Inverse Laplace Transforms 4/8/2022

Mathematics Section UniKL MFI

Norhayati Bakri

Inverse Laplace Transform

Inverse Laplace transform is the transformation of
Laplace transform, 𝐹 𝑠 into a function of 𝑡, 𝑓 𝑡 .

𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 =𝑓 𝑡
Laplace Transform of 𝑓 𝑡
𝑳 𝑓 𝑡

𝑓 𝑡 𝐹 𝑠

Inverse Laplace
Transform of 𝐹 𝑠
𝑳−𝟏 𝐹 𝑠

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Linearity Properties of
Inverse Laplace Transforms

The inverse Laplace transform, 𝐿−1 is a linear operator

𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 + 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 + 𝐿−1 𝐺 𝑠

𝐿−1 𝑘𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑘𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 for any constant k

Inverse Laplace Transform

o Directly from Laplace transform table

o With partial fraction decomposition

o With completing the square

o With convolution theorem

o With first shift theorem

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Inverse Laplace Transform

directly from Laplace transform table

The same Laplace transform table can be

used to determine the inverse Laplace
transforms. It is helpful to rewrite some of the
results to a more user friendly form before
using the Laplace transform table.

Example 1
Determine the inverse Laplace transform of
3 3
• 𝐹 𝑠 = 3 −1 1
2𝑠 𝐿−1 = 𝐿
Functions Laplace transforms
2𝑠 2 𝑠
∞
𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
3 3
1 = 1 =
𝑠 2 2

7
• Determine 𝐿−1 7 1
𝑠+2
𝐿−1 = 7𝐿−1
Functions Laplace transforms 𝑠+2 𝑠+2
∞
𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−1
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡
1 = 7𝐿
𝑠−𝑎
𝑠 − −2
= 7 𝑒 −2𝑡

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Example 2
3
Determine 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +5
Functions Laplace transforms
∞
𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

3 1 𝑎
𝐿−1 = 3𝐿−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
2 2 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
𝑠 +5 𝑠 +5
1
= 3 𝐿−1 2
𝑠2 + 5

1 5
= 3 𝐿−1 2 ×
𝑠2 + 5 5

3 3 5 3
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡
𝑠2 +5 5 2
5
𝑠2 + 5

Example 3
Functions Laplace transforms
10 ∞
Determine 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠5
𝑛!
𝑡𝑛
𝑠 𝑛+1
10 1
𝐿−1 = 10𝐿−1
𝑠5 𝑠5
1
= 10 𝐿−1
𝑠 4+1
1 4!
= 10 𝐿−1 4+1
×
𝑠 4!

10 10 −1 4! 5 4
𝐿−1 = 𝐿 = 𝑡
𝑠5 4! 𝑠 4+1 12

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Example 4
𝑠+2 Functions Laplace transforms
Determine 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑡
∞
‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠2 +9
𝑎
−1
𝑠+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
𝐿 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
𝑠 2 + 32 𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
−1
= 𝐿−1 + 𝐿
𝑠 2 + 32 𝑠 + 32
2

−1
1 3
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 2𝐿 ×
𝑠 2 + 32 3

2 −1 3
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 𝐿
3 𝑠 + 32
2

2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡
3

Example 5
8 3 Laplace transforms
Determine 𝐿−1 3𝑠 2 +12
+ 𝑠2 −49 Functions
𝑓 𝑡
∞
‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
−1
8 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
𝐿 + 2 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
2
3𝑠 + 12 𝑠 − 49
𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡
8 3 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2
= 𝐿−1 + 𝐿−1
3 𝑠2 + 4 𝑠 2 − 72
1 4×2 1 7
= 𝐿−1 2 + 3𝐿−1 ×
3 𝑠 + 22 𝑠2 −72 7
4 2 3 −1 7
= 𝐿−1 2 + 𝐿
3 𝑠 + 22 7 𝑠 − 72
2

4 3
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 7𝑡
3 7

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Inverse Laplace Transform

with partial fraction decomposition

If the denominator does not look like the one

in the table but can be factored, we
decompose the rational fraction into
partial fractions such that the expression
can be match to those in the Laplace
transform table.

Example 6
𝑠+7 Partial fraction decomposition
Determine 𝐿−1 𝑠2 −3𝑠−10 𝑠+7 𝐴 𝐵
= +
can be factorized 𝑠−5 𝑠+2 𝑠−5 𝑠+2
𝑠+7= 𝐴 𝑠+2 +𝐵 𝑠−5
12
𝑠=5: 12 = 7𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴=
7
Functions Laplace transforms 5
∞
𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑠 = −2 : 5 = −7𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 = −
7
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎

𝑠+7 12 −1 1 5 1
𝐿−1 = 𝐿 − 𝐿−1
𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 − 10 7 𝑠−5 7 𝑠+2
12 5𝑡 5 −2𝑡
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
7 7

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Example 7
2−5𝑠
Determine 𝐿−1 𝑠−6 𝑠2 +11

Partial fraction decomposition

2 − 5𝑠 𝐴 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶
= + 2
𝑠 − 6 𝑠 2 + 11 𝑠−6 𝑠 + 11
2 − 5𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑠 2 + 11 + 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶 𝑠 − 6
𝑠=6: 𝑠=0: 𝑠=1:
−28 = 47𝐴 2 = 11𝐴 − 6𝐶 −3 = 12𝐴 − 5𝐵 − 5𝐶
28 67 28
𝐴=− 𝐶=− 𝐵=
47 47 47

28 28 67
− 47
𝐿−1
2 − 5𝑠
=𝐿 −1
+𝐿 −1 47 𝑠 − 47
𝑠 − 6 𝑠 2 + 11 𝑠−6 𝑠 2 + 11

Example 7 … continue
Functions Laplace transforms
∞
𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡
2 − 5𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
𝐿−1 1
𝑠 − 6 𝑠 2 + 11 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎
28 −1 1 28 −1 𝑠 67 −1 1
=− 𝐿 + 𝐿 − 𝐿
47 𝑠−6 47 𝑠 2 + 11 47 𝑠 2 + 11

28 6𝑡 28 −1 𝑠 67 −1 1 11
=− 𝑒 + 𝐿 2 − 𝐿 2 ×
47 47 𝑠2 + 11 47 𝑠 2 + 11 11

28 6𝑡 28 67
=− 𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 11𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 11𝑡
47 47 47 11

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Inverse Laplace Transform

with completing the square

If the denominator does not look like the one

in the table and if it could not be easily
factored, we complete the square in the
denominator such that the expression can be
match to those in the Laplace transform table.

Example 8
1−3𝑠
Determine 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +8𝑠+21
cannot be factorized Completing the Square

𝑠 2 + 8𝑠 + 21 = 𝑠 2 + 8𝑠 + 16 + 21 − 16
Balancing
2+ the equation
= 𝑠 +4 5
2
= 𝑠+4 2 + 5
The missing number
2
1
?= ×8 = 16
1 − 3𝑠 2
1 − 3𝑠
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1
𝑠 2 + 8𝑠 + 21 2
2
𝑠+4 + 5
1 − 3 𝑠 + 4 + 12 13 − 3 𝑠 + 4
= 𝐿−1 2 = 𝐿−1 2
𝑠+4 2 + 5 𝑠+4 2 + 5

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Example 8 … continue
Functions Laplace transforms
∞
𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑏
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡
𝑠 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
13 − 3 𝑠 + 4 𝑠−𝑎
= 𝐿−1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡
2 𝑠 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
𝑠+4 2 + 5

13 𝑠+4
= 𝐿−1 2 −3 𝐿−1 2
𝑠+4 2 + 5 𝑠+4 2 + 5
13 5
= 𝐿−1 2 −3𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡
5 𝑠+4 2 + 5
13
= 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 −3𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡
5

Example 9
3𝑠−2
Determine 𝐿−1 2𝑠2 −6𝑠−2
Completing the Square
9 9
−1
3𝑠 − 2 𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 − 1 = 𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + −1 −
𝐿 4 4
2
2 𝑠 − 3𝑠 − 1 Balancing
2
= 𝑠 − 32 − 13
4
the equation
cannot be factorized
2
3 2 13
= 𝑠− 2
− 2
The missing number
2
1 9
?= × −3 =
2 4

3𝑠 − 2 3𝑠 − 2
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1
2𝑠 2 − 6𝑠 − 2 2 𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 − 1
1 3𝑠 − 2
= 𝐿−1 2
2 2
𝑠 − 32 − 13
2

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Example 9 … continue
1 3 𝑠 − 32 − 2 + 29 1 3 𝑠− 3
2
+ 5
2
= 𝐿−1 2 = 𝐿−1 2
2 2 2 2
𝑠 − 32 − 13
2 𝑠 − 32 − 13
2
Functions Laplace transforms
∞
𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑏
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑏𝑡
𝑠 − 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
𝑠−𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑏𝑡
𝑠 − 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2

3 13
3 𝑠− 2 5 1 2
= 𝐿−1 2 + 𝐿−1 2 ×
2 2 4 2 13
𝑠 − 32 − 13
2 𝑠 − 32 − 13
2 2

3 3 13 5 3 13
= 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑡
2 2 2 13 2

Inverse Laplace Transform

with convolution theorem
The Convolution Theorem gives a relationship between
the inverse Laplace transform of the product of two
functions, 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 𝐺 𝑠 and the inverse Laplace
transform of each function, 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 and 𝐿−1 𝐺 𝑠 .

Suppose that 𝑓 𝑡 and 𝑔 𝑡 are piecewise continuous on

0, ∞ and 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠 and 𝐿 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐺 𝑠 , then
𝑡
𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑣 𝑔 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
0
convolution integral

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Example 10
Use the convolution theorem to determine the inverse
1
Laplace transform of 𝑠+2 𝑠+3

1 1 1
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 × = 𝑓∗𝑔 𝑡
𝑠+2 𝑠+3 𝑠+2 𝑠+3
𝐹 𝑠 𝐺 𝑠
Functions Laplace transforms
∞
𝑓 𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Then 1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑒 −2𝑡

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑒 −3𝑡

Example 10 … continue
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 , 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑡
𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 𝐺 𝑠 = 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑣 𝑔 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
0

𝑓 𝑡 −𝑣 =𝑒 −2 𝑡−𝑣
=𝑒 −2𝑡 2𝑣
𝑒 , 𝑔 𝑣 = 𝑒 −3𝑣
𝑡 𝑡
න 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑣 𝑔 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 2𝑣 𝑒 −3𝑣 𝑑𝑣
0 0
𝑡 𝑡
−2𝑡 −𝑣 −2𝑡
=න𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 න 𝑒 −𝑣 𝑑𝑣
0 0
𝑡
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑣 0

= 𝑒 −2𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 0
𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 𝐺 𝑠 = −𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡

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Example 11
1
Use the convolution theorem to determine 𝐿−1 𝑠2 𝑠+1 2

Example 11 … continue

Answer: 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡 − 2

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Inverse Laplace Transform

with first shift theorem

If 𝑓 𝑡 is a function whose Laplace transform

is 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠 , then

𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 =𝐹 𝑠−𝑎

The inverse Laplace transform is

𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡

𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠

Example 12
1
Use the first shift theorem to determine 𝐿−1 𝑠+1 2

• Identify the shift, 𝑎 and 𝐹 𝑠

1
𝐹 𝑠−𝑎 = 𝑎 = −1
𝑠+1 2

• Determine 𝑓 𝑡
1 1
𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 =𝑡
𝑠2 𝑠2

• Apply first shift theorem

1
𝐿−1 2
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
𝑠+1

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Example 13
𝑠−2
Use the first shift theorem to determine 𝐿−1 𝑠2 −4𝑠+5

• Identify the shift, 𝑎 and 𝐹 𝑠

𝑠−2 𝑠−2
𝐹 𝑠−𝑎 = 2 = 𝑎=2
𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 5 𝑠−2 2+1
• Determine 𝑓 𝑡
1 1
𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑠2 + 12 𝑠2 + 12

• Apply first shift theorem

𝑠−2
𝐿−1 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑠2 − 4𝑠 + 5

Example 14
1
Use the first shift theorem to determine 𝐿−1 𝑠2 −2𝑠+5

1 𝑡
Answer: 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
2

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