Guidelines and Technical Basis

Introduction
The document, “Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination,” published by
the NERC System Protection and Control Subcommittee (SPCS) provides extensive general
discussion about the protective functions and generator performance addressed within this
standard. This document was last revised in July 2010.1
The term, “while maintaining reliable fault protection” in Requirement R1, describes that the
Generator Owner (“responsible entity”) is to comply with this standard while achieving its
desired protection goals. Load-responsive protective relays, as addressed within this standard,
may be intended to provide a variety of backup protection functions, both within the generation
unit or plant and on the Transmission system, and this standard is not intended to result in the
loss of these protection functions. Instead, it is suggested that the responsible entity consider both
the requirement within this standard and its desired protection goals, and perform modifications
to its protective relays or protection philosophies as necessary to achieve both.
For example, if the intended protection purpose is to provide backup protection for a failed
Transmission breaker, it may not be possible to achieve this purpose while complying with this
standard if a simple mho relay is being used. In this case, it may be necessary to replace the
legacy relay with a modern advanced-technology relay that can be set using functions such as
load encroachment. It may otherwise be necessary to reconsider whether this is an appropriate
method of achieving protection for the failed Transmission breaker, and whether this protection
can be better provided by, for example, applying a breaker failure relay with a transfer trip
system.
Requirement R1 establishes that the responsible entity must understand the applications of Table
1, Relay Loadability Evaluation Criteria (“Table 1”) in determining the settings that it must
apply to each of its load-responsive protective relays to prevent an unnecessary trip of its
generator during the system conditions anticipated by this standard.

Applicability
The drafting team recognizes that some Generator Owners own an interconnection facility (in
some cases labeled a “transmission Facility” or “generator leads”) between the generator and the
interface with the portion of the BES where Transmission Owners take over the ownership. In
these cases, the Generator Owners own sole-use Facilities that are connected to the boundary of
the interconnected system. Load-responsive protective relays applied by the Generator Owner at
the terminals of these Facilities to protect these interconnection Facilities are included in the
scope of this standard.

Synchronous Generator Performance

When a synchronous generator experiences a depressed voltage, the generator will respond by
increasing its Reactive Power output to support the generator terminal voltage. This operating

1
http://www.nerc.com/docs/pc/spctf/Gen%20Prot%20Coord%20Rev1%20Final%2007-30-2010.pdf
condition, known as “field-forcing,” results in the Reactive Power output exceeding the steady-
state capability of the generator and may result in operation of generation system load-responsive
protective relays if they are not set to consider this operating condition. The ability of the
generating unit to withstand the increased Reactive Power output during field-forcing is limited
by the field winding thermal withstand capability. The excitation limiter will respond to begin
reducing the level of field-forcing in as little as one second, but may take much longer,
depending on the level of field-forcing given the characteristics and application of the excitation
system. Since this time may be longer than the time-delay of the generator load-responsive
protective relay, it is important to evaluate the loadability to prevent its operation for this
condition.
The generator bus voltage during field-forcing will be higher than the high-side voltage due to
the voltage drop across the generator step-up transformer. When the relay voltage is supplied
from the generator bus, it is necessary to assess loadability using the generator bus voltage. The
criteria established within Table 1 are based on 0.85 per unit of Transmission system nominal
voltage. This voltage was widely observed during the events of August 14, 2003, and was
determined during the analysis of the events to represent a condition from which the System may
have recovered, had not other undesired behavior occurred.
The dynamic load levels specified in Table 1 under column “Pickup Setting Criteria” are
representative of the maximum expected apparent power during field-forcing with the
Transmission system voltage at 0.85 per unit, for example, at the high-side of the generator step-
up transformer. These values are based on records from the events leading to the August 14,
2003 blackout, other subsequent System events, and simulations of generating unit responses to
similar conditions. Based on these observations, the specified criteria represent conservative but
achievable levels of Reactive Power output of the generator with a 0.85 per unit high-side
voltage at the point of interconnection.
The dynamic load levels were validated by simulating the response of synchronous generating
units to depressed Transmission system voltages for 67 different generating units. The generating
units selected for the simulations represented a broad range of generating unit and excitation
system characteristics as well as a range of Transmission system interconnection characteristics.
The simulations confirmed, for units operating at or near the maximum Real Power output, that it
is possible to achieve a Reactive Power output of 1.5 times the rated Real Power output when the
Transmission system voltage is depressed to 0.85 per unit. While the simulations demonstrated
that all generating units may not be capable of this level of Reactive Power output, the
simulations confirmed that approximately 20 percent of the units modeled in the simulations
could achieve these levels. On the basis of these levels, Table 1, Options 1a (0.95 per unit) and
1b (0.85 per unit), for example, are based on relatively simple, but conservative calculations of
the high-side nominal voltage. In recognition that not all units are capable of achieving this level
of output Option 1c (simulation) was developed to allow the responsible entity to simulate the
output of a generating unit when the simple calculation is not adequate to achieve the desired
protective relay setting.

Asynchronous Generator Performance

Asynchronous generators, however, do not have excitation systems and will not respond to a
disturbance with the same magnitude of apparent power that a synchronous generator will

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respond. Asynchronous generators, though, will support the system during a disturbance.
Inverter-based generators will provide Real Power and Reactive Power (depending on the
installed capability and regional grid code requirements) and may even provide a faster Reactive
Power response than a synchronous generator. The magnitude of this response may slightly
exceed the steady-state capability of the inverter but only for a short duration before a crowbar
function will activate. Although induction generators will not inherently supply Reactive Power,
induction generator installations may include static and/or dynamic reactive devices, depending
on regional grid code requirements. These devices also may provide Real Power during a voltage
disturbance. Thus, tripping asynchronous generators may exacerbate a disturbance.
Inverters, including wind turbines (i.e., Types 3 and 4) and photovoltaic solar, are commonly
available with 0.90 power factor capability. This calculates to an apparent power magnitude of
1.11 per unit of rated megawatts (MW).
Similarly, induction generator installations, including Type 1 and Type 2 wind turbines, often
include static and/or dynamic reactive devices to meet grid code requirements and may have
apparent power output similar to inverter-based installations; therefore, it is appropriate to use
the criteria established in the Table 1, (i.e., Options 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, and 19), for
asynchronous generator installations.

Synchronous Generator Simulation Criteria

The responsible entity who elects to determine the synchronous generator performance on which
to base relay settings may simulate the response of a generator by lowering the Transmission
system voltage on the high-side of the generator step-up transformer. This can be simulated by
means such as modeling the connection of a shunt reactor on the Transmission system to lower
the generator step-up transformer high-side voltage to 0.85 per unit prior to field-forcing. The
resulting step change in voltage is similar to the sudden voltage depression observed in parts of
the Transmission system on August 14, 2003. The initial condition for the simulation should
represent the generator at 100 percent of the maximum gross Real Power capability in megawatts
as reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner.

Phase Distance Relay – Directional Toward Transmission System (21)

Generator phase distance relays that are directional toward the Transmission system, whether
applied for the purpose of primary or backup generator step-up transformer protection, external
system backup protection, or both, were noted during analysis of the August 14, 2003
disturbance event to have unnecessarily or prematurely tripped a number of generation units or
plants, contributing to the scope of that disturbance. Specifically, eight generators are known to
have been tripped by this protection function. These options establish criteria for phase distance
relays that are directional toward the Transmission system to help assure that generators, to the
degree possible, will provide System support during disturbances in an effort to minimize the
scope of those disturbances.
The phase distance relay that is directional toward the Transmission system measures impedance
derived from the quotient of generator terminal voltage divided by generator stator current.

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Section 4.6.1.1 of IEEE C37.102-2006, “Guide for AC Generator Protection,” describes the
purpose of this protection as follows (emphasis added):
“The distance relay applied for this function is intended to isolate
the generator from the power system for a fault that is not cleared
by the transmission line breakers. In some cases this relay is set
with a very long reach. A condition that causes the generator
voltage regulator to boost generator excitation for a sustained
period may result in the system apparent impedance, as monitored
at the generator terminals, to fall within the operating
characteristics of the distance relay. Generally, a distance relay
setting of 150% to 200% of the generator MVA rating at its rated
power factor has been shown to provide good coordination for
stable swings, system faults involving in-feed, and normal loading
conditions. However, this setting may also result in failure of the
relay to operate for some line faults where the line relays fail to
clear. It is recommended that the setting of these relays be
evaluated between the generator protection engineers and the
system protection engineers to optimize coordination while still
protecting the turbine generator. Stability studies may be needed
to help determine a set point to optimize protection and
coordination. Modern excitation control systems include
overexcitation limiting and protection devices to protect the
generator field, but the time delay before they reduce excitation is
several seconds. In distance relay applications for which the
voltage regulator action could cause an incorrect trip,
consideration should be given to reducing the reach of the relay
and/or coordinating the tripping time delay with the time delays of
the protective devices in the voltage regulator. Digital
multifunction relays equipped with load encroachment binders
[sic] can prevent misoperation for these conditions. Within its
operating zone, the tripping time for this relay must coordinate
with the longest time delay for the phase distance relays on the
transmission lines connected to the generating substation bus.
With the advent of multifunction generator protection relays, it is
becoming more common to use two-phase distance zones. In this
case, the second zone would be set as previously described. When
two zones are applied for backup protection, the first zone is
typically set to see the substation bus (120% of the GSU
transformer). This setting should be checked for coordination with
the zone-1 element on the shortest line off of the bus. The normal
zone-2 time-delay criteria would be used to set the delay for this
element. Alternatively, zone-1 can be used to provide high-speed
protection for phase faults, in addition to the normal differential
protection, in the generator and iso-phase bus with partial
coverage of the GSU transformer. For this application, the element
would typically be set to 50% of the transformer impedance with

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 little or no intentional time delay. It should be noted that it is
possible that this element can operate on an out-of-step power
swing condition and provide misleading targeting.”
If a mho phase distance relay that is directional toward the Transmission system cannot be set to
maintain reliable protection and also meet the criteria in accordance with Table 1, there may be
other methods available to do both, such as application of blinders to the existing relays,
implementation of lenticular characteristic relays, application of offset mho relays, or
implementation of load encroachment characteristics. Some methods are better suited to
improving loadability around a specific operating point, while others improve loadability for a
wider area of potential operating points in the R-X plane. The operating point for a stressed
System condition can vary due to the pre-event system conditions, severity of the initiating
event, and generator characteristics such as Reactive Power capability.
For this reason, it is important to consider the potential implications of revising the shape of the
relay characteristic to obtain a longer relay reach, as this practice may restrict the capability of
the generating unit when operating at a Real Power output level other than 100 percent of the
maximum Real Power capability. The examples in Appendix E of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document illustrate the
potential for encroaching on the generating unit capability.

Phase Time Overcurrent Relay (51)

See section 3.9.2 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical
reference document for a detailed discussion of this protection function. Note that the setting
criteria established within these options differ from section 3.9.2 of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document. Rather than
establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator MVA rating at rated
power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the maximum expected
generator output based on whether the generator operates synchronous or asynchronous.

Phase Time Overcurrent Relay – Voltage-Restrained (51V-R)

Phase time overcurrent voltage-restrained relays (51V-R), which change their sensitivity as a
function of voltage, whether applied for the purpose of primary or backup generator step-up
transformer protection, for external system phase backup protection, or both, were noted, during
analysis of the August 14, 2003 disturbance event to have unnecessarily or prematurely tripped a
number of generation units or plants, contributing to the scope of that disturbance. Specifically,
20 generators are known to have been tripped by voltage-restrained and voltage-controlled
protection functions together. These protective functions are variably referred to by IEEE
function numbers 51V, 51R, 51VR, 51V/R, 51V-R, or other terms. See section 3.10 of the Power
Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document for a
detailed discussion of this protection function.

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Phase Time Overcurrent Relay – Voltage Controlled (51V-C)
Phase time overcurrent voltage-controlled relays (51V-C), enabled as a function of voltage, are
variably referred to by IEEE function numbers 51V, 51C, 51VC, 51V/C, 51V-C, or other terms.
See section 3.10 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical
reference document for a detailed discussion of this protection function.

Phase Directional Time Overcurrent Relay – Directional Toward Transmission System (67)
See section 3.9.2 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical
reference document for a detailed discussion of the phase time overcurrent protection function.
The basis for setting directional and non-directional time overcurrent relays are similar. Note that
the setting criteria established within these options differ from section 3.9.2 of the Power Plant
and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document. Rather than
establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator MVA rating at rated
power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the maximum expected
generator output based on whether the generator operates synchronous or asynchronous.

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Table 1, Options
Introduction
The margins in these options are based on guidance found in the Power Plant and Transmission
System Protection Coordination technical reference document. The generator bus voltage during
field-forcing will be higher than the high-side voltage due to the voltage drop across the
generator step-up transformer. When the relay voltage is supplied from the generator bus, it is
necessary to assess loadability using the generator bus voltage.

Synchronous Generators Phase Distance Relay – Directional Toward Transmission System

(21) (Options 1a, 1b, and 1c)
Table 1, Options 1a, 1b, and 1c, are provided for assessing loadability for synchronous
generators applying phase distance relays that are directional toward the Transmission system.
These margins are based on guidance found in section 3.1 of the Power Plant and Transmission
System Protection Coordination technical reference document.
Option 1a calculates a generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.95 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 0.95 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is the simplest calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
Option 1b calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The voltage drop across the
generator step-up transformer is calculated based on a 0.85 per unit system nominal voltage at
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer and accounts for the turns ratio and
impedance of the generator step-up transformer. The actual generator bus voltage may be higher
depending on the generator step-up transformer impedance and the actual Reactive Power
achieved. This calculation is a more involved, more precise setting of the impedance element
than Option 1a.
Option 1c simulates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. Using simulation is a more
involved, more precise setting of the impedance element overall.
For Options 1a and 1b, the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance derived
from 115% of: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the maximum gross MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 150 percent of the MW value, derived from the nameplate MVA rating at rated power
factor.
For Option 1c, the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance derived from 115
percent of: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the maximum gross MW capability reported
to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that equates to
100 percent of the maximum gross Mvar output determined by simulation.

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Synchronous Generators Phase Time Overcurrent Relay – Voltage-Restrained (51V-R)
(Options 2a, 2b, and 2c)
Table 1, Options 2a, 2b, and 2c, are provided for assessing loadability for synchronous
generators applying phase time overcurrent relays which change their sensitivity as a function of
voltage (“voltage-restrained”). These margins are based on guidance found in section 3.10 of the
Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document.
Option 2a calculates a generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.95 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 0.95 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is the simplest calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
Option 2b calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The voltage drop across the
generator step-up transformer is calculated based on a 0.85 per unit system nominal voltage at
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer and accounts for the turns ratio and
impedance of the generator step-up transformer. The actual generator bus voltage may be higher
depending on the generator step-up transformer impedance and the actual Reactive Power
achieved. This calculation is a more involved, more precise setting of the overcurrent element
than Option 2a.
Option 2c simulates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. Using simulation is a more
involved, more precise setting of the overcurrent element overall.
For Options 2a and 2b, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated
current derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the maximum gross MW
capability reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power
output that equates to 150 percent of the MW value, derived from the nameplate MVA rating at
rated power factor.
For Option 2c, the overcurrent element is set greater than the calculated current derived from 115
percent of: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the maximum gross MW capability reported
to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that equates to
100 percent of the maximum gross Mvar output determined by simulation.
Synchronous Generators Phase Time Overcurrent Relay – Voltage Controlled (51V-C)
(Option 3)
Table 1, Option 3, is provided for assessing loadability for synchronous generators applying
phase time overcurrent relays which are enabled as a function of voltage (“voltage-controlled”).
These margins are based on guidance found in section 3.10 of the Power Plant and Transmission
System Protection Coordination technical reference document.
Option 3 calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 1.0 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 1.0 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer

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(excluding the impedance). This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
For Option 3, the voltage control setting is set less than 75 percent of the calculated generator
bus voltage. The voltage setting must be set such that the function (e.g., 51V-C) will not trip
under extreme emergency conditions as the time overcurrent function will be set less than
generator full load current. Relays enabled as a function of voltage are indifferent as to the
current setting, and this option simply requires that the relays not respond for the depressed
voltage.

Asynchronous Generators Phase Distance Relay – Directional Toward Transmission

System (21) (Option 4)
Table 1, Option 4 is provided for assessing loadability for asynchronous generators applying
phase distance relays that are directional toward the Transmission system. These margins are
based on guidance found in section 3.1 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection
Coordination technical reference document.
Option 4 calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 1.0 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 1.0 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
Since the relay voltage is supplied from the generator bus, it is necessary to assess loadability
using the generator-side voltage. Asynchronous generators do not produce as much reactive
power as synchronous generators; the voltage drop due to reactive power flow through the
generator step-up transformer is not as significant. Therefore, the generator bus voltage can be
conservatively estimated by reflecting the high-side nominal voltage to the generator-side based
on the generator step-up transformer’s turns ratio.
For Option 4, the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance derived from 130
percent of the maximum aggregate nameplate megavoltampere (MVA) output at rated power
factor including the Mvar output of any static or dynamic reactive power devices. This is
determined by summing the total nameplate MW and Mvar capability of the generation
equipment behind the relay and any static or dynamic reactive power devices that contribute to
the power flow through the relay.

Asynchronous Generators Phase Time Overcurrent Relay – Voltage-Restrained (51V-R)

(Option 5)
Table 1, Option 5 is provided for assessing loadability for asynchronous generators applying
phase time overcurrent relays which change their sensitivity as a function of voltage (“voltage-
restrained”). These margins are based on guidance found in section 3.10 of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document.
Option 5 calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 1.0 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is

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calculated by multiplying a 1.0 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
Since the relay voltage is supplied from the generator bus, it is necessary to assess loadability
using the generator-side voltage. Asynchronous generators do not produce as much reactive
power as synchronous generators; the voltage drop due to reactive power flow through the
generator step-up transformer is not as significant. Therefore, the generator bus voltage can be
conservatively estimated by reflecting the high-side nominal voltage to the generator-side based
on the generator step-up transformer’s turns ratio.
For Option 5, the overcurrent element is set greater than 130 percent of the calculated current
derived from the maximum aggregate nameplate megavoltampere (MVA) output at rated power
factor including the Mvar output of any static or dynamic reactive power devices. This is
determined by summing the total nameplate MW and Mvar capability of the generation
equipment behind the relay and any static or dynamic reactive power devices that contribute to
the power flow through the relay.

Asynchronous Generator Phase Time Overcurrent Relays – Voltage Controlled (51V-C)

(Option 6)
Table 1, Option 6, is provided for assessing loadability for asynchronous generators applying
phase time overcurrent relays which are enabled as a function of voltage (“voltage-controlled”).
These margins are based on guidance found in section 3.10 of the Power Plant and Transmission
System Protection Coordination technical reference document.
Option 6 calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 1.0 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 1.0 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
For Option 6, the voltage control setting is set less than 75 percent of the calculated generator
bus voltage. The voltage setting must be set such that the function (e.g., 51V-C) will not trip
under extreme emergency conditions as the time overcurrent function will be set less than
generator full load current. Relays enabled as a function of voltage are indifferent as to the
current setting, and this option simply requires that the relays not respond for the depressed
voltage.

Generator Step-up Transformer (Synchronous Generators) Phase Distance Relays –

Directional Toward Transmission System (21) (Option 7a, 7b, and 7c)
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, in FERC Order No. 733, paragraph 104, directs
that NERC address relay loadability for protective relays applied on generator step-up
transformers. These margins are based on guidance found in section 3.1 of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document.

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Table 1, Options 7a, 7b, and 7c, are provided for assessing loadability for generator step-up
transformers applying phase distance relays that are directional toward the Transmission system
on synchronous generators that are connected to the generator-side of the generator step-up
transformer of a synchronous generator.
Option 7a calculates a generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.95 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 0.95 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is the simplest calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
Option 7b calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The voltage drop across the
generator step-up transformer is calculated based on a 0.85 per unit system nominal voltage at
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer and accounts for the turns ratio and
impedance of the generator step-up transformer. The actual generator bus voltage may be higher
depending on the generator step-up transformer impedance and the actual Reactive Power
achieved. This calculation is a more involved, more precise setting of the impedance element
than Option 7a.
Option 7c simulates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. Using simulation is a more
involved, more precise setting of the overcurrent element overall.
For Options 7a and 7b the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance derived
from 115 percent of: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW
capability reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power
output that equates to 150 percent of the aggregate generation MW value, derived from the
nameplate MVA rating at rated power factor.
For Option 7c, the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance derived from 115
percent of: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 100 percent of the maximum gross Mvar output determined by simulation.

Generator Step-up Transformer (Synchronous Generators) Phase Time Overcurrent Relay

(51) (Options 8a, 8b and 8c)
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, in FERC Order No. 733, paragraph 104, directs
that NERC address relay loadability for protective relays applied on generator step-up
transformers.
Note that the setting criteria established within these options differ from section 3.9.2 of the
Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document.
Rather than establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator MVA rating
at rated power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the maximum expected
generator output.

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Table 1, Options 8a, 8b, and 8c, are provided for assessing loadability for generator step-up
transformers applying phase time overcurrent relays on synchronous generators that are
connected to the generator-side or high-side of the generator step-up transformer of a
synchronous generator.
Option 8a calculates a generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.95 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 0.95 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is the simplest calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
Option 8b calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The voltage drop across the
generator step-up transformer is calculated based on a 0.85 per unit system nominal voltage at
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer and accounts for the turns ratio and
impedance of the generator step-up transformer. The actual generator bus voltage may be higher
depending on the generator step-up transformer impedance and the actual Reactive Power
achieved. This calculation is a more involved, more precise setting of the impedance element
than Option 8a.
Option 8c simulates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. Using simulation is a more
involved, more precise setting of the overcurrent element overall.
For Options 8a and 8b, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated
current derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW
capability reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power
output that equates to 150 percent of the aggregate generation MW value, derived from the
nameplate MVA rating at rated power factor.
For Option 8c, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated current
derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 100 percent of the maximum gross Mvar output determined by simulation.

Generator Step-up Transformer (Synchronous Generators) Phase Directional Time

Overcurrent Relay – Directional Toward Transmission System (67) (Options 9a, 9b and 9c)
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, in FERC Order No. 733, paragraph 104, directs
that NERC address relay loadability for protective relays applied on generator step-up
transformers. Note that the setting criteria established within these options differ from section
3.9.2 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference
document. Rather than establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator
MVA rating at rated power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the
maximum expected generator output.
Table 1, Options 9a, 9b, and 9c, are provided for assessing loadability for generator step-up
transformers applying phase directional time overcurrent relays directional toward the

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 12 of 44

Transmission System that are connected to the generator-side of the generator step-up
transformer of a synchronous generator.
Option 9a calculates a generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.95 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 0.95 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is the simplest calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
Option 9b calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The voltage drop across the
generator step-up transformer is calculated based on a 0.85 per unit system nominal voltage at
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer and accounts for the turns ratio and
impedance of the generator step-up transformer. The actual generator bus voltage may be higher
depending on the generator step-up transformer impedance and the actual Reactive Power
achieved. This calculation is a more involved, more precise setting of the impedance element
than Option 9a.
Option 9c simulates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 0.85 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. Using simulation is a more
involved, more precise setting of the overcurrent element overall.
For Options 9a and 9b, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated
current derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW
capability reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power
output that equates to 150 percent of the aggregate generation MW value, derived from the
nameplate MVA rating at rated power factor.
For Option 9c, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated current
derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 100 percent of the maximum gross Mvar output determined by simulation.

Generator Step-up Transformer (Asynchronous Generators) Phase Distance Relay –

Directional Toward Transmission System (21) (Option 10)
Table 1, Option 10 is provided for assessing loadability for generator step-up transformers
applying phase distance relays that are directional toward the Transmission System that are
connected to the generator-side of the generator step-up transformer of an asynchronous
generator. These margins are based on guidance found in section 3.1 of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document.
Option 10 calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 1.0 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 1.0 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 13 of 44

Since the relay voltage is supplied from the generator bus, it is necessary to assess loadability
using the generator-side voltage. Asynchronous generators do not produce as much reactive
power as synchronous generators; the voltage drop due to reactive power flow through the
generator step-up transformer is not as significant. Therefore, the generator bus voltage can be
conservatively estimated by reflecting the high-side nominal voltage to the generator-side based
on the generator step-up transformer’s turns ratio.
For Option 10, the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance, derived from
130 percent of the maximum aggregate nameplate megavoltampere (MVA) output at rated power
factor including the Mvar output of any static or dynamic reactive power devices. This is
determined by summing the total nameplate MW and Mvar capability of the generation
equipment behind the relay and any static or dynamic reactive power devices that contribute to
the power flow through the relay.

Generator Step-up Transformer (Asynchronous Generators) Phase Time Overcurrent

Relay (51) (Options 11a and 11b)
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, in FERC Order No. 733, paragraph 104, directs
that NERC address relay loadability for protective relays applied on generator step-up
transformers. Note that the setting criteria established within these options differ from section
3.9.2 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference
document. Rather than establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator
MVA rating at rated power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the
maximum expected generator output.
Table 1, Option 11a, address those generator step-up transformer phase time overcurrent relays
installed on the low-side (i.e., generator-side) of the generator step-up transformer of an
asynchronous generator, and Option 11b addresses those relays installed on the high-side (i.e.,
line-side) of the generator step-up transformer of an asynchronous generator.
Option 11a calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 1.0 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer for overcurrent relays installed on
the low-side. The voltage drop across the generator step-up transformer is calculated based on a
1.0 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the generator step-up
transformer and accounts for the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer. This is a simple
calculation that approximates the stressed system conditions.
Where the relay current is supplied from the generator bus, Option 11a, it is necessary to assess
loadability using the generator-side voltage. Asynchronous generators do not produce as much
reactive power as synchronous generators; the voltage drop due to reactive power flow through
the generator step-up transformer is not as significant. Therefore, the generator bus voltage can
be conservatively estimated by reflecting the high-side nominal voltage to the generator-side
based on the generator step-up transformer’s turns ratio. Where the relay current is supplied from
the high-side of the transformer, it is necessary to assess loadability using the high-side nominal
voltage in Option 11b.
For Options 11a and 11b, the overcurrent element is set greater than 130 percent of the
calculated current derived from the maximum aggregate nameplate megavoltampere (MVA)
output at rated power factor including the Mvar output of any static or dynamic reactive power

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 14 of 44

devices. This is determined by summing the total nameplate MW and Mvar capability of the
generation equipment behind the relay and any static or dynamic reactive power devices that
contribute to the power flow through the relay.

Generator Step-up Transformer (Asynchronous Generators) Phase Directional Time

Overcurrent Relay – Directional Toward Transmission System (67) (Option 12)
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, in FERC Order No. 733, paragraph 104, directs
that NERC address relay loadability for protective relays applied on generator step-up
transformers. Note that the setting criteria established within these options differ from section
3.9.2 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference
document. Rather than establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator
MVA rating at rated power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the
maximum expected generator output.
Table 1, Option 12 is provided for assessing loadability for generator step-up transformers
applying phase directional time overcurrent relays directional toward the Transmission System
that are connected to the generator-side of the generator step-up transformer of an asynchronous
generator.
Option 12 calculates the generator bus voltage corresponding to 1.0 per unit nominal voltage on
the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. The generator bus voltage is
calculated by multiplying a 1.0 per unit system nominal voltage at the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer times the turns ratio of the generator step-up transformer
(excluding the impedance). This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
Since the relay current is supplied from the generator bus, it is necessary to assess loadability
using the generator-side voltage. Asynchronous generators do not produce as much reactive
power as synchronous generators; the voltage drop due to reactive power flow through the
generator step-up transformer is not as significant. Therefore, the generator bus voltage can be
conservatively estimated by reflecting the high-side nominal voltage to the generator-side based
on the generator step-up transformer’s turns ratio.
For Option 12, the overcurrent element is set greater than 130 percent of the calculated current
derived from the maximum aggregate nameplate megavoltampere (MVA) output at rated power
factor including the Mvar output of any static or dynamic reactive power devices. This is
determined by summing the total nameplate MW and Mvar capability of the generation
equipment behind the relay and any static or dynamic reactive power devices that contribute to
the power flow through the relay.

Unit Auxiliary Transformers Phase Time Overcurrent Relay (51) (Option 13a and 13b)
In FERC Order No. 733, paragraph 104, directs NERC to include in this standard a loadability
requirement for relays used for overload protection of unit auxiliary transformer(s) (“UAT”)that
supply normal station service for a generating unit. For the purposes of this standard, UATs
provide the overall station power to support the unit at its maximum gross operation.

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 15 of 44

Table 1, Options 13a and 13b provide two options for addressing phase time overcurrent relaying
protecting UATs. The transformer high-side winding may be directly connected to the
transmission grid or at the generator isolated phase bus (IPB) or iso-phase bus. Phase time
overcurrent relaying applied to the UAT that act to trip the generator directly or via lockout or
auxiliary tripping relay are to be compliant with the relay setting criteria in this standard. Phase
time overcurrent relaying applied to the UAT that results in a generator runback are not a part of
this standard. Although the UAT is not directly in the output path from the generator to the
system, it is an essential component for operation of the generating unit or plant.

Refer to the figures below for example configurations:

Figure-1 – Auxiliary Power System (independent from generator)

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 16 of 44

Figure-2 – Typical auxiliary power system for generation units or plants.

The UATs supplying power to the unit or plant electrical auxiliaries are sized to accommodate
the maximum expected UAT load demand at the highest generator output. Although the MVA
size normally includes capacity for future loads as well as capacity for starting of large induction
motors on the original unit or plant design, the MVA capacity of the transformer may be near full
load.
Because of the various design and loading characteristics of UATs, two options (13a and 13b)
are provided to accommodate an entity’s protection philosophy while preventing the UAT
transformer time overcurrent relays from operating during the dynamic conditions anticipated by
this standard.
Options 13a and 13b calculate the transformer bus voltage corresponding to 1.0 per unit nominal
voltage on the high-side winding or each low-side winding of the UAT based on relay location.
Consideration of the voltage drop across the transformer is not necessary.
For Option 13a, the overcurrent element shall be set greater than 150 percent of the calculated
current derived from the UAT maximum nameplate MVA rating. This is a simple calculation
that approximates the stressed system conditions.
For Option 13b, the overcurrent element shall be set greater than 150 percent of the UAT
measured current at the generator maximum gross MW capability reported to the Planning
Coordinator or Transmission Planner. This allows for a reduced setting pickup compared to
Option 13a but does allow for an entity’s relay setting philosophy. Because loading
characteristics may be different from one load bus to another, the phase current measurement
will have to be verified at each relay location protecting the transformer. The phase time
overcurrent relay pickup setting criteria is established at 150 percent of the measured value for
each relay location. This is a more involved calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions by allowing the entity to consider the actual load placed on the UAT based on the
generator’s maximum gross MW capability reported to the Planning Coordinator or
Transmission Planner.
The performance of the UAT loads during stressed system conditions (depressed voltages) is
very difficult to determine. Rather than requiring responsible entities to determine the response

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 17 of 44

of UAT loads to depressed voltage, the technical experts writing the standard elected to increase
the margin to 150 percent from that used elsewhere in this standard (e.g., 115%) and use a
generator bus voltage of 1.0 per unit. A minimum pickup current based on 150 percent of
maximum nameplate MVA rating at 1.0 per unit generator bus voltage will provide adequate
transformer protection based on IEEE C37.91 at full load conditions while providing sufficient
relay loadability to prevent a trip of the UAT, and subsequent unit trip, due to increased UAT
load current during stressed system voltage conditions. Even if the UAT is equipped with an
automatic tap changer, the tap changer may not respond quickly enough for the conditions
anticipated within this standard, and thus shall not be used to reduce this margin.

Generator Interconnection Facilities (Synchronous Generators) Phase Distance Relays –

Directional Toward Transmission System (21) (Option 14a and 14b)
Relays applied on generator interconnection Facilities are challenged by loading conditions
similar to relays applied on generators and generator step-up transformers. These margins are
based on guidance found in section 3.1 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection
Coordination technical reference document.
Table 1, Options 14a and 14b, establish criteria for phase distance relays directional toward the
Transmission system to prevent generator interconnection Facilities from operating during the
dynamic conditions anticipated by this standard. The stressed system conditions, anticipated by
Options 14a and 14b, reflect a 0.85 per unit Transmission system voltage; therefore, establishing
that the impedance value used for applying the generator step-up transformer phase distance
relays that are directional toward the Transmission system be calculated from the apparent power
addressed within the criteria, with application of a 0.85 per unit Transmission system voltage.
Consideration of the voltage drop across the generator step-up transformer is not necessary.
For Option 14a, the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance derived from
115 percent of: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 150 percent of the aggregate generation MW value, derived from the nameplate MVA
rating at rated power factor. This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
For Option 14b, the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance derived from
115 percent of: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 100 percent of the maximum gross Mvar output determined by simulation. Using
simulation is a more involved, more precise setting of the impedance element overall.

Generator Interconnection Facilities (Synchronous Generators) Phase Time Overcurrent

Relay (51) (Option 15a and 15b)
Relays applied on generator interconnection Facilities are challenged by loading conditions
similar to relays applied on generators and generator step-up transformers. Note that the setting
criteria established within these options differ from section 3.9.2 of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document. Rather than
establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator MVA rating at rated

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 18 of 44

power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the maximum expected
generator output.
Table 1, Options 15a and 15b, establish criteria for phase time overcurrent relays to prevent
generator interconnection Facilities from operating during the dynamic conditions anticipated by
this standard. The stressed system conditions, anticipated by Options 15a and 15b, reflect a 0.85
per unit Transmission system voltage; therefore, establishing that the current value used for
applying the generator step-up transformer phase time overcurrent relays be calculated from the
apparent power addressed within the criteria, with application of a 0.85 per unit Transmission
system voltage. Consideration of the voltage drop across the generator step-up transformer is not
necessary.
For Option 15a, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated current
derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 150 percent of the aggregate generation MW value, derived from the nameplate MVA
rating at rated power factor. This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
For Option 15b, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated current
derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 100 percent of the maximum gross Mvar output determined by simulation. Using
simulation is a more involved, more precise setting of the overcurrent element overall.

Generator Interconnection Facilities (Synchronous Generators) Phase Directional Time

Overcurrent Relay – Directional Toward Transmission System (67) (Option 16a and 16b)
Relays applied on generator interconnection Facilities are challenged by loading conditions
similar to relays applied on generators and generator step-up transformers. Note that the setting
criteria established within these options differ from section 3.9.2 of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document. Rather than
establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator MVA rating at rated
power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the maximum expected
generator output.
Table 1, Options 16a and 16b, establish criteria for phase directional time overcurrent relays that
are directional toward the Transmission system to prevent generator interconnection Facilities
from operating during the dynamic conditions anticipated by this standard. The stressed system
conditions, anticipated by Options 16a and 16b, reflect a 0.85 per unit Transmission system
voltage; therefore, establishing that the current value used for applying the generator step-up
transformer phase directional time overcurrent relays be calculated from the apparent power
addressed within the criteria, with application of a 0.85 per unit Transmission system voltage.
Consideration of the voltage drop across the generator step-up transformer is not necessary.
For Option 16a, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated current
derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 150 percent of the aggregate generation MW value, derived from the nameplate MVA

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 19 of 44

rating at rated power factor. This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed system
conditions.
For Option 16b, the overcurrent element is set greater than 115 percent of the calculated current
derived from: the Real Power output of 100 percent of the aggregate generation MW capability
reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission Planner, and Reactive Power output that
equates to 100 percent of the maximum gross Mvar output determined by simulation. Using
simulation is a more involved, more precise setting of the overcurrent element overall.

Generator Interconnection Facilities (Asynchronous Generators) Phase Distance Relay –

Directional Toward Transmission System (21) (Option 17)
Relays applied on generator interconnection Facilities are challenged by loading conditions
similar to relays applied on generators and generator step-up transformers. These margins are
based on guidance found in section 3.1 of the Power Plant and Transmission System Protection
Coordination technical reference document.
Table 1, Option 17 establishes criteria for phase distance relays that are directional toward the
Transmission system to prevent generator interconnection Facilities from operating during the
dynamic conditions anticipated by this standard. Option 17 applies a 1.0 per unit nominal voltage
on the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer. Asynchronous generators do not
produce as much reactive power as synchronous generators; the voltage drop due to reactive
power flow through the generator step-up transformer is not as significant.
For Option 17, the impedance element is set less than the calculated impedance derived from 130
percent of the maximum aggregate nameplate megavoltampere (MVA) output at rated power
factor including the Mvar output of any static or dynamic reactive power devices. This is
determined by summing the total nameplate MW and Mvar capability of the generation
equipment behind the relay and any static or dynamic reactive power devices that contribute to
the power flow through the relay. This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed
system conditions.

Generator Interconnection Facilities (Asynchronous Generators) Phase Time Overcurrent

Relay (51) (Option 18)
Relays applied on generator interconnection Facilities are challenged by loading conditions
similar to relays applied on generators and generator step-up transformers. Note that the setting
criteria established within these options differ from section 3.9.2 of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document. Rather than
establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator MVA rating at rated
power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the maximum expected
generator output.
Table 1, Option 18 establishes criteria for phase time overcurrent relays to prevent generator
interconnection Facilities from operating during the dynamic conditions anticipated by this
standard. Option 18 applies a 1.0 per unit nominal voltage on the high-side terminals of the
generator step-up transformer to calculate the current from the MVA. Asynchronous generators

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 20 of 44

do not produce as much reactive power as synchronous generators; the voltage drop due to
reactive power flow through the generator step-up transformer is not as significant.
For Option 18, the overcurrent element is set greater than 130 percent of the calculated current
derived from the maximum aggregate nameplate megavoltampere (MVA) output at rated power
factor including the Mvar output of any static or dynamic reactive power devices. This is
determined by summing the total nameplate MW and Mvar capability of the generation
equipment behind the relay and any static or dynamic reactive power devices that contribute to
the power flow through the relay. This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed
system conditions.

Generator Interconnection Facilities (Asynchronous Generators) Phase Directional Time

Overcurrent Relay – Directional Toward Transmission System (67) (Option 19)
Relays applied on generator interconnection Facilities are challenged by loading conditions
similar to relays applied on generators and generator step-up transformers. Note that the setting
criteria established within these options differ from section 3.9.2 of the Power Plant and
Transmission System Protection Coordination technical reference document. Rather than
establishing a uniform setting threshold of 200 percent of the generator MVA rating at rated
power factor for all applications, the setting criteria are based on the maximum expected
generator output.
Table 1, Option 19 establishes criteria for phase directional time overcurrent relays that are
directional toward the Transmission system to prevent generator interconnection Facilities from
operating during the dynamic conditions anticipated by this standard. Option 19 applies a 1.0 per
unit nominal voltage on the high-side terminals of the generator step-up transformer to calculate
the current from the MVA. Asynchronous generators do not produce as much reactive power as
synchronous generators; the voltage drop due to reactive power flow through the generator step-
up transformer is not as significant.
For Option 19, the overcurrent element is set greater than 130 percent of the calculated current
derived from the maximum aggregate nameplate megavoltampere (MVA) output at rated power
factor including the Mvar output of any static or dynamic reactive power devices. This is
determined by summing the total nameplate MW and Mvar capability of the generation
equipment behind the relay and any static or dynamic reactive power devices that contribute to
the power flow through the relay. This is a simple calculation that approximates the stressed
system conditions.

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 21 of 44

Example Calculations
Introduction

Example Calculations.

Input Descriptions Input Values

Generator nameplate (MVA @ rated pf):
   903 

 0.85

Generator rated voltage (Line-to-Line):  22 

Real Power output in MW as reported to the PC or TP:   767.6 !

Generator step-up transformer impedance (903 MVA base): "#$ 12.14%

22 
Generator step-up transformer turns ratio:
() *
346.5 

High-side nominal system voltage (Line-to-Line):  345 

25000
Current transformer ratio: +, *
5

200
Potential transformer ratio: , *
1

Auxiliary transformer nameplate: ),   60 

Auxiliary low-side voltage: $ 13.8 

5000
Auxiliary current transformer: +,$
5

2000
Transformer High Voltage CT: +,-.
5

Reactive Power output of static reactive device: /#  *0 100 123

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 22 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 1a

Option 1a represents the simplest calculation for synchronous generators applying a phase distance relay (21)
directional toward the Transmission system.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (1) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (2) 5 150% 4 

5 1.5 4 767.6 !

5 1151.3 123

Option 1a, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 0.95 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage for the generator bus
voltage (Vgen):

Eq. (3)  0.95 . 6. 4  4
() *

22 
 0.95 4 345  4 7 8
346.5 

 20.81 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (4) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :1151.3 123

( 1383.7∠56.3° 

Primary impedance (Zpri):


<
Eq. (5) "*
(=

>20.81 ?<
"*
1383.7∠ @ 56.3° 

"* 0.3130∠56.3° Ω

Secondary impedance (Zsec):

+, *
"#0 "* 4
,
Eq. (6)
*

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 23 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 1a

<ABBB
A
"#0 0.3130∠56.3° Ω 4 <BB
C

"#0 0.3130∠56.3° Ω 4 25

"#0 7.8238∠56.3° Ω

To satisfy the 115% margin in Option 1a:

"#0
Eq. (7) "DEF **
115%

7.8238∠56.3° Ω
"DEF **
1.15

"DEF ** 6.8033∠56.3° Ω

Assume a Mho distance impedance relay with a maximum torque angle (MTA) set at 85˚, and then the maximum
allowable impedance reach is:

|"DEF ** |
"G H
cosMNOPQ @ N #*    R
Eq. (8)

6.8033 Ω
"G H
cos>85.0° @ 56.3°?

6.8033 Ω
"G H
0.8771

"G H 7.7561∠85.0° Ω

Example Calculations: Options 1b and 7b

Option 1b represents a more complex, more precise calculation for synchronous generators applying a phase
distance (21) directional toward the Transmission system relay. This option requires calculating low-side voltage
taking into account voltage drop across the generator step-up transformer. Similarly these calculations may be
applied to Option 7b for generator step-up transformers applying a phase distance (21) directional toward the
Transmission system relay.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (9) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 24 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 1b and 7b

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (10) 5 150% 4 

5 1.5 4 767.6 !

5 1151.3 123

Convert Real Power, Reactive Power, and transformer reactance to per unit values on 767.6 MVA base:

Real Power output (P):


$
S#
Eq. (11)

767.6 !
$
767.6 

$ 1.0 . 6.

Reactive Power output (Q):

5
5$
S#
Eq. (12)

1151.3 123
5$
767.6 

5$ 1.5 . 6.

Transformer impedance (Xpu):

S#
T$ TUVW> ? 4 7 8
UVW
Eq. (13)

767.6 
T$ 12.14% 4 7 8
903 

T$ 0.1032 . 6.

Use the formula below; calculate the low-side generator step-up transformer voltage (Vlow-side) using 0.85 p.u. high-
side voltage (Vhigh-side). Estimate initial low-side voltage to be 0.95 p.u. Repeat the calculation if necessary until Vlow-
side converges:

sinYC M$ 4 \T$ \R

Eq. (14) N XY#*
M| XY#* | 4 ]^*^Y#* _R

sinYC >1.0 4 0.1032?

N XY#*
>0.95 4 0.85?

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 25 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 1b and 7b

5.92°
N XY#*
0.8075

N XY#* 7.3°

<
Eq. (15) \^*^Y#* \ 4 cos>N XY#* ? ` a\^*^Y#* \ 4 cos>N XY#* ?< 9 4 4 5$ 4 T$
| XY#* |
2

|0.85| 4 cos>7.3°? ` b|0.85|< 4 cos>7.3°?< 9 4 4 1.5 4 0.1032

| XY#* |
2

|0.85| 4 0.9918 ` √0.7225 4 0.9837 9 0.6192

| XY#* |
2

0.8430 ` 1.1532
| XY#* |
2

| XY#* | 0.9981 . 6.

Use the new estimated Vlow-side value of 0.9981 per unit for the second iteration:

sinYC M$ 4 \T$ \R

Eq. (16) N XY#*
M| XY#* | 4 ]^*^Y#* _R

sinYC >1.0 4 0.1032?

N XY#*
>0.9981 4 0.85?

5.92°
N XY#*
0.8484

N XY#* 7.0°

<
Eq. (17) \^*^Y#* \ 4 cos>N XY#* ? ` a\^*^Y#* \ 4 cos>N XY#* ?< 9 4 4 5$ 4 T$
| XY#* |
2

|0.85| 4 cos>7.0°? ` b|0.85|< 4 cos>7.0°?< 9 4 4 1.5 4 0.1032

| XY#* |
2

|0.85| 4 0.9926 ` √0.7225 4 0.9852 9 0.6192

| XY#* |
2

0.8437 ` 1.1532
| XY#* |
2

| XY#* | 0.9987 . 6.

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 26 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 1b and 7b

To account for system high-side nominal voltage and the transformer tap ratio:

Eq. (18) S$# | XY#* | 4  4
() *

22 
S$# 0.9987 . 6. 4 345  4 7 8
346.5 

S$# 21.88 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (19) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :1151.3 123

( 1383.7∠56.3°

Primary Impedance (Zpri):


<
Eq. (20) "*
(=

>21.88 ?<
"*
1383.7∠ @ 56.3° 

"* 0.3458∠56.3° Ω

Secondary impedance (Zsec):

+, *
"#0 "* 4
,
Eq. (21)
*

<ABBB
A
"#0 0.3458∠56.3° Ω 4 <BB
C

"#0 0.3458∠56.3° Ω 4 25

"#0 8.6462∠56.3° Ω

To satisfy the 115% margin in the requirement in Options 1b and 7b:

"#0
Eq. (22) "DEF **
115%

8.6462∠56.3° Ω
"DEF **
1.15

"DEF ** 7.5185∠56.3° Ω

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 27 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 1b and 7b

Assume a Mho distance impedance relay with a maximum torque angle (MTA) set at 85˚, and then the maximum
allowable impedance reach is:

|"DEF ** |
"G H
cosMNOPQ @ N #*    R
Eq. (23)

7.5185Ω
"G H
cos>85.0˚ @ 56.3°?

7.5185 Ω
"G H
0.8771

"G H 8.5715∠85.0° Ω

Example Calculations: Option 1c

This option requires simulation. Refer to the Machine Data at the beginning of this section for inputs and the
Guidelines and Technical Basis for other pertinent information.

Example Calculations: Option 2a

Option 2a represents the simplest calculation for synchronous generators applying a phase time overcurrent (51V-R)
voltage restrained relay:

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (24) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (25) 5 150% 4 

5 1.5 4 767.6 !

5 1151.3 123

Option 2a, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 0.95 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage for the generator bus
voltage (Vgen):

Eq. (26)  0.95 . 6. 4  4
() *

22 
 0.95 4 345  4 7 8
346.5 

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 28 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 2a

 20.81 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (27) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :1151.3 123

( 1383.7∠56.3° 

Primary current (Ipri):

(
d*
√3 4 
Eq. (28)

1383.7 
d*
1.73 4 20.81 

d* 38389.9 

Secondary current (Isec):

d*
d#0
+, *
Eq. (29)

38389.9 A
d#0
25000
5

d#0 7.678 A

To satisfy the 115% margin in Option 2a:

Eq. (30) dDEF ** f d#0 4 115%

dDEF ** f 7.678 A 4 1.15

dDEF ** f 8.83 A

Example Calculations: Option 2b

Option 2b represents a more complex calculation for synchronous generators applying a phase time overcurrent
(51V-R) voltage restrained relay:

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (31) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 29 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 2b

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (32) 5 150% 4 

5 1.5 4 767.6 !

5 1151 123

Convert Real Power, Reactive Power, and transformer reactance to per unit values on 767.6 MVA base.

Real Power output (P):


$
S#
Eq. (33)

767.6 !
$
767.6 

$ 1.0 . 6.

Reactive Power output (Q):

5
5$
S#
Eq. (34)

1151.3 123
5$
767.6

5$ 1.5 . 6.

Transformer impedance:

S#
T$ TUVW> ? 4 7 8
UVW
Eq. (35)

767.6 
T$ 12.14% 4 7 8
903 

T$ 0.1032 . 6.

Use the formula below; calculate the low-side generator step-up transformer voltage (Vlow-side) using 0.85 p.u. high-
side voltage (Vhigh-side). Estimate initial low-side voltage to be 0.95 p.u. Repeat the calculation if necessary until Vlow-
side converges:

sinYC M$ 4 \T$ \R

Eq. (36) N XY#*
M| XY#* | 4 ]^*^Y#* _R

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 30 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 2b

sinYC >1.0 4 0.1032?

N XY#*
>0.95 4 0.85?

5.92°
N XY#*
0.8075

N XY#* 7.3°

<
Eq. (37) \^*^Y#* \ 4 cos>N XY#* ? ` a\^*^Y#* \ 4 cos>N XY#* ?< 9 4 4 5$ 4 T$
| XY#* |
2

|0.85| 4 cos>7.3°? ` b|0.85|< 4 cos>7.3°?< 9 4 4 1.5 4 0.1032

| XY#* |
2

|0.85| 4 0.9918 ` √0.7225 4 0.9837 9 0.6192

| XY#* |
2

0.8430 ` 1.1532
| XY#* |
2

| XY#* | 0.9981 . 6.

Use the new estimated Vlow-side value of 0.9981 per unit for the second iteration:

sinYC M$ 4 \T$ \R

Eq. (38) N XY#*
M| XY#* | 4 ]^*^Y#* _R

sinYC >1.0 4 0.1032?

N XY#*
>0.9981 4 0.85?

5.92°
N XY#*
0.8484

N XY#* 7.0°

<
Eq. (39) \^*^Y#* \ 4 cos>N XY#* ? ` a\^*^Y#* \ 4 cos>N XY#* ?< 9 4 4 5$ 4 T$
| XY#* |
2

|0.85| 4 cos>7.0°? ` b|0.85|< 4 cos>7.0°?< 9 4 4 1.5 4 0.1032

| XY#* |
2

|0.85| 4 0.9926 ` √0.7225 4 0.9852 9 0.6192

| XY#* |
2

0.8437 ` 1.1532
| XY#* |
2

| XY#* | 0.9987 . 6.

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 31 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 2b

To account for system high-side nominal voltage and the transformer tap ratio:

Eq. (40) S$# | XY#* | 4  4
() *

22 
S$# 0.9987 . 6. 4 345  4 7 8
346.5 

S$# 21.88 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (41) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :1151.3 123

( 1383.7∠56.3° MVA

Primary current (Ipri):

(
Eq. (42) d*
√3 4 S$#

1383.7 
d*
1.73 4 21.88 

d* 36519.8 

Secondary current (Isec):

d*
d#0
+, *
Eq. (43)

36519.8 A
d#0
25000
5

d#0 7.304 A

To satisfy the 115% margin in Option 2b:

Eq. (44) dDEF ** f d#0 4 115%

dDEF ** f 7.304 A 4 1.15

dDEF ** f 8.4 A

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 32 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 2c

This option requires simulation. Refer to the Machine Data at the beginning of this section for inputs and the
Guidelines and Technical Basis for other pertinent information.

Example Calculations: Options 3 and 6

Option 3 represents the only calculation for synchronous generators applying a phase time overcurrent (51V-C) –
voltage controlled relay (Enabled to operate as a function of voltage). Similarly, Option 6 uses the same calculation
for asynchronous generators.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (45) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (46) 5 150% 4 

5 1.5 4 767.6 !

5 1151.3 123

Options 3 and 6, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 1.0 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage for the generator
bus voltage (Vgen):

Eq. (47)  1.0 . 6. 4  4
() *

22 
 1.0 4 345  4 7 8
346.5 

 21.9 

The voltage setting shall be set less than 75% of the generator bus voltage:

Eq. (48) # * H  4 75%

# * H 21.9  4 0.75

# * H 16.429 

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 33 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 4, 10, and 17

This represents the calculation for an asynchronous generator (including inverter-based installations) applying a
phase distance (21) – directional toward the Transmission system relay. Similarly, these calculations may also be
applied to other asynchronous applications, including Option 17 for generator step-up transformers and lines that
radially connect a generating plant to the Transmission system. In this application it was assumed 100Mvar of static
compensation was added.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (49) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (50) 5 /#  *0 9
   4 sin>cos YC >??

5 100 123 4 475.7 12

5 575.7 123

Options 4, 10, and 17, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 1.0 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage for the
generator bus voltage (Vgen):

Eq. (51)  1.0 . 6. 4  4
() *

22 
 1.0 4 345  4 7 8
346.5 

 21.9 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (52) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :575.7 123

( 959.5∠36.9° 

N #*    36.9°

Primary impedance (Zpri):


<
Eq. (53) "*
(=

>21.9 ?<
"*
959.5∠ @ 36.9° 

"* 0.5001∠36.9° Ω

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 34 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 4, 10, and 17

Secondary impedance (Zsec):

+, *
"#0 "* 4
,
Eq. (54)
*

<ABBB
A
"#0 0.5001∠36.9 Ω 4 <BB
C

"#0 0.5001∠36.9° Ω 4 25

"#0 12.502∠36.9° Ω

To satisfy the 130% margin in Option 1a:

"#0
Eq. (55) "DEF **
130%

12.502∠36.9° Ω
"DEF **
1.30

"DEF ** 9.617∠36.9° Ω

Assume a Mho distance impedance relay with a maximum torque angle (MTA) set at 85˚, and then the maximum
allowable impedance reach is:

|"DEF ** |
"G H
cosMNOPQ @ N #*    R
Eq. (56)

9.617 Ω
"G H
cos>85.0° @ 36.9°?

9.617 Ω
"G H
0.6678

"G H 14.401∠85.0° Ω

Example Calculations: Option 5

This represents the calculation for asynchronous generators applying a phase time overcurrent (51V-R) – voltage
restrained relay. In this application it was assumed 100Mvar of static compensation was added. Similarly, Option 6
uses the same calculation for asynchronous generators.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (57) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 35 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 5

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (58) 5 /#  *0 9
   4 sin>cos YC >??

5 100 123 9 475.7 123

5 575.7 123

Option 5, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 1.0 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage for the generator bus
voltage (Vgen):

Eq. (59)  1.0 . 6. 4  4
() *

22 
 1.0 4 345  4 7 8
346.5 

 21.9 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (60) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :575.7 123

( 959.5∠36.9° 

Primary current (Ipri):

(
d*
√3 4 
Eq. (61)

959.5 
d*
1.73 4 21.9 

d* 25295.3 

Secondary current (Isec):

d*
d#0
+, *
Eq. (62)

25295.3 A
d#0
25000
5

d#0 5.06 A

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 36 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 5

To satisfy the 130% margin in Option 5:

Eq. (63) dDEF ** f d#0 4 130%

dDEF ** f 5.06 A 4 1.30

dDEF ** f 6.58∠ @ 36.9° 

Example Calculations: Option 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 15a, and 16a

Option 8a represents the calculation for a generator step-up (GSU) transformer applying a phase time overcurrent
(51) relay connected to a synchronous generator. Similarly, these calculations can be applied to other synchronous
generator applications, including Option 9a for generator step-up transformers applying a phase directional time
overcurrent (67) directional toward the Transmission system relay, and Option 15a and 16a for lines that radially
connect a generating plant to the Transmission system using a phase time overcurrent (51) and phase directional
time overcurrent (67) directional toward the Transmission system relay, respectively. Options 8b and 9b use the
same process, except the bus voltage is 0.85 per unit is used instead of 0.95 and excludes the generator step-up
(GSU) impedance.
This example uses Option 8b as an example.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (64) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (65) 5 150% 4 

5 1.5 4 767.6 !

5 1151.3 123

Option 8b, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 0.85 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage:

Eq. (66) S$# 0.85 . 6. 4 

 0.85 4 345 

 293.25 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (67) (   9 :5

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 37 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 15a, and 16a

( 767.6 ! 9 :1151.3 123

( 1383.7∠56.3° 

Primary current (Ipri):

(
Eq. (68) d*
√3 4 S$#

1383.7 
d*
1.73 4 293.25 

d* 2724.3 

Secondary current (Isec):

d*
d#0
+, *
Eq. (69)

2724.3 A
d#0
25000
5

d#0 0.545 A

To satisfy the 115% margin in Option 8a:

Eq. (70) dDEF ** f d#0 4 115%

dDEF ** f 0.545 A 4 1.15

dDEF ** f 0.627 A

Example Calculations: Options 7c, 8c, 9c 14b, 15b, and 16b

These options require simulation. Refer to the Machine Data at the beginning of this section for inputs and the
Guidelines and Technical Basis for other pertinent information.

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 38 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 11a and 12

Option 11 represents the calculation for a generator step-up (GSU) transformer applying a phase time overcurrent
(51) relay connected to an asynchronous generator. Similarly, these calculations can be applied to Option 12 for a
phase directional time overcurrent (67) directional toward the Transmission system relay. In this application it was
assumed 100Mvar of static compensation was added.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (71) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (72) 5 /#  *0 9
   4 sin>cos YC >??

5 100 123 9 475.7 123

5 575.7 123

Options 11 and 12, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 1.0 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage for the generator
bus voltage (Vgen):

Eq. (73)  1.0 . 6. 4  4
() *

22 
 1.0 4 345  4 7 8
346.5 

 21.9 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (74) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :575.7 123

( 959.5∠36.9° 

Primary current (Ipri):

(
d*
√3 4 
Eq. (75)

959.5 
d*
1.73 4 21.9 

d* 25295 

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 39 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 11a and 12

Secondary current (Isec):

d*
d#0
+, *
Eq. (76)

25295 A
d#0
25000
5

d#0 5.059 A

To satisfy the 130% margin in Options 11 and12:

Eq. (77) dDEF ** f d#0 4 130%

dDEF ** f 5.059 A 4 1.30

dDEF ** f 6.575 A

Example Calculations: Option 13a and 13b

Option 13a of the unit auxiliary transformer (UAT) assumes that the maximum nameplate rating of the winding
utilized for the purposes of the calculations and the appropriate voltage. Similarly, Option 13b uses the measured
current while operating at the maximum gross MW capability reported to the Planning Coordinator or Transmission
Planner.

Primary current (Ipri):

),  
Eq. (78) d*
√3 4 $

60 
d*
1.73 4 13.8 

d* 2510.2 

Secondary current (Isec):

d*
d#0
+,$
Eq. (79)

2510.2 A
d#0
5000
5

d#0 2.51 A

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 40 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 13a and 13b

To satisfy the 150% margin in Option 13a:

Eq. (80) dDEF ** f d#0 4 150%

dDEF ** f 2.51 A 4 1.50

dDEF ** f 3.77 A

Example Calculations: Option 14a

Option 14a represents the calculation for lines that radially connect an asynchronous generating plant to the
Transmission system for a phase directional time overcurrent (67) directional toward the Transmission system relay.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (81) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (82) 5 150% 4 

5 1.5 4 767.6 !

5 1151.3 123

Option 14a, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 0.85 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage for the generator step-
up (GSU) voltage (Vnom):

Eq. (83) S$# 0.85 . 6. 4 

 0.85 4 345 

 293.25 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (84) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :1151.3 123

( 1383.7∠56.3° 

N #*    56.3°

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 41 of 44

Example Calculations: Option 14a

Primary impedance (Zpri):

S$#
<
Eq. (85) "*
(=

>293.25 ?<
"*
1383.7∠ @ 56.3° 

"* 62.1481∠56.3° Ω

Secondary impedance (Zsec):

+, *
"#0 "* 4
,
Eq. (86)
*

<ABBB
A
"#0 62.1481∠56.3° Ω 4 <BB
C

"#0 62.1481∠56.3° Ω 4 25

"#0 1553.7∠56.3° Ω

To satisfy the 115% margin in Option 14a:

"#0
Eq. (87) "DEF **
115%

1553.7∠56.3° Ω
"DEF **
1.15

"DEF ** 1351.0∠56.3° Ω

Assume a Mho distance impedance relay with a maximum torque angle (MTA) set at 85˚, and then the maximum
allowable impedance reach is:

|"DEF ** |
"G H
cosMNOPQ @ N #*    R
Eq. (88)

1351.0 Ω
"G H
cos>85.0° @ 56.3°?

1651.0 Ω
"G H
0.8771

"G H 1540.3∠85.0° Ω

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 42 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 11b, 18, and 19

Option 11b represents the calculation for a generator step-up (GSU) transformer applying a phase time overcurrent
(51) relay connected to an asynchronous generator. Similarly, Option 18 may also be applied here as well for
generation interconnection Facilities and Option 19 for the phase directional time overcurrent (67) directional
toward the Transmission system relays for generation interconnection Facilities. In this application it was assumed
100 Mvar of static compensation was added.

Real Power output (P):

Eq. (89) 
   4 

 903  4 0.85

 767.6 !

Reactive Power output (Q):

Eq. (90) 5 /#  *0 9
   4 sin>cos YC >??

5 100 123 9 475.7 123

5 575.7 123

Options 11b, 18, and 19, Table 1 – Bus Voltage, calls for a 1.0 per unit of the high-side nominal voltage for the
generator bus voltage (Vgen):

Eq. (91)  1.0 . 6. 4 

 1.0 4 345 

 345 

Apparent power (S):

Eq. (92) (   9 :5

( 767.6 ! 9 :575.7 123

( 959.5∠36.9° 

Primary current (Ipri):

(
d*
√3 4 
Eq. (93)

959.5 
d*
1.73 4 345 

d* 1605 

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 43 of 44

Example Calculations: Options 11b, 18, and 19

Secondary current (Isec):

d*
d#0
+,-.
Eq. (94)

1605 A
d#0
2000
5

d#0 4.014 A

To satisfy the 130% margin in Options 11b, 18, and 19:

Eq. (95) dDEF ** f d#0 4 130%

dDEF ** f 4.014 A 4 1.30

dDEF ** f 5.218 A

End of calculations

Draft 2: Guidelines and Technical Basis (PRC-025-1) 44 of 44