Networking Definitions

ARPANET

The U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first public packet-
switched computer network. It was first used in 1969 and finally decommissioned in 1989.
ARPANET's main use was for academic and research purposes.

The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program created and funded by the
National Science Foundation to coordinate and promote advanced research and education in
networking in the United States. NSFNET served as a hub providing access to the five university
based super computer centers created by NSF

The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet,
people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.

Circuit switching is a type of network configuration in which a physical path is obtained and
dedicated to a single connection between two endpoints in the network for the duration of a
dedicated connection. Ordinary voice phone service uses circuit switching

Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks. These data chunks
or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer.

Bandwidth

is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized
as network bandwidth,[1] data bandwidth,[2] or digital bandwidth

data transfer rate (DTR) is the amount of digital data that's moved from one place to another in a
given time. The data transfer rate can be viewed as the speed of travel of a given amount of data
from one place to another.

PROTCOL

IN networking, a protocol is a standardized set of rules for formatting and processing data.
Protocols enable computers to communicate with one another.

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique numerical identifier for every device or network that
connects to the internet. Typically assigned by an internet service provider (ISP), an IP address is
an online device address used for communicating across the internet.

FOR EXAMPLE IP ADDRESS IS IN THE RANGE 0 TO 255 ie 12.34.55.203

communication channel

refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over
a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel in telecommunications and computer networking.

It refers to the medium on which data is transferred

Types

1. Guided /Cables 2.Wireless/Waves

1. Guided /Cables

1.Twisted pair cabling is a type of communications cable in which two conductors of a

single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility.
Compared to a single conductor or an untwisted balanced pair, a twisted pair
reduces electromagnetic radiation from the pair and crosstalk between neighbouring pairs and
improves rejection of external electromagnetic interference.

2. Co-axial cable

Coaxial cable conducts electrical signals using an inner conductor (usually a solid copper, stranded
copper or copper-plated steel wire) surrounded by an insulating layer and mesh of wires. Primarily
used by cable TV.

3. Fiber-optic cable

Also known as optic cables or optical fiber cables, they transfer data signals in the form of light
and travel hundreds of miles significantly faster than those used in traditional electrical cables.

Optical fiber consists of a core and a cladding layer.

2. Wireless media

1.Radio waves

a major component of a wireless telecommunications system that connects individual devices to

other parts of a network through a radio link.

Advantage:

1. offers mobility

2. Avoids digging of trenches

3. Can be used in difficult train.

Disadvantage

1. Insecure method

2. Badly effected by hostile weather

2. microwave
uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or data
between two locations, which can be from just a few feet or meters to several miles or kilometers
apart.

Advantage:

1. offers mobility

2. Avoids digging of trenches

3. Can be used in difficult train.

Disadvantage

1. Insecure method

2. Badly effected by hostile weather

Satellite Communication

A communication satellite is an artificial satellite that transmits the signal via a transponder by
creating a channel between the transmitter and the receiver at different Earth locations.
Telephone, radio, television, internet, and military applications use satellite communications.

Adv

1. covers a very large geographical area

2. Can be used in inter-continental communication

Disadvantage

1. Loss frequencies due to high atmospheric pressure

2. Very costly

Modem

stands for Modulator/Demodulator. The modem is defined as a networking device that is used to
connect devices connected in the network to the internet. The main function of a modem is to
convert the analog signals that come from telephone wire into a digital form.

Ethernet card

An Ethernet card enables a computer to access the Internet by means of an Ethernet cable. An
Ethernet port is necessary to connect the cable to the computer.

RJ45

The eight-pin RJ45 connector is a standardised interface which often connects a computer to a
Local Area Network (LAN).

repeater
In computer networks, a repeater is a device that amplifies and regenerates signals as they pass
through the network.

Hub

In networking, a hub is a device that links multiple computers and devices together.

Switch

A network switch connects devices in a network to each other, enabling them to talk by
exchanging data packets. Switches can be hardware devices that manage physical networks or
software-based virtual devices.

Router

A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks. It

serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data
packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet
connection.

Gateway

A computer that sits between different networks or applications. The gateway converts
information, data or other communications from one protocol or format to another.

WIFI

Wi-Fi is a wireless Fidelity technology used to connect computers, tablets, smartphones and
other devices to the internet. Wi-Fi is the radio signal sent from a wireless router to a nearby
device.

Topologies

A network topology is the physical and logical arrangement/pattern of connecting nodes in a

network. Nodes usually include devices such ascomputers, switches, routers etc.

Bus/Linear Topology

Bus topology is a type of network topology in which all devices are connected to a single cable
called a "bus."

Adv

1. Simple

2. Easy

3. Less costly

Dis Adv

1. Fault diagnosis is difficult

2. Fault isolation is difficult

3. If one node fails all will fail afterwards

Star topology

A star topology, sometimes known as a star network, is a network topology in which each device is
connected to a central hub each with separate cable length.

Adv

1. Simple

2. Easy

3. If one node fails other will work

Dis Adv

1. Costly compared to bus

2. Expansion of nodes are difficult

Tree

A tree topology, or star-bus topology, is a hybrid network topology in which star networks are
interconnected via bus networks. Tree networks are hierarchical, and each node can have an
arbitrary number of child nodes

Same advantages and disadvantages of bus/linear topology

Protocol: In networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data. Network
protocols are TCP/IP,HTTP.FTP etc.

HTTP:

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative,

hypermedia information systems that allows users to communicate data on the World Wide Web.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol):is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of files from one
host to another over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a TCP/IP protocol that is used to connect one computer system to
another. Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone network or the Internet.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving email.
SMTP is used most commonly by email clients, including Gmail, Outlook, Apple Mail and Yahoo
Mail. SMTP can send and receive email,
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a suite of communication
protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet.

TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet

IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right destination

Protocol: In networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data. Network
protocols are TCP/IP,HTTP.FTP etc.

HTTP:

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative,

hypermedia information systems that allows users to communicate data on the World Wide Web.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol):is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of files from one
host to another over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a TCP/IP protocol that is used to connect one computer system to
another. Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone network or the Internet.

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is nothing more than the address of a given
unique resource on the Web. In theory, each valid URL points to a unique resource. Such resources
can be an HTML page, a CSS document, an image, etc

Extensible Markup Language (XML) lets you define and store data in a shareable manner. XML
supports information exchange between computer systems such as websites, databases,

Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients
to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Today, POP version 3 (POP3) is the most commonly used
version. Together with IMAP, it is one of the most common protocols for email retrieval.

HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. HTTPS is an extension of HTTP and is used
for secure communication over a digital network, most often the Internet.\

Telnet is a protocol that allows you to connect to remote computers (called hosts) over a TCP/IP
network (such as the internet). Using telnet client software on your computer, you can make a
connection to a telnet server (that is, the remote host).

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows you to make voice calls using a
broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.

The World Wide Web—commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web—is a system of
interconnected public webpages accessible through the Internet.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the basic scripting language used by web browsers to
render pages on the world wide web. HyperText allows a user to click a link and be redirected to a
new page referenced by that link.
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that provides rules to define any data.
Unlike other programming languages, XML cannot perform computing operations by itself.
Instead, any programming language or software can be implemented for structured data
management

Diff b/w HTML and XML

TML XHTML

XHTML stands for Extensible Hypertext

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.
Markup Language.

It was developed by W3C i.e World Wide Web

It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee.
Consortium.

It was developed in 1991. It was released in 2000.

It is extended from SGML. It is extended from XML and HTML.

The format is a document file format. The format is a markup language.

All tags and attributes are not necessarily to be In this, every tag and attribute should be in
in lower or upper case. lower case.

Doctype is very necessary to write at the top of

Doctype is not necessary to write at the top.
the file.

A domain name is a unique, easy-to-remember address used to access websites, such as

'google.com', and 'facebook.com'. Users can connect to websites using domain names thanks to
the DNS(domain name system).
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is nothing more than the address of a given
unique resource on the Web. In theory, each valid URL points to a unique resource. Such resources
can be an HTML page, a CSS document, an image, etc

A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain
name and published on at least one web server

Web Browser: A software application used to access information on the World Wide Web is called
a Web Browser. When a user requests some information, the web browser fetches the data from a
web server and then displays the webpage on the user’s screen

Web server is a computer that stores web server software and a website's component files (for
example, HTML documents, images, CSS stylesheets, and JavaScript files). A web server connects
to the Internet and supports physical data interchange with other devices connected to the web

Web hosting makes the files that comprise a website (code, images, etc.) available for viewing
online. Every website you’ve ever visited is hosted on a server.

Python Files
Seek() function is used change the position of the file pointer by placing the file pointer at the
specified position of the file pointer by placing the file pointer at the specified position in the open
file.

Fileobj.seej(offset,[mode]) //[mode] optional

Mode is a number 0,1 or 2

0 for beginning of the file

1 for current postion

2 for end of file