University of Engineering and Technology Taxila

Computer Engineering Department

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Data Structure and Algorithm

Lab Manual # 01

Lab Instructor: Engr. Shahryar Khan

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Computer Engineering Department
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Lab Title: Python Basics and

Foundations

Lab Overview
This lab focuses on introducing Python to beginners, providing a strong
foundation in the language's core constructs. It is designed to cover
essential topics like variables, data types, strings, Boolean logic, control
structures, and Python collections. The lab consists of guided tasks to help
students gain hands-on experience, along with exercises to test their
understanding. At the end of this lab, students will be equipped with the
basic knowledge required to advance into more complex programming
concepts.

Lab Objectives
1. Familiarize students with Python syntax and programming basics.
2. Understand and work with variables, data types, and strings.
3. Learn the concepts of Boolean logic, operators, and control
structures.
4. Explore Python collections such as lists, tuples, sets, and
dictionaries.
5. Introduce the use of functions and arrays.

Lab Requirements
 Install Python: Download and install Python 3.10+ from python.org.
 Install VSCode: Download and install Visual Studio Code from
code.visualstudio.com.
 Add Python Extension in VSCode: Open VSCode → Go to Extensions
(Ctrl+Shift+X) → Search for "Python" → Install.
 Install Code Runner Extension: In VSCode Extensions, search for
"Code Runner" and install it to run Python programs easily.
 Verify Python Installation: Open a terminal or command prompt and
type python --version to confirm Python is installed correctly.
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 Set Up Workspace: Create a folder for lab exercises (e.g.,
Python_Labs) and open it in VSCode as your workspace.
 Reference Official Documentation: Use the Python official
documentation (https://docs.python.org/3/) and sample programs to
enhance learning.

Guided Tasks
Task 1: Python Variables
Objective: Learn how to define and use variables in Python.

Steps:

1. Open a Python file in VSCode (e.g., lab1_task1.py).

2. Write the following program

# Define variables

name = "Alice"

age = 25

is_student = True

# Print variables

print("Name:", name)

print("Age:", age)

print("Is Student:", is_student)

What You Learn: How to declare variables and store data in Python.

Expected Output
Name: Alice

Age: 25

Is Student: True

Task 2: Python Data Types

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Objective: Understand different Python data types and their use.

Create a file task2.py in VSCode and type the following program.

# Data types

integer_value = 10

float_value = 20.5

string_value = "Hello Python"

boolean_value = True

# Print data types

print(type(integer_value))

print(type(float_value))

print(type(string_value))

print(type(boolean_value))

What You Learn: The common data types in Python and how to check
them using type().

Expected Output:

<class 'int'>

<class 'float'>

<class 'str'>

<class 'bool'>

Task 3: Python Numbers and Type Conversions

Objective: Learn how to perform operations on numbers and convert
data types.

Steps:

Write the following code:

# Numbers and conversions

num = 10
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decimal = 5.7

text = "123"

# Arithmetic operations

print("Sum:", num + decimal)

print("Product:", num * decimal)

# Type conversions

print("Integer to Float:", float(num))

print("String to Integer:", int(text))

What You Learn: Arithmetic operations and type conversion methods

like int() and float().
Expected Output:
Sum: 15.7

Product: 57.0

Integer to Float: 10.0

String to Integer: 123

Task 4: Python Strings

Objective: Explore string slicing, concatenation, and commonly used
methods.

Steps

Write the following program

text = "Python Programming"

# Slicing

print("First 6 characters:", text[:6])

print("Last 6 characters:", text[-6:])

# Concatenation

greeting = "Hello, "

print("Greeting:", greeting + text)

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# String methods

print("Uppercase:", text.upper())

print("Replace 'Python' with 'Java':", text.replace("Python", "Java"))

What You Learn: String manipulation and using methods like upper() and
replace().

Expected Output:
First 6 characters: Python

Last 6 characters: mming

Greeting: Hello, Python Programming

Uppercase: PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Replace 'Python' with 'Java': Java Programming

Task 5: Python Boolean

Objective: Understand how Boolean values work and how to use them.

Steps:

Write the following code

# Boolean values

a = 10

b = 20

print("Is a equal to b?", a == b)

print("Is a less than b?", a < b)

print("Logical AND:", a < b and b > 15)

print("Logical OR:", a > b or b > 15)

What You Learn: Boolean operations and logical expressions.

Expected Output:
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Is a equal to b? False

Is a less than b? True

Logical AND: True

Logical OR: True

Task 6: Python Operators

Objective: Learn and use Python's various operators.

Steps

Write the following program

x = 15

y=4

# Arithmetic operators

print("Addition:", x + y)

print("Division:", x / y)

# Comparison operators

print("Is x greater than y?", x > y)

# Logical operators

print("Logical AND:", x > 10 and y < 5)

What You Learn: Arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators.

Expected Output:
Addition: 19

Division: 3.75

Is x greater than y? True

Logical AND: True

Task 7: Python Lists

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Computer Engineering Department
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Objective: Learn to work with Python lists and perform operations.
Steps

Write the following code

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

# Accessing list items

print("First fruit:", fruits[0])

# Modifying list

fruits.append("orange")

print("List after adding orange:", fruits)

# Looping through list

for fruit in fruits:

print("Fruit:", fruit)

What You Learn: Accessing, modifying, and looping through lists.

Expected Output
First fruit: apple

List after adding orange: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

Fruit: apple

Fruit: banana

Fruit: cherry

Fruit: orange

Task 8: Python Tuples

Objective: Explore tuple properties and operations.

Steps

Write the following code

# Tuples
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colors = ("red", "green", "blue")

print("First color:", colors[0])

# Unpacking tuple

(a, b, c) = colors

print("Unpacked values:", a, b, c)

What You Learn: Accessing and unpacking tuple elements.

Expected Output
First color: red

Unpacked values: red green blue

Task 9: Python Sets

Objective: Use sets to handle unique items and perform operations.

Steps:

Write the following code

# Sets

numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4}

numbers.add(5)

numbers.remove(2)

print("Updated set:", numbers)

# Set operations

even_numbers = {2, 4, 6}

print("Union:", numbers.union(even_numbers))

print("Intersection:", numbers.intersection(even_numbers))

What You Learn: Adding/removing items and performing set operations.

Expected Output
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Updated set: {1, 3, 4, 5}

Union: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Intersection: {4}

Task 10: Python Dictionaries

Objective: Work with key-value pairs in Python dictionaries.

Steps

Write the following code

# Dictionaries

student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 21, "grade": "A"}

student["age"] = 22

print("Updated dictionary:", student)

# Loop through dictionary

for key, value in student.items():

print(key, ":", value)

What You Learn: Accessing, updating, and iterating through dictionaries.

Expected Output
Updated dictionary: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 22, 'grade': 'A'}

name : Alice

age : 22

grade : A

Task 11: Python If-Else

 University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Computer Engineering Department
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Objective: Understand decision-making in Python using if-else conditions.

Steps:

Write the following code

# Input from user

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# Check if the number is positive, negative, or zero

if number > 0:

print("The number is positive.")

elif number < 0:

print("The number is negative.")

else:

print("The number is zero.")

What You Learn: Implementing conditional logic with if-else and

handling user input.

Expected Output

For input = 5
Enter a number: 5

The number is positive.

Task 12: Python While Loop

Objective: Understand how to use a while loop to perform repeated

actions.

Steps

Write the following code

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# Print numbers from 1 to 5 using a while loop

i=1

while i <= 5:

print("Number:", i)

i += 1

What You Learn: Using while loops for repetitive tasks with a known exit
condition.

Expected Output

Number: 1

Number: 2

Number: 3

Number: 4

Number: 5

Task 13: Python For Loop

Objective: Explore Python's for loop to iterate over sequences.

Steps

1- Write the following code

# Print each character of a string

for char in "Python":

print("Character:", char)

2- Write the following program and observe the output

for num in range(1, 6):

print("Square of", num, "is", num ** 2)

 University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Computer Engineering Department
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Task 14: Python Functions

Objective: Learn how to define and call functions in Python.

Steps:

1- Write the following program to define a simple function:

# Define a function to greet the user

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to Python programming.")

# Call the function

greet("Alice")

greet("Bob")

2- Write another program to calculate the factorial of a number:

def factorial(n):

if n == 0 or n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

# Input from user

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

print("Factorial of", num, "is", factorial(num))

What You Learn: Writing reusable functions and using recursion.

Task 15: Python Lambda Functions

 University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Computer Engineering Department
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Objective: Explore anonymous functions using the lambda keyword.

Steps

1- Write a program to demonstrate a simple lambda function

# Lambda to find square of a number

square = lambda x: x ** 2

print("Square of 5:", square(5))

2- Use a lambda function with filter()

# Filter even numbers from a list

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))

print("Even numbers:", even_numbers)

What You Learn: Defining and using lambda functions with built-in
methods like filter().

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Exercise Questions:

1. Check Positive or Negative

Write a program that takes a number as input and checks whether it
is positive, negative, or zero.
2. Calculate the Sum of Two Numbers
Write a program to take two numbers as input and print their sum.
3. Find the Maximum of Three Numbers
Write a program to input three numbers and print the largest one.
4. Reverse a String
Write a program to reverse a string input by the user.
5. Check for Even or Odd Number
Write a program to check if a number is even or odd.
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6. Print Multiplication Table
Write a program to print the multiplication table for a given number
(from 1 to 10).
7. Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

Write a program to convert a temperature from Celsius to

Fahrenheit using the formula:

Fahrenheit = (Celsius x 9 / 5 ) + 32

8. Count the Vowels in a String

Write a program to count the number of vowels in a string the user
provides.
9. Calculate the Factorial of a Number
Write a program to calculate the factorial of a number using a loop.
10. Find Prime Numbers in a Range
Write a program to print all prime numbers between 1 and 50.

Real-Life Scenario Questions (5 Questions)

1- Electricity Bill Calculation

Write a program to calculate the electricity bill based on the

following tariff:

o Up to 100 units: Rs. 30/unit

o 101 to 300 units: Rs. 40/unit
o Above 300 units: Rs. 60/unit
o Meter Rent: 1500
o Additional Tax: 200

Ask the user to input the units consumed and print the total
bill.

2- GPA Calculation

Write a program to calculate the GPA of a student.

Input the grades for 5 courses (on a scale of 4.0) and calculate the
average GPA.
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3- Monthly Budget Planner

Write a program to help a user plan their monthly budget.

Input the monthly income and expenses for categories like rent, food,
transportation, and savings. Calculate the remaining balance or deficit.

4- Loan EMI Calculator

Write a program to calculate the EMI (Equated Monthly Installment) for a

loan based on the following formula:
N
P× R ×(1+ R)
EMI =
(1+ R)N −1

Where:

 P = Principal loan amount

 R = Monthly interest rate (Annual interest rate / 12 / 100)
 N = Number of monthly installments

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