KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO-2

AIR FORCE STATION

KALAIKUNDA

SESSION-2023-2024
PHYSICS
INVESTEGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC-TRANSFORMER
SUBMITTED BY- SUBMITTED TO-
KL VARSHITA MR NDM GUPTA
ROLL NO-
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that KL Varshita
student of class XII-A has
successfully completed the
research on Transformer project
under the guidance of Mr. NDM
Gupta (Physics teacher) during the
year 2023-24 in partial fulfillment of
physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
EXTERNAL PHYSICS
EXAMINER TEACHER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express a deep sense of
thanks & gratitude to my project guide Mr.
NDM Gupta for guiding me immensely
through the course of the project. He always
envinced keen interested in my work. His
constructive advice & constant motivation
have been responsible for the successful
completion of this project.
My sincere thanks goes to Shri Abhishek
Tripathi, Our principal sir, for his co-
ordination in extending every possible
support for the completion of this project.
I also thank my parents for their motivation
& support. I must thank my classmates for
their timely help & support for compilation
of this project.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank
all those who had helped directly or
indirectly towards the completion of this
project

KL VARSHITA
CLASS: XII A
 INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO

transformer 1
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER 12

PARTS OF A TRANSFOMER 16

IDEAL TRANSFORMER 21

EMF EQUATION OF IDEAL TRANSFORMER 26

EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER 27

ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER 28

APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMER 30

CONSTRUCTION OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

31
WORKING MODEL

BINLIOGRAPHY 36
 TRANSFORMER

Transformer is the simplest device that is

used to transfer electrical energy from one
alternating-current circuit to another circuit
or multiple circuits, through the process of
electromagnetic induction. A transformer
works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction to step up or step down voltage.
Transformer either increases AC voltage
(Step-up transformer) or decreases AC
voltage (Step-down transformer).
Transformer which is normally utilized in
the transmission and distribution of
alternating current power is fundamentally
a voltage control device. Transformer are
used for a wide range of purposes, including
increasing the voltage from electric
generators to enable long-distance
transmission of electricity and decreasing
the voltage of conventional power circuits
to run low-voltage devices like doorbells
and toy electric trains.
Types of Transformer

1.Transformer types based on Voltage Level

There are primarily two types of
Transformer based on the operating
voltage. The following are some of
them:
(i) Step-up Transformer: The secondary
voltage of a step-up transformer is
raised from the low primary voltage.
Because the primary winding has fewer
turns than the secondary winding in
this sort of transformer, the ratio of
the primary to secondary winding will
be greater than one. Step-up
transformer are frequently used in
electronics stabilizers, inverters, and
other devices that convert low voltage
to a significantly higher voltage. A
step-up transformer is also used in the
distribution of electrical power.
 (ii)Step-down Transformer: The primary
voltage is converted to a lower voltage
across the secondary output using a step-
down transformer. The number of
windings on the primary side of a step-
down transformer is more than on the
secondary side. As a result, the overall
secondary-to-primary winding ratio will
always be less than one. Step-down
transformer are used in electrical systems
that distribute electricity over long
distances and operate at extremely high
voltages to ensure minimum loss and
economical solutions. Step-down
transformer are used to change high-
voltage into low-voltage supply lines.
2.Transformer Types based on Core Material
Different types of Transformer are used in
the power and electronics industries,
depending on the core materials, which are:

(i) Iron Core Transformer: Multiple soft iron

plates are used as the core of an iron core
transformer. The iron’s strong magnetic
properties of the iron core transformer
have extremely high flux linkage. As a
result, the iron core transformer has high
efficiency. The soft iron core plates come in
a variety of sizes and shapes. A few typical
shapes include E, I, U, and L.

(ii) Air Core transformer: The core material

of an air core transformer is not a real
magnetic core. The air is used solely in the
air-core transformer flux linkage. The
primary coil of an air-core transformer
generates an alternating current, producing
an electromagnetic field all around it.
 (iii) Ferrite Core Transformer: Due to its
high magnetic permeability, a ferrite core
transformer uses one. In the high-
frequency application, this kind of
transformer provides incredibly low
losses. In high-frequency applications
like switch mode power supplies (SMPS),
RF-related applications, etc., ferrite core
transformer are used as a result.

(iv)Toroidal Core Transformer: Iron core

or ferrite core are two examples of
toroid-shaped core materials used in
transformer. For their excellent electrical
performance, toroids, which have a ring-
or donut-shaped core material, are
frequently used. The ring form results in
very low leakage inductance and
extremely high inductance and Q factors.
 3.Transformer Types based on Winding
Arrangement

Auto Winding transformer: The primary

and secondary windings have always
been fixed, but with an auto-winding
transformer, they can be connected in
series, and the center-tapped node can
be moved. The secondary voltage can be
altered by changing the location of the
central tap. The auto is used to alert the
self or a single coil and is not the
abbreviation for Automatic. This coil
creates a ratio using main and secondary
components. The main and secondary
ratio is determined by the location of the
center tap node, which changes the
output voltage. The VARIAC, a device that
generates variable AC from a steady AC
input, is used the most frequently.
4.Types of Transformer based on Usage

Transformer come in a wide range of

variants, each of which operates in a
distinct field. Thus, based on their
proposed use, transformer can be
categorized as follows:

(i) Power Transformer: The energy is

transferred to the substation or the
general electrical supply using a larger
power transformer. Between the major
distribution grid and the power
generator, this transformer serves as a
link. Power Transformer can be further
divided into three groups based on their
power rating and specifications-
Small power transformer
Medium power transformer
Large power transformer
 (ii) Measurement Transformer:
Instrument transformer is another name
for measurement transformer. This is
yet another measurement tool that is
usually utilized in the power domain. To
separate the primary power and convert
the current and voltage in a smaller
ratio to its secondary output, a
measuring transformer is used.

(iv) Distribution Transformer:

The distribution transformer function as
a step-down transformer, converting
high grid voltage to the appropriate
voltage for the end user, typically 110V
or 230V. Depending on the conversion
capacity or ratings, the distribution
transformer might be less in size or
larger.
(iv) Pulse Transformer: One of the most
popular PCB-mounted transformer that
generates electrical pulses with a
consistent amplitude are pulse
transformer. It is utilized in a number of
digital circuits where the demand for
isolated pulse creation exists.

(v) Audio Output Transformer: Another

frequent transformer in the electronics
industry is the audio transformer. It is
specifically usedin applications involving
audio where impedance matching is
necessary.
Working Principle of
a Transformer

The fundamental principle of how the

transformer functions are mutual
induction between the two coils or
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction. Below is a description of how
the transformer operates. The laminated
silicon steel core of the transformer is
covered by two distinct windings.
According to the diagram below, the
primary winding is the one to which the
AC supply is connected, and the
secondary winding is the one to which the
load is connected. Only alternating
current can be used because mutual
induction between the two windings
requires an alternating flux.
 The transformer primary winding
produces an alternating flux, known as
the mutual flux, when an alternating
voltage is applied, in accordance with
the mutual inductance principle.
According to Faraday’s rule of
electromagnetic induction, this
alternating flux links the transformer
primary and secondary windings
magnetically and generates EMFs E1 in
the primary winding and E2 in the
secondary winding. The EMF (E1) is
referred to as the primary EMF, while
the EMF (E2) is the secondary EMF.
 and

Dividing above equations, to obtain the

ratio as:
 From the expression above, it is clear
that the size of EMFs E1 and E2 is
dependent on the number of turns in
the transformer primary and secondary
windings, respectively. If N2 > N1, then
E2 > E1, and the transformer will be a
step-up transformer; if N2 < N1, then E2
< E1, and the transformer will be a step-
down transformer.
If a load is now connected across the
secondary winding, the load current I2
will flow through the load as a result of
the EMF E2. As a result, a transformer
makes it possible to transfer electricity
with a change in voltage level from one
electric circuit to another.
 Parts of a
Transformer

1.CORE-
The transformer core serves as a support
for the winding. Additionally, it offers a
magnetic flux flow channel with minimal
resistance. As seen in the image, the
winding is looped around the core. To cut
down on losses in a transformer, it has a
laminated soft iron core. Core
composition is determined by variables
including operational voltage, current,
and power, among others. The core
diameter is negatively correlated with
iron losses and directly correlated with
copper losses.
2.WINDINGS-
The copper wires that are wound over
the transformer core are known as
windings. Copper cables are used
because Copper’s high conductivity
reduces transformer loss because
resistance to current flow lowers as
conductivity rises. And copper’s high
degree of ductility makes it possible to
produce incredibly thin wires out of it.
The two basic types of windings are.
windings for the primary and secondary
coils. The primary winding is the group
of winding turns that receive supply
current. The number of winding turns
from which output is derived is known as
secondary winding. Insulation coating
agents are used to insulate the primary
and secondary windings from one
another.
3.Insulation Agents-
Transformer require insulation to keep
the windings apart and prevent short
circuits. This makes mutual induction
easier. Transformer stability and
durability are influenced by insulation
agents. In a transformer, the following are
employed as insulating mediums:
Insulating fluid, tape, Paper, and
Lamination made of wood.

4.TANK-
A transformer main tank serves two
purposes:
The core and the windings are
protected from the elements, such as
rain and dust.
It functions as an oil container as well
as a support for all other transformer
attachments.
5.Transformer Oil-
The majority of the huge transformer are
submerged in oil. The transformer oil adds
insulation between the conductors,
improves heat dissipation from the coils,
and has fault-detecting capabilities.
Transformer oil is typically made of
hydrocarbon mineral oil.

6.Oil Conservators-
The oil conservator is situated above the
transformer tank and bushings. Some
transformer oil conservators contain a
rubber bladder. When a transformer is
loaded, the ambient temperature rises,
causing the amount of oil inside the
transformer to increase. The transformer
conservator tank has enough room for
the increased transformer oil. It also
serves as a reservoir for oil that is used to
insulate buildings.
 7.Breather-
All oil-immersed transformer with
conservator tank includes it. It aids in the
protection of the oil against moisture.

8.Radiators and Fans-

The majority of the power lost in the
transformer is dissipated as heat.
Radiators and fans aid in the dissipation of
heat generated by the transformer and
provide protection against failure. The
majority of dry transformer are cooled by
natural air.
IDEAL TRANSFORMER

An ideal transformer is a purely theoretical

transformer that has no losses at all,
including no core losses, copper losses, or
other transformer losses. This transformer
is thought to be 100% efficient.
 The windings of the transformer are
assumed to be entirely inductive, and the
core of the transformer is assumed to be
loss-free when creating the ideal
transformer model. Additionally, the
transformer has no leakage reactance
(reactance is the opposition to the flow
of current from the circuit element due
to its inductance and capacitance). This
indicates that the transformer primary
and secondary windings are connected to
the core of the transformer at 100% flux.
However, every winding must have some
inductive resistance that results in
voltage drop and I2R loss. In a model of
an ideal transformer, the windings are
assumed to be perfect (totally inductive),
which means that their resistance is zero.
 EMF Equation of Ideal
Transformer

Let Np is the main winding’s number of

turns, whereas Ns is the secondary
winding’s number of turns. When an AC
voltage is given to the transformer main
coil, the current generated creates an
alternating magnetic flux that connects the
secondary coil and generates an emf. The
number of turns in the secondary coil
determines the value of this emf. Consider
an ideal (lossless) transformer with zero
primary coil resistance (no voltage drop
across coil) and all flux in the core
connecting both primary and secondary
windings. When the voltage Vp is delivered
to the primary coil, let be the flux linkage in
each turn in the core at time t owing to the
current in the primary coil.
 The induced emf or voltage (εs) in the
secondary with Ns turns is then
calculated.
εs = –Ns x dϕ/dt ……(1)
In addition, the alternating flux generates
a reverse emf in the main. This is it.
εp = –Np x dϕ/dt ……(2)
And for an ideal transformer, εp=Vp
By approximation, if the secondary is an
open circuit or the current drawn from it
is modest, εs=Vs.
The voltage across the secondary coil is
Vs. As a result, Equations (1) and (2) may
be written as
Vs = –Ns x dϕ/dt ……(3)
Vp = –Np x dϕ/dt ……(4)
From Equations (3) and (4), we have
Vs / Vp = Ns / Np ……(5)
The above equation is known as
Transformer Equation or Transformer
Formula.
The following three assumptions are used
to get the previous relationship:
The primary and secondary coils’
electrical resistances are insignificant.
The flux connectivity to both the
primary and secondary coils is the
same, or very few fluxes escape from
the core.
The secondary current is insignificant.
 Turn Ratio-
Turn Ratio is a measure to determine
whether the secondary coil of a transformer
has more or lesser windings than the
primary. The number of windings on a
primary coil is equal to “Np,” while the
number of windings on a secondary coil is
“Ns,” representing the number of turns.
The power input and output will be equal if
the transformer is perfect or 100 percent
efficient (no energy losses).
ipVp = isVs ……(6)
Combining Equations (5) and (6), we have
ip/is = Vs/Vp= Ns/Np=K
The turn ratio, K, is defined in the preceding
equation. If the secondary coil has more
turns than the primary coil, this is the case
(Ns>Np), and the voltage is stepped up
(Vs>Vp). A step-up transformer is a name for
this sort of setup. A step-down transformer
is one in which the secondary coil has fewer
turns than the primary coil (Ns<Np).
 effeciency of
transformer
The efficiency of a transformer is also
known as commercial efficiency. It is
represented by the letter ‘η’. The
efficiency of a Transformer is described
as the ratio of output (in W or kW) to input
(in W or kW).
Hence, the efficiency of transformer may
be expressed as follows:
Efficiency (η) = (Power Output / Power
Input)
The above equation can be used for an ideal
transformer in which there are no transformer
losses and all input energy is transferred to
the output. As a result, the following equation
is mostly used if transformer wastes are taken
into account and the efficiency of the
transformer is evaluated across the practical
states.
Efficiency = ((Power O/P) / (Power O/P +
Losses)) × 100%
Energy Losses in a
Transformer

We used an ideal transformer in the

previous equations (without any energy
losses). However, some energy losses do
occur in actual transformer for the
following reasons:

Flux Leakage: Because some flux leaks

from the core, not all flux generated
by the primary coil make it to the
secondary coil. This occurs as a result
of the core’s inadequate design or the
presence of air holes in the core. It is
possible to lower it by wrapping the
primary and secondary coils over
each other. It can also be lowered if
the core is well-designed.
Windings Resistance: Because the wire
used for the windings has some
electrical resistance, energy is wasted
as a result of the heat generated in the
windings. These are mitigated in high
current, low voltage windings by
utilizing thick wire with a high
conductive substance.
Eddy Currents: The alternating
magnetic flux creates eddy currents in
the iron core, resulting in energy
losses through heating. By using a
laminated core, the impact is
decreased.
Hysteresis Loss: In each AC cycle, the
alternating magnetic field reverses
the magnetization of the core. The
loss of energy in the core occurs as
heat owing to hysteresis loss, which is
minimized by employing a magnetic
material with a low hysteresis loss.
 Application of
Transformer

The following are some of the most

common uses for transformer:
1. Increasing or reducing the voltage
level in an AC circuit to ensure the
correct operation of the circuit’s
various electrical components.
2. It stops DC from flowing from one
circuit to another.
3. It separates two separate electric
circuits.
4. Before transmission and distribution
can take place, the voltage level at
the electric power plant must be
increased.
construction of step
up transformer
working model

MATERIALS REQUIRED-
Step-up transformer
Bulb
Battery
Transistor
Capacitor
Resistor
Connecting wires
Construction -
Assembling the circuit -
Connect one end of the primary coil of
the transformer to the positive
terminal of the battery.
Connect the other end of the primary
coil to the collector of the transistor.
Connect the emitter of the transistor
to the negative terminal of the battery.
Connect one end of the secondary coil
of the transformer to the base of the
transistor.
Connect the other end of the
secondary coil to one end of the
resistor.
Connect the other end of the resistor
to the positive terminal of the
capacitor.
Connect the negative terminal of the
capacitor to the negative terminal of
the battery.
 Connecting the Bulb-
Connect one end of the bulb to the
junction between the secondary coil and
the resistor.
Connect the other end of the bulb to the
negative terminal of the battery.

Adjustments-
Adjust the transformer turns ratio,
transistor properties, and resistor values
to control the voltage across the
transformer and achieve the desired
step-up effect.

Testing-
Power on the circuit and observe the
bulb. The step-up transformer should
increase the voltage, causing the bulb to
light up.
 Precautions -
Always turn off the power before
working with electrical components.
This includes unplugging devices and
turning off switches.
Ensure safety precautions while
working with electrical components,
and be cautious about voltage levels
to prevent damage or harm.
Avoid working with electrical
components in damp or wet
conditions to reduce the risk of
electrical shock.
Discharge capacitors before handling
them. Capacitors can store electrical
charge even after the power is turned
off.
Be aware of the current ratings of the
components and avoid overloading
circuits, as this can lead to
overheating and fires.
WORKING MODEL-
BIBLIOGRAPHY-

NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK XII

www.google.com
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/transformer/
chat.openai.com