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Chapter 4 Grouping and Identifying Organisms

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30 views18 pages

Chapter 4 Grouping and Identifying Organisms

Uploaded by

wpwmabel
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 4

GROUPING AND IDENTIFYING


ORGANISMS

Prepared by: TAN QI HUAN


4.1 CHARACTERICTICS OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
Living things are called organisms. Living organisms have a set of seven characteristics that make
them different from non-living things.

Characteristics Explanation
Nutrition Plants feed by photosynthesis. Animals eat plants or other
animals.
Growth All living organisms grow.
Movement Living organisms can move.
Sensitivity Living organisms are sensitive to changes going around them.
Excretion Living organisms get rid of waste materials, such as carbon
dioxide.
Reproduction Living organisms can produce offspring.
Respiration Food is broken down inside cells to provide energy.
4.2 VIRUS
 https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=8FqlTslU22s
4.2 VIRUS

 Viruses are much smaller than cells.


 Electron microscope is used to see a virus.
 Viruses are not made of cells. They do not have a cell membrane or
cytoplasm.
 The outer layer of a virus is a coat made of protein
 The inner part of a virus contains RNA (ribonucleic acid)
RNA is made of little threads that contain a set
of coded instructions for making more viruses
How viruses replicate?

 Viruses cannot do anything at all on their own.


 They do not respire, feed, excrete or grow.
 They are not sensitive and cannot move.
 Viruses have to get into a living cell before they can make copies of
themselves.
 Some viruses contain spikes to help the virus attach to cells
How viruses replicate?

 When the viruses are inside the cell, each virus bursts open.
 The virus forces the cell to copy the instructions on its RNA and make
many new viruses.
 This is called replication.
 This kills the cell. Then the new viruses burst out of the dying cell, ready to
infect more cells.
Covid-19 virus

 https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=kyGPcPv-MP8
4.3 WHAT IS A SPECIES?

 A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce together to produce


fertile offspring
 Offspring means children
 Fertile means able to produce offspring
Variation

 Organisms of the same species


share the same characteristics
but they are not identical to
each other. There is variation
between each individual.
 Variation means the differences
between the individuals of the
same species.
 For example, house cats are all
the same species (Felis catus),
but they can have different
colours
4.3 WHAT IS A SPECIES?

 Organisms of different species usually cannot reproduce with one another.


 Very rarely, two organisms of different species do reproduce together.
 For example, a male lion and female tiger may reproduce together.
 Their offspring is called a liger.
 Ligers are healthy animals, but they cannot reproduce. They are infertile.
4.4 USING KEYS

 Biologists use keys to help them to identify organisms


 A key is a set of questions about the organism you want to identify
 The simplest key is called a dichotomous key
 Dichotomous means ‘branching into two’

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