Electric Machine-EEE 211N

Prof. Atif Iqbal

Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Aligarh Muslim University
Instructor

Atif Iqbal, Senior Member IEEE, MIE, MICTP

B.Sc. Engg. (Electrical Engg.)-1991 (Gold Medal)
M.Sc. Engg. (Power Systems & Drives)-1996 (Distinctions)
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
PhD (Power Electronics and Electric Drives)-2006
Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

Professor , Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Total Research papers: 242 (80 Journals)

Teaching Experience (24 years):

– AMU, Aligarh, India
– LJMU, Liverpool, UK
– Texas A&M University at Qatar
– Qatar University

2
 Course Objectives
• To introduce the basic concepts of transformers
(3-phase and 1-phase), voltage regulation and
testing of transformers, parallel operation,
Autotransformers, Phase transformation of
transformers.
• To introduce the basic concepts of Induction
machines (3-phase and 1-phase), production of
rotating magnetic field, circle diagram, effects of
space harmonics and Induction generators.
 Course Learning Outcome
• Apply the knowledge of electric machines in the
field
• Machine based problems can be solved
• Suggest the kind of machine suitable for field
work
• Can design and develop mew machines
• Can use modern tool for control
• Design the machines for environment friendly
• Can learn machine for life long
 Importance of This course?

• Electric motors are the work horse of industries

• Electric generators and motor are the back bone of the
modern life
• Nearly 80% of generated energy is consumed by
Electric motors
• Applications of electric machines are in all the sphere
of life

6
Basic concept of electrical machines
fundamentals
Almost all electric machines rotate around an axis, called the shaft of the
machines. It is important to have a basic understanding of rotational
motion.

Angular position θ : is the angle at which it is oriented, measured from

some arbitrary reference point. Its measurement units are in radians
(rad) or in degrees. It is similar to the linear concept of distance along a
line.

Conventional notation: +ve value for anticlockwise rotation

-ve value for clockwise rotation

7
8
Angular Velocity, ω: Defined as the velocity at which the measured point
is moving. Similar to the concept of standard velocity where:
dx
where: v=
dt
x – distance traverse by the body
t – time taken to travel the distance r

For a rotating body, angular velocity is formulated as:

(rad/s)
dθ
where: ω=
θ - Angular position dt
Angular acceleration, α: is defined as the rate of change in angular
velocity with respect to time. Its formulation is as shown:
(rad/s2)
dω
α=
dt
9
Torque, τ
• In a linear motion, a force applied to an object causes its velocity to
change. The greater the force applied to the object, the more rapidly its
velocity changes.

• Similarly in the concept of rotation, the greater the torque, the more
rapidly the angular velocity changes.

• Torque is known as a rotational force applied to a rotating body giving

angular acceleration.

• Torque Definition: (Nm)

‘Product of force applied to the object and the smallest distance
between the line of action of the force and the object’s axis of
rotation’

10
 Direction
of rotation

rsin(180 − θ) = rsinθ

∴
=τ Force × perpendicular distance
= F × r sin θ
F

11
12
Induction Machines
 Content
• The production of Rotating Magnetic Field
• Construction
• Basic principle of operation
• The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor.
• Power flow in an induction motor.
• Torque-Speed Characteristics
• Starting of Induction Motors
• Speed Control of Induction Motor
• Testing of Induction motor

14
 Magnetic field current
Synchronous is supplied by a
machines separate DC power
AC source
machines Field current is
Induction supplied by magnetic
machines induction into their
field windings

15
Induction machine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSGhMiED79U&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPChGNbDrrg&feature=related
16
17
18
19
20
 44 MW at 144 rpm (Three-phase motor)

9/4/2015 Expert Lecture-BRCM-Bahal 21

 11.2 MW at 130 rpm-Three-phase Induction motor

Length 6.7 m

Width 6 m

Height 4 m

Weight 102 t

9/4/2015 Expert Lecture-BRCM-Bahal 22

 20 MW at 180 rpm, 15-phase Induction Motor

Length 3.3 m

Width 3 m

Height 3.6 m

9/4/2015 Expert Lecture-BRCM-Bahal 23

 2500 kW, 9kV variable speed
deepwater subsea motor in
super duplex stainless steel
rated at 240bar. Driving a
multiphase pump.

9/4/2015 Expert Lecture-BRCM-Bahal 24

 21,000kW variable
speed synchronous
propulsion motor for
cruise liner.

9/4/2015 Expert Lecture-BRCM-Bahal 25

Assembling of a 36.5 MW ship propulsion motor for the
U S Navy

9/4/2015 Expert Lecture-BRCM-Bahal 26

Introduction

Three-phase induction motors are the most

common and frequently used machines in
industry
 Simple design,
 Rugged,
 Cheap,
 Maintenance free,
 Run at constant speed from no-load to full load,
 Off the shelf availability

27
Construction
An induction motor
has two main parts
a stationary stator
consisting of a steel
frame that supports a
hollow, cylindrical core
core, constructed from
stacked laminations,
having a number of
evenly spaced slots,
providing the space for
the stator winding

Stator of IM

28
Rotor
Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
wound-rotor or slip ring: complete set of three-phase windings
exactly as the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three rotor
wires are connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft. In this way, the
rotor circuit is accessible.

slip rings

29
 Squirrel Cage Rotor

•The cage is constructed from

rotor bars (generally copper),
• The bars are then shorted
together with end rings at either
end
• There are no slip rings nor any
DC excitation supplied to the
rotor
• It is a cylindrical not salient
 squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at
both ends by shorting rings.

31
The Rotating Magnetic Field
Conditions for producing rotating magnetic filed
120 degree phase shift in the space
120 degree phase shift in time

Ba = Bm sin (ωt ) ωt = 0 ωt = 90
Bb = Bm sin (ωt − 120 ) Ba = 0 Ba = Bm
Bc = Bm sin (ωt − 240 ) 1
3
Bb = − Bm Bb = − Bm
2 2
1
Bc =
3
Bm Bc = − Bm
2 2

32
  π  π
Bnet (t ) = Ba exp(0 ) + Bb exp j 2  + Bc exp j 4 
 3  3
 π  π  π  π
= Bm sin (ωt ) exp(0 ) + Bm sin  ωt − 2  exp j 2  + Bm sin  ωt − 4  exp j 4 
 3  3  3  3
  π  π 
=  Bm sin (ωt ) − 0.5Bm sin  ωt − 2  − 0.5Bm sin  ωt − 4  +
  3  3 
  π  π 
j  Bm sin (ωt ) +
3 3
Bm sin  ωt − 2  − Bm sin  ωt − 4 
 2  3 2  3 

Bm sin (ωt ) − j Bm cos(ωt )

3 3
=
2 2

Note: Change the phase sequence and determine the Bnet

33
 The resultant Magnetic field at wt = 0

Bnet = Ba < 0 + Bb < 120 + Bc < 240

3
= Bm < −90
2

The resultant Magnetic field at wt = 90

Bnet = Ba < 0 + Bb < 120 + Bc < 240

3
= Bm < 0
2
34
 Rotating Magnetic Field

 Balanced three phase windings, i.e. mechanically displaced

120 degrees form each other, fed by balanced three phase
source

 A rotating magnetic field with constant magnitude is

produced, rotating with a speed
120 f
ns = rpm
p
Where f is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and ns is called the synchronous speed in
rpm (revolutions per minute)

35
 Synchronous speed

P ns(@50 Hz) ns(@ 60 Hz)

2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600

36
Rotating Magnetic Field

37
Rotating Magnetic Field

38
39
Space Vector

40
41
 Principle of Operation

 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and

produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited,
for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, an induced current
flows in the rotor windings
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields

τ=
ind kBR × Bs
Where τind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
42
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is
the same speed of the rotating magnetic field,
then the rotor will appear stationary to the
rotating magnetic field and the rotating magnetic
field will not cut the rotor. So, no induced
current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated.

When the rotor speed is less than the

synchronous speed, the rotating magnetic field
will cut the rotor windings and a torque is
produced

43
 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower
than the synchronous speed
 The difference between the motor speed
and the synchronous speed is called the
Slip
nslip = ns − n

Where nslip= slip speed

ns = speed of the magnetic field
n = mechanical shaft speed of the motor

44
 Slip in Induction Machine

ns − n
s=
ns

Where s is the slip

Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by
multiplying the above eq. by 100, notice that the slip
is a ratio and doesn’t have units
45
 Induction Motors and Transformers

 Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced voltage

– Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings produce an induced

voltage in the secondary windings

– Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings produce an

induced voltage in the rotor windings

– The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor, the secondary
windings can move

– Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of the IM), the
induced voltage in it does not have the same frequency of the stator (the
primary) voltage

46
 Rotor Frequency
The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is
given by

fr =
p
(ns − n )
120

fr =
p
(sns )
120
= sf
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
ns = synchronous speed (rpm)
f = Stator frequency (Hz)

47
• The frequency of the rotor’s induced voltage at any
speed n?
f r = sf
• When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of the
induced voltage is equal to the supply frequency

• On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous

speed (s = 0), the frequency will be zero

• Under full-load condition the slip is small and hence the

rotor induced voltage frequency is also very small of the
order of few Hz.

48
 Torque
 While the input to the induction motor is
electrical power, its output is mechanical power
Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft
will introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This
torque is related to the motor output power and
the rotor speed

Pout 2πn
Tload = N .m and ωm = rad / s
ωm 60

• Another unit used to measure mechanical

power is the horse power (1 hp=746 Watt)
49
Prob.1 A 208 V, 10 hp, 4-pole, 60 Hz, star connected induction motor has a
percentage slip of 5%, calculate (a) synchronous speed, (b) actual speed (c) rotor
frequency (d) torque
51
Induction motor equivalent Circuit
The induction motor is similar to the transformer
with the exception that its secondary is the rotor
that is free to rotate.
The overall equivalent circuit of an IM on per-
phase basis can be drawn as;

I1 R1 jX 1 I 2' a R2 jsX 2
Iφ Im
Ic
Rc X m E1 sE2
V1

52
 Equivalent Circuit

E 2 = 4.44 f r N 2 k wφmax
E2 = 4.44 sfN eff φmax

kw= Winding factor less than 1

Under Blocked Rotor Condition s =1 and under running

condition the induced voltage in the rotor is sE2

X 2 = 2πf r L2 = 2πsfL2
Under Blocked Rotor Condition s =1 and under running
condition the leakage reactance in the rotor is sX2

53
 Simplifying the equivalent circuit
Writing KVL equation in the rotor circuit
E1 N1eff
= =a sE2 = I 2 [R2 + jsX 2 ] - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
E2 N 2eff
R 
E2 = I 2  2 + jX 2 
I2  s 
=a
I 2' E1 R 
= aI 2'  2 + jX 2 
a  s 
R 
E1 = a 2 I 2'  2 + jX 2 
 s 
 2
' a R2

E1 = I 2  + ja X 2 
2

 s 
 '
' R2

E1 = I2  + jX 2'  - - - - - - - - - - - (2)
R2' = a R2
2
 s 
Equations (1) and (2) are equivalent
X 2' = a X2
2
And hence the equivalent circuit can be
54
drawn as;
Now the exact equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction
machine

R2' R2' 1 
= + R2' − R2' = R2'  − 1 + R2'
s s s 
Represents copper loss
Represents Mechanical Power Developed
55
 Equivalent Circuit

I1 R1 jX 1 I 2' R2' jX 2'

Iφ
Ic 1 
Im R2'  −1
Rc Xm E1 s 
V1

56
Power flow in induction motor

PRCL = 3I 22 R2
PSCL = 3 I12 R1

57
 Power Equations
Air-gap power is the total power input to the rotor and hence air-gap
power per-phase is given as:

PAG = ( )
' 2
I2
R2'
s
Total Air-gap power is the sum of the rotor copper losses and mechanical power developed

Rotor copper loss per-phase is given as:

PRCL = ( )
' 2 '
I 2 R2 = sPAG

Mechanical power developed per-phase is given as:

Pmech = ( )
' 2 ' 1
I 2 R2 

( )
' 2 ' 1 − s 
− 1 = I 2 R2 
s   s 
 = PAG [1 − s ]

Shaft Power = Output power = Mechanical Power Developed – Mechanical Losses

58
PAG Pmech

1 1-s

PRCL
s
59
 Torque

ω m = Actual mechanical speed in rad/s

ωs = Synchronous speed in rad/s
ωe = Frequency in rad/s
Prot = Rotational Losses

60
61
Example
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is
drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper
losses are 2 kW, and the rotor copper losses are
700 W. The friction and windage losses are 600 W,
the core losses are 1800 W, and the stray losses are
negligible. Find the following quantities:
1. The air-gap power PAG.
2. The power converted Pconv.
3. The output power Pout.
4. The efficiency of the motor.

62
 Solution
1. Pin = 3VL I L cos θ
= 3 × 480 × 60 × 0.85 = 42.4 kW
PAG =Pin − PSCL − Pcore
= 42.4 − 2 − 1.8
= 38.6 kW
2. Pconv
= PAG − PRCL
700
=38.6 − =37.9 kW
1000

=
P Pconv − PF &W
3. out

600
=37.9 − =37.3 kW
1000

63
 37.3
=
Pout = 50 hp
0.746

Pout
η
= ×100%
4. Pin
37.3
= ×100 = 88%
42.4

64
Example
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60 Hz, four-pole, Y-connected induction motor
has the following impedances in ohms per phase referred to
the stator circuit:
R1= 0.641Ω R2= 0.332Ω
X1= 1.106 Ω X2= 0.464 Ω XM= 26.3 Ω
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are assumed to be
constant. The core loss is lumped in with the rotational
losses. For a rotor slip of 2.2 percent at the rated voltage and
rated frequency, find the motor’s
4. Pconv and Pout
1. Speed
5. τind and τload
2. Stator current
6. Efficiency
3. Power factor
65
 Solution

120 f e 120 × 60
1. =
nsync = = 1800 rpm
P 4
nm =−(1 s )nsync =−
(1 0.022) ×1800 =
1760 rpm
R2 0.332
Z 2 = + jX 2 = + j 0.464
2. s 0.022
= 15.09 + j 0.464 = 15.1∠1.76° Ω
1 1
= Zf =
1/ jX M + 1/ Z 2 − j 0.038 + 0.0662∠ − 1.76°
1
= = 12.94∠31.1° Ω
0.0773∠ − 31.1°

66
 Z=
tot Z stat + Z f
= 0.641 + j1.106 + 12.94∠31.1° Ω
= 11.72 + j 7.79
= 14.07∠33.6° Ω
460∠0°
Vφ 3 = 18.88∠ − 33.6° A
=
I1 =
Z tot 14.07∠33.6°
= PF cos= 33.6° 0.833 lagging
3. Pin = 3VL I L cos θ = 3 × 460 ×18.88 × 0.833 =12530 W
4. SCL
P = 3 I 2
1 1R = 3(18.88) 2
× 0.641 = 685 W
PAG =Pin − PSCL =12530 − 685 =11845 W

67
 Pconv =
(1 − s ) PAG =
(1 − 0.022)(11845) =
11585 W

Pout = Pconv − PF &W =11585 − 1100 =10485 W

10485
= = 14.1 hp
746
5. PAG 11845
τ ind =
= = 62.8 N.m
ωsync 2π × 1800
60
Pout 10485
τ= = = 56.9 N.m
load
ωm 2π ×1760
60
6. Pout 10485
η= ×100% = ×100 = 83.7%
Pin 12530

68
Torque, power by using Thevenin’s Theorem

Thevenin’s theorem can be used to transform

the network to the left of points ‘a’ and ‘b’ into
an equivalent voltage source VTH in series with
equivalent impedance RTH+jXTH

69
 jX M XM
VTH = Vφ | VTH |=| Vφ |
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) R12 + ( X 1 + X M ) 2
RTH + jX TH =( R1 + jX 1 ) // jX M

70
Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1
XM
VTH ≈ Vφ
X1 + X M

Because XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R

2 1
 XM 
RTH ≈ R1  
 X1 + X M 
X TH ≈ X 1

71
 VTH VTH
=
I2 =
ZT  R2 
2

 TH
R +  + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2

 s 
Then the power converted to mechanical (Pconv)
( ) 2 1 
Pmech = 3 I 2 R2  − 1
s 
And the mechanical torque developed (Tmech)

R2
3I 22
P P s = PAG
Tmech = mech = mech =
ωm [1 − s]ω s ωs ωs

72
 2
 
 
3  VTH   R2 
Tmech =    s 
ωs 
  
2
 R + R2  + ( X + X ) 2
  TH s  TH 2 
 

 R2 
3V  
2
TH
Tmech =
1  s 
ωs  R2 
2

+  + ( X TH + X 2 )
2
 RTH
 s 

73
Torque-speed characteristics

Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

74
 Comments

1. The motor generates torque at zero speed (self starting

property)
2. The torque developed is zero at synchronous speed.

3. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and full

load. In this range, the rotor resistance is much greater
than the reactance, so the rotor current, torque
increase linearly with the slip.

4. There is a maximum possible torque that can’t be

exceeded. This torque is called pullout torque and is 2
to 3 times the rated full-load torque.

75
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher
than its full-load torque, so the motor will start
carrying any load it can supply at full load.

5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as

the square of the applied voltage.

6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed

it will run as a generator, converting mechanical
power to electric power.

76
Speed-torque characteristics

77
78
79
 Maximum torque

Maximum torque occurs when the power

transferred to R2/s is maximum.
This condition occurs when R2/s equals the
magnitude of the impedance RTH + j (XTH + X2)
R2
= 2
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2
sTmax

R2
sTmax =
+ ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2
RTH

80
 Maximum Torque

The corresponding maximum torque of an

induction motor equals
 2 
1  3VTH 
Tmax = 
2ω s  R + R 2 + ( X + X )2 
 TH TH TH 2 

81
Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed characteristic

82
Effects of adding external resistance in
the rotor
• The starting torque increases
• The starting current decreases
• The maximum torque remains constant
• The slip at which maximum torque occurs
increases or in other words the speed at which
maximum torque occurs decreases.
• Rotor copper loss increases.
• The starting performance improves but the
running performance detoriates.

83
84
85
Example

A two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor supplies 15kW to a load

at a speed of 2950 rpm.
1. What is the motor’s slip?
2. What is the induced torque in the motor in N.m under
these conditions?
3. What will be the operating speed of the motor if its
torque is doubled?
4. How much power will be supplied by the motor when
the torque is doubled?

86
 Solution

120 f e 120 × 50
1. =
nsync = = 3000 rpm
P 2
nsync − nm 3000 − 2950
= s = = 0.0167 or 1.67%
nsync 3000

 no Pf +W given
2.
∴ assume Pconv = Pload and τ ind = τ load
Pconv 15 ×103
τ ind =
= = 48.6 N.m
ωm 2π
2950 ×
60

87
3. In the low-slip region, the torque-speed curve
is linear and the induced torque is direct
proportional to slip. So, if the torque is
doubled the new slip will be 3.33% and the
motor speed will be
nm =
(1 − s )nsync =
(1 − 0.0333) × 3000 =
2900 rpm
Pconv = τ ind ωm
2π
=(2 × 48.6) × (2900 × ) =29.5 kW
60
4.

88
Example
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60-Hz, four-pole, Y-connected wound-rotor
induction motor has the following impedances in ohms
per phase referred to the stator circuit
R1= 0.641Ω R2= 0.332Ω
X1= 1.106 Ω X2= 0.464 Ω XM= 26.3 Ω
1. What is the maximum torque of this motor? At what
speed and slip does it occur?
2. What is the starting torque of this motor?
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed at
which the maximum torque now occur? What is the new
starting torque of the motor?
4. Calculate and plot the T-s c/c for both cases.

89
 Solution

XM
VTH = Vφ
R12 + ( X 1 + X M ) 2
460
× 26.3
= 3 255.2 V
(0.641) + (1.106 + 26.3)
2 2

2
 XM 
RTH ≈ R1  
 1
X + X M 
2
 26.3 
≈ (0.641)   =
0.590Ω
 1.106 + 26.3 
X TH ≈ X 1= 1.106Ω

90
 R2
1. sTmax =
2
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2
0.332
= 0.198
(0.590) 2 + (1.106 + 0.464) 2

The corresponding speed is

nm =−
(1 s )nsync =−
(1 0.198) ×1800 =
1444 rpm

91
The torque at this speed is

1  3VTH2 
τ max =  
2ωs  R + R + (X + X ) 
2 2
 TH TH TH 2 
3 × (255.2) 2
=
2π
2 × (1800 × )[0.590 + (0.590) 2 + (1.106 + 0.464) 2 ]
60
= 229 N.m

92
2. The starting torque can be found from the
torque eqn. by substituting s = 1
2  R2 
3V  
TH
τ start τ=
=
1  s 
ind s =1
ωs  R 
2

 RTH + 2  + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2
 s  s =1

3VTH2 R2
=
ωs [( RTH + R2 ) + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2 ]
2

3 × (255.2) 2 × (0.332)
=
2π
1800 × × [(0.590 + 0.332) 2 + (1.106 + 0.464) 2 ]
60
= 104 N.m

93
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, then the slip at
maximum torque doubles too
R2
sTmax = 0.396
2
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2

The corresponding speed is

nm =−
(1 s )nsync =−
(1 0.396) ×1800 =
1087 rpm

The maximum torque is still

τmax = 229 N.m

94
The starting torque is now
3 × (255.2) 2 × (0.664)
τ start =
2π
1800 × × [(0.590 + 0.664) 2 + (1.106 + 0.464) 2 ]
60
= 170 N.m

95
Variations in Induction Motor Torque-Speed
Characteristics
HIGH resistance rotor LOW resistance rotor

Starting torque HIGH Starting torque LOW, HIGH

starting current

Slip HIGH at normal conditions

Slip LOW at normal conditions

Pconv = (1-s) PAG

S increase, PAG decrease, and Pconv = (1-s) PAG
efficiency decrease. S decrease, PAG increase, and
efficiency increase.

96
A torque-speed characteristic curve combining high-resistance effects at
low speeds (high slip) with low resistance effects at high speed (low slip).

97
Determination of motor parameters
 Due to the similarity between the induction
motor equivalent circuit and the transformer
equivalent circuit, same tests are used to
determine the values of the motor
parameters.
DC test: determine the stator resistance R1
No-load test: determine the rotational losses, the
stator core losses and magnetization current
(similar to no-load test in Transformers).
Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and stator
impedances (similar to short-circuit test in
Transformers).

98
DC test
 The purpose of the DC test is to determine R1. A
variable DC voltage source is connected between two
stator terminals.
 The DC source is adjusted to provide approximately
rated stator current, and the resistance between the
two stator leads is determined from the voltmeter
and ammeter readings.

99
then VDC
RDC =
I DC

If the stator is Y-connected, the per phase

stator resistance is
RDC
R1 =
2

If the stator is delta-connected, the per phase

stator resistance is
3
R1 = RDC
2
100
No-load test

 The motor is allowed to rotate without load

 The only load on the motor is the friction and windage
losses, and stator core losses, so all Pconv is consumed by
mechanical losses and the stator core losses
 The slip is very small

101
 At this small slip, the equivalent circuit reduces
to…

102
 At the no-load conditions, the input power
measured by power meters must equal the losses
in the motor.
 The PRCL is negligible because I2 is extremely small
because R2(1-s)/s is very large.
 The input power equals
Pin = PSCL + Pcore + PF &W
= 3I12 R1 + Prot

Where =
Prot Pcore + PF &W

103
 The equivalent input impedance is thus
approximately

Vφ
Z eq = ≈ X1 + X M
I1,nl

If X1 can be found, in some other fashion, the

magnetizing impedance XM will be known

104
Blocked-rotor test

In this test, the rotor is locked or blocked so that

it cannot move, a reduced voltage is applied to
the motor so that rated current starts flowing,
and the resulting voltage, current and power are
measured.

105
The locked-rotor power factor can be found as

Pin
= =
PF cos θ
3Vl I l

The magnitude of the total impedance

Vφ
Z LR =
I

106
 Z=
LR RLR + jX '
LR

= Z LR cos θ + j Z LR sin θ

RLR= R1 + R2
= X 1' + X 2'
'
X LR

Where X’1 and X’2 are the stator and rotor

reactances at the test frequency respectively
=
R2 RLR − R1

f rated '
=
X LR = X1 + X 2
X LR
ftest
107
 X1 and X2 as function of XLR

Rotor Design X1 X2

Wound rotor 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Design A 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Design B 0.4 XLR 0.6 XLR

Design C 0.3 XLR 0.7 XLR

Design D 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

108
Example
The following test data were taken on a 7.5-hp, four-pole, 208-V, 60-Hz, design
A, Y-connected IM having a rated current of 28 A.

DC Test:
VDC = 13.6 V IDC = 28.0 A
No-load Test:
Vl = 208 V f = 60 Hz
I = 8.17 A Pin = 420 W
Locked-rotor Test:
Vl = 25 V f = 15 Hz
I = 27.9 A Pin = 920 W

(a) Sketch the per-phase equivalent circuit of this motor.

(b) Find the slip at pull-out torque, and find the value of the pull-out torque.

109
• R1 = 0.243 X1 = 0.67, Xm = 14.03, X2= 0.67, R2
= 0.151
• SmaxT = 0.111
• Tmax = 66.2 Nm

110
 Starting of Induction Machines
• At start the s = 1 and hence the rotor is like a
short circuit (see the equivalent circuit)
• The machine draws a large amount of current
called initial inrush.
• This may be damaging.
• Hence starters are used to start the machine
safely.

111
 Starters
• D.O.L (direct on-line starters) for small
machines
• Auto-transformer
• Star-Delta

112
STARTING OF INDUCTION MOTORS
Auto-Transformer
Star-Delta Starter

115
When the start button is
pressed, the relay coil M is
energized, causing the normally
open contacts M1, M2, M3 to
close. When these contacts
closes, power is applied to the
induction motor, and the motor
starts. Contact M4 also shut,
which shorts out the starting
switch, allowing the operator to
release it without removing
from the M relay. When the stop
button is pressed the M relay is
denergized, and M contacts
open, stopping the motor
 Working of three-step resistive starter
• The starting circuit uses resistors to reduce the starting current
flow. This circuit is similar to the previous one except additional
components to control the removal of starting resistors.
• Relays 1TD, 2TD and 3TD are called time delay relays, meaning that
when they are energized there is a set time delay before their
contacts shut.
• When the M contacts close, 1TD is energized. However, there is a
finite delay before the 1TD contacts close. During this time the
motor partially speed up, and the starting current drops off some.
• After that time, the 1TD contacts close, cutting out part of the
starting resistance and simultaneously energizing the 2TD relay.
• After another delay, the 2TD contacts shut, cuttting out the second
part of the resistor and energizing the 3TD relay.
• Finally the 3TD contact close, and the entire starting resistor is out
of the circuit.

118
 Speed Control of Induction Machine
• Pole Changing
• Line frequency change
• Line voltage change
• By changing rotor resistance
• v/f = constant
• Vector Control and Direct Torque control

119
Time and Space Harmonics in
Induction Machine

120
121
122
123
124
125
126
Space Harmonics

127
128
129
Effect on T-Speed Curve

130
131
• XXXXX THE END XXXX

132