Asphalt Pavement

CONSTRUCTION

By: TINSAE M. (MSc.)

 OUTLINES
1. INTRODUCTION
1. General
2. CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
1. General
2. Bitumen Road Layers
2. 2.1. Prime Coat
2.2.2. Binder Course construction
2. 2.3. Tack Coat
2.2.4. Surface course construction
2. 2.5. SEAL COAT
2.3. PAVING EQUIPMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1. GENERAL
 Road construction covers:
-- new construction, re-construction
or rehabilitation, and improvements
of an existing road, overlays,…etc.
starting from earthwork and
finishing with top bituminous or
concrete surface.

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 INTRODUCTION
 Construction of highway requires a
broad knowledge about:-
i. Technical elements: - Materials
- Material quality
- Installation techniques
and
- Traffic control system

ii. Commercial elements: - Contract understanding

- Environment
- Political &legal aspects
of a project and
- Public concerns.
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 INTRODUCTION
Contract Plans
- Contract plans provide information related
to pavements for roadways. This
information includes:
The typical roadway cross sections describe
the location, thickness of pavement, width
of pavement and specific HMA mixture(s)
to which the roadway is to be constructed.
The plan sheets provide a visual
description of the roadway. These plans
also describe the roadway pavement width
at specific locations by station.
The cross sections provide information
regarding finish pavement line and grade
by station. 6
 INTRODUCTION

Highway pavement is
a structure composed
of:
 Sub grade
 Sub-base course
 Base course
 Surface course
2. CONSTRUCTION OF
ASPHALT CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION OF
BITUMINOUS LAYERS

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8
 2.1. GENERAL
Asphalt concrete :- is a composite paving
material that consists primarily of asphalt
binder and mineral aggregate commonly used
for the construction of the top course of an
asphalt pavement or surface courses.
 HMA mixtures are composed of carefully
graded coarse and fine aggregates, mineral
filler when necessary, and asphaltic cement.
 HMA mixtures are placed on either a prepared
gravel base on new pavement structures, or an
existing pavement structure for overlay
projects.
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 2.1. GENERAL
Mix design- Before construction of roads ,it is
very important to determine the proportion of
bitumen and the proportion of aggregate to be
used.
 The quality of locally available aggregate
CA,FA and Filler materials should be tested for
the desired requirements.
What is Bitumen (Asphalt)?
 Bitumen is a binding material obtained by
fractional distillation of crude petroleum as an
end product.
 Bituminous materials are extensively used for
surfacing of roads and air port pavements
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 CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE

The overall objectives of JMF is:-

 To determine an economical blend and
gradations of aggregates (within the
specification limits).
 In order to provide a durable enough
asphalt mix
 To have a sufficient resistant mix to
permanent deformation
 To provide asphalt mix having a sufficient
voids in the total compacted mix.

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CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE

Job Mix Design procedures

 Gradation of aggregates
 Percentage of Bitumen to be used
 Method of Mixing
 Heating of material
 Temperature at which it is to hauled from
plant
 Temperature at which it is to be emptied on
road

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CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
Precautions before Mixture Application
 The surface upon which bitumen mix is
placed, should be thoroughly cleaned and
dried for at least 24 hours in dry weather.
 The surface free from irregularities,
potholes and depression.

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CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
Typical layers of a flexible pavement

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2.2. BITUMNIOUS ROAD LAYERS

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 2. 2.1. PRIME COAT
Prime Coat
 Prime coat is a thin Layers of Bitumen
Pavement which is sprayed, uniformly on the
base course.
 It is a low viscous liquid bituminous material
applied over an existing porous or absorbent
pavement surface like WBM.
 The entire surface covered evenly.
Prime Coat Application
 Use VG-40 usually 0.7- 1 kg/m2
 Temperature ~ 155 °C
 Content will depend on the porosity of
surface.
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 CONTINUED
 The functions of a prime coat can be
summarized as follows:
 It assists in promoting and maintaining
adhesion between the roadbase and a
surface treatment by pre-coating the
roadbase and penetrating surface voids.
 It helps to seal the surface pores in the
roadbase thus reducing the absorption of
the first spray of binder of the surface
treatment.

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 CONTINUED
 It helps to strengthen the roadbase near
its surface by binding the finer particles of
aggregate together.
 If the application of the surface treatment
is delayed for some reason it provides the
road base with a temporary protection
against rainfall and light traffic until the
surfacing can be laid.

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 CONTINUED
Prime Coat
Precautions
 Spray nozzles should be
at the correct height – h.
 Spraying should be
parallel to the road
surface.
 Surface should receive
bitumen from three
separate jets.
 No bituminous mixture
be placed before prime
coat has dried.
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2.2.2. BINDER COURSE CONSTRUCTION
Binder Course
 It is intermediate course between base and
surface course.
 Nominal sized aggregates rolled with
bitumen.
 Mix established by site trials.
 Ensure proper rolling
Binder course details
 Common thickness ranges from 75mm –
40mm.
 Material from hot mix plant
 hauled by tippers
 Laid using paver
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 CONTINUED
Functions of Asphalt base (Binder courses)
o Asphalt base (binder course) is made of
hot asphalt mixture and have the
following functions:-
 To level unevenness of base course
 To uniformly distribute the load
transmitted from surface course.

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 CONTINUED
Binder Course details
 Paver is a machine used to spread
premix
 It fitted with electronic sensors to achieve
required levels.
 Bitumen of grade VG-30
 Approx. bitumen content 4% - 5.5%
(percentage by weight of total mix)

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2. 2.3. TACK COAT
Tack Coat
 Tack coat is a very light application of
asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion diluted
with water.
 It provides proper bonding between binder
and surface course.
 It is generally applied on impervious
surface and done immediately before
surface course is laid.
 Common Grade VG-10
 Dosage 0.35- 0.45 kg/m2

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 2.2.4. SURFACE COURSE CONSTRUCTION
Surface Course
 Surface course is the top course of an
asphalt pavement, sometimes called the
wearing course.
 It is a structural part of the pavement
and it usually constructed by dense
graded hot-mix asphalt.
 Functions of Asphalt Surfaces
 To distribute traffic load to the
underlying layers.
 To resist shearing stress, wear and crack
due to traffic load.
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 CONTINUED
 To provide an even and non- skid surface
with comfortable drivability.
 To prevent rainwater from penetration
into the pavement
• Mixture of aggregates graded 25mm-
0.75mm (filler).

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 CONTINUED
Manufacturing of Mixture
 Mix must be manufactured in Hot mix
Plant.
 In hot mix plant, the aggregates should be
heated first, before adding bitumen.
 Aggregate should be mixed by continually
raking
 Bitumen of 150 °C is added to the
aggregates after reaches above 160 °C.
 Aggregate and Bitumen then be mixed in
temperature range of 135 °C to 163 °C
 Then transferred to dumpers for hauling
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 CONTINUED
Rolling- compaction
 Preferably, 8-10 tons statics or a vibratory
roller.
 Prevent standing on a newly laid material
 Start longitudinally from sides and move
towards center.
 Use water over roller drum to prevent
bitumen sticking
 Intermediate rolling with high vibration
setting
 Final rolling by light roller of weight 6-8
tones at speed of less than 5km/hr .
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CONTINUED

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 2. 2.5. SEAL COAT
Seal Coat  Bitumen of grade
 Seal coat is a VG-10
mixture of asphalt,  Dosage – 0.5kg/m2
mineral, fillers and
other various
mixtures.
 It is applied directly
to the top surface of
asphalt pavement.
 It can be applied by
rubber mop, broom
or mechanical spray
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 CONTINUED
 Seal coat application is used to water
proof the surface/to seal the surfacing
against the ingress of water and to
provide skid resistance.
 Grades of Bitumen
 Bitumen are grouped into different grades
 Based on their viscosity ,bitumen are
grouped as;
 VG - 10
 VG - 20
 VG - 30
 VG - 40

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 Mixing, Laying and Rolling Temperature for
Bituminous Mixes
Bitumen Bitumen Agg. Mix Laying Rolling
Viscosity Temp. Temp material Temp. Temp.
Grade (°C ) (°C ) Temp.
(°C
)

VG-40 160-170 160-175 160-170 150 min. 100min.

VG-30 150-165 150-170 150-165 140 min. 90min.

VG-20 145-165 145-170 145-165 135 min. 85min.

VG-10 140-160 140-165 140-160 130 min. 80min.

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 CONTINUED
Requirements of Bitumen Mix
 Durability:
 Resistance against weathering and
abrasive actions
 Weathering causes hardening due to loss of
volatiles in the bitumen.
 Abrsasion is due to wheel loads which causes
tensile strains on surfaces.
 Flexible :
 To resist the shrinkage and brittleness of
binder material that causes the surface to
crack
 To resist skidding which depends on the
surface texture and bitumen content.
2.3. PAVING EQUIPMENTS
 Paving Machines
- Most HMA mixtures are placed with a
paver.
 The paver spreads the mixture, in either a
uniform layer of a desired thickness or a
variable layer to a desired elevation and
cross section, ready for compaction.
 The paver consists of two basic units: a
tractor and a screed. The tractor receives,
conveys and augers the mixture to the
screed and propels the screed forward. The
tractor may be mounted on either rubber
tires or crawlers.
 CONTINUED
 The screed performs the actual placing of HMA
material to the desired width and thickness or
elevation, as shown in the sketch in Figure
below.
 The screed is towed by the tractor and is free to
float up or down until the bottom of the screed is
parallel with the grade over which it is traveling.

Figure : Typical Bituminous Paver

 CONTINUED
PAVING IN FULL WIDTH
 CONTINUED
MIXTURE TRANSPORTATION
 Mixture Transportation
 Ensure records of batch numbers are
received from hot mix plant.
 Truck beds be sprayed with soapy water,
thinned fuel oil, paraffin oil, lime solution.
 Trucks must be cleaned.
 Trucks be covered with suitable covering,
to protect from weather.
 Mixture Placing
 Surface depth controlled by mild steel
angles
 CONTINUED
Transportation of HMA material
MOTOR GRADER
PNEUMATIC ROLLER

dRUM ROLLER
CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE

IF ROADS ARE NOT

PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED

THEN WHAT HAPPEN?

Pavement Defects/Failure would
happen
 GROUP Assignment
EXPLAIN IN DETAIL
1. What are the Measurements units made for the
purpose of payment in clearing and excavation
activities?
2. What are the conditions that should be checked at
the finished subgrade top layer before laying of
GSB layer?
3. In excess of rolling operations for the subgrade
preparations can possibly be conducted at any
time. (T or F)
4. Low viscosity grades are used in cold climate
while high viscosity grades are generally
suitable for hot climate area. (T or F)
5. What are the necessary requirements that needs
to be satisfied for Bitumen Mix?
6. What are the functions of PRIME,TACK and SEAL
COAT?
 Cont’d
7. List the types of tests that needs to be conducted to
ascertain whether bituminous material can be
used for road construction or not?
8. How compaction should be done in construction of
Asphalt concrete?
9. List all types of Construction equipments to be
used in road construction.
10. What is the need for asphalt mix to have a
sufficient voids in the total compacted mix?
11. Mention the types of material that can be
considered unsuitable for construction of
embankment.
12. What are the methods that can be used for
construction of embankment in marshy area?
THANK YOU!!!