: − 1 < 𝑥 < 15} be a function defined as
𝑥
f(x) = 1+|𝑥| is a one-one and onto function.

20. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:

Minimize Z = 3x + 5y
Subject to the constraints 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≥ 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 2, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Section E

21. A manufacturer has three machines operators P, Q and R. The operator P produces 1% of
defective items, whereas the other two operators Q & R produces 5% and 7% defective
items respectively. P is on the job 50% of the time, Q on the job 30% of the time & C on
the job 20% of the time. One item is chosen from the bulk and found to be defective.
a) What is the probability that the chosen item is defective?
b) What is the probability that the selected item is produced by A?
Or
An insect is crawling along the line 𝑟 = (6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂ ) + λ ( 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂+2 𝑘̂) and
another insect is crawling along the line 𝑟 = (−4𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + µ (3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ −2 𝑘̂)
(a) At what points on the lines should they reach so that the distance between
them is shortest?
(b) Find the shortest distance between them.
22. A man has an expensive square shape piece of golden board of size 24 cm is to be made
into a box without top by cutting from each corner and folding the flaps to form a box.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What should be the side of the square piece to be cut from each corner of the
board to be hold the maximum volume?
(ii) What should be the maximum volume of open box?
 Answers:
Q.1 c Q.13 3
− or
2
𝜋
the local maximum occurs at x= 4 ,
and the local minimum occurs at
5𝜋
x= 4

Q.2 d Q.14 28
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
9

Q.3 d Q.15 To prove

Q.4 c Q.16 4
3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 2−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Or
𝜋 𝑥
+2
4

𝑥
Q.5 c Q.17
𝑦𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑐

Q.6 c Q.18 A = 5, B = 8 and C = 8

Q.7 c Q.19 To show

Q.8 b Q.20 3 1
(2 , 2 )

(i) 0.034
Q.9 c or c Q.21 5
(ii) 34
and Or
Q.10 (i)(5 , 4, 0) and (-1 , -2 , -3)
(ii) 9 units
3
−3
Q.11 2 Q.22 (i) x=4
P= [ 3 ]
−1 (ii) 1024 cubic cm
2

1
0
Q = [ 1 2]
−2 0

−1 −2
] or A = [ −8
Q.12 3 5]
[
−1 −3 −13 −1 −9