Matrices & Linear transformations

2 1 − 3
 
1. M = 4 − 2 1 .
3 5 − 2 


(a) Find M–1 giving each element in exact form.

(2)

(b) Solve the simultaneous equations

2x + y – 3z = –4
4x – 2y + z = 9
3x + 5y – 2z = 5
(2)

(c) Interpret the answer to part (b) geometrically.

(1)
(Total for Question 1 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________

 1 √3
− − 
2. A=  2 2 
 √3 1
 − 
 2 2

(a) Describe fully the single geometrical transformation U represented by the matrix A.
(3)

The transformation V, represented by the 2 × 2 matrix B, is a reflection in the line y = –x.

(b) Write down the matrix B.

(1)

Given that U followed by V is the transformation T, which is represented by the matrix C,

(c) find the matrix C.

(2)

(d) Show that there is a real number k for which the point (1, k) is invariant under T.
(4)
(Total for Question 2 is 10 marks)
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3.
 4 −5 
M= 
 2 −7 
(a) Show that the matrix M is non-singular.
(2)

The transformation T of the plane is represented by the matrix M.

The triangle R is transformed to the triangle S by the transformation T.
Given that the area of S is 63 square units,
(b) find the area of R.
(2)
(c) Show that the line y = 2x is invariant under the transformation T.
(2)
(Total for Question 3 is 6 marks)

4. A system of three equations is defined by

kx + 3y – z = 3
3x – y + z = –k
–16x – ky – kz = k
where k is a positive constant.
Given that there is no unique solution to all three equations,
(a) show that k = 2
(2)

Using k = 2
(b) determine whether the three equations are consistent, justifying your answer.
(3)
(c) Interpret the answer to part (b) geometrically.
(1)
(Total for Question 4 is 6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
5. (i)
 2 a
A= 
a −4 b
where a and b are non-zero constants.
Given that the matrix A is self-inverse,
(a) determine the value of b and the possible values for a.
(5)

The matrix A represents a linear transformation M.

Using the smaller value of a from part (a),
(b) show that the invariant points of the linear transformation M form a line, stating
the equation of this line.
(3)
(ii)
 p 2p
P= 
 −1 3 p 
where p is a positive constant.
The matrix P represents a linear transformation U.
The triangle T has vertices at the points with coordinates (1, 2), (3, 2) and (2, 5).
The area of the image of T under the linear transformation U is 15
(a) Determine the value of p.
(4)

The transformation V consists of a stretch scale factor 3 parallel to the x-axis with the
y-axis invariant followed by a stretch scale factor –2 parallel to the y-axis with the x-axis
invariant. The transformation V is represented by the matrix Q.
(b) Write down the matrix Q.
(2)

Given that U followed by V is the transformation W, which is represented by the matrix R,

(c) find the matrix R.
(2)
(Total for Question 5 is 16 marks)
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6. The population of the Zebu cattle in a particular country is modelled by two sub-populations,
adults and juveniles. In this model, the only factors affecting the population of the Zebu are the
birth and survival rates of the population.

Data recorded in the years preceding 2018 was used to suggest the annual birth and survival
rates. The results are shown in the table below, with values to 2 significant figures. It is assumed
that these rates will remain the same in future years.

Birth rate Survival Rate

Adult population 0.23 0.97
Juvenile population 0 0.87

1
It is also assumed that of the surviving juvenile population become adults each year.
3

Let An and J n be these respective sub-populations, in millions of adults and juveniles, n years
after 1st January 2018. Then the adult population in year n + 1 satisfies the equation

1
An +1 =
0.97 An + (0.87) J n =
0.97 An + 0.29 J n .
3

(a) Form the corresponding equation for the juvenile population in year n + 1 under this model,
justifying your values.
(2)

The total population on 1st January 2018 was estimated, to 2 significant figures, as 1.5 million
Zebu, with 1.2 million of these being adults.

(b) Find the value of p and the matrix M such that the population of Zebu can be modelled
by the system
 A0  1.2   An +1   An 
=   =    M ,
 J0   p   J n +1   Jn 

giving p to 2 significant figures and each entry of M to 2 decimal places.

(3)

(c) Using the model formed in part (b), find, to 3 significant figures,

(i) the total Zebu population that was present on 1st January 2017,

(ii) the predicted juvenile Zebu population on 1st January 2025.

(5)
As a result of the predictions of this model the country will export 15 000 juveniles to a
neighbouring country at the end of each year.

(d) Adapt the model from 2018 onwards to include this export.
(2)
(e) State one limitation of this model.

(1)
(Total for Question 6 is 13 marks)
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7. The population of chimpanzees in a particular country consists of juveniles and adults.
Juvenile chimpanzees do not reproduce.

In a study, the numbers of juvenile and adult chimpanzees were estimated at the start of each
year. A model for the population satisfies the matrix system

 J n +1   a 0.15   J n 
 =   n = 0, 1, 2, …
 An +1   0.08 0.82   An 

where a is a constant, and Jn and An, are the respective numbers of juvenile and adult
chimpanzees n years after the start of the study.

(a) Interpret the meaning of the constant a in the context of the model.
(1)
At the start of the study, the total number of chimpanzees in the country was
estimated to be 64 000

According to the model, after one year the number of juvenile chimpanzees is 15 360 and the
number of adult chimpanzees is 43 008

(a) (i) Find, in terms of a

−1
 a 0.15 
 
 0.08 0.82 
(3)
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find the value of a.
(3)
(iii) Calculate the change in the number of juvenile chimpanzees in the first year of the
study, according to this model.
(2)
Given that the number of juvenile chimpanzees is known to be in decline in the country,

(c) comment on the short-term suitability of this model.

(1)
A study of the population revealed that adult chimpanzees stop reproducing at the age of 40
years.

(d) Refine the matrix system for the model to reflect this information, giving a reason for
your answer.

(There is no need to estimate any unknown values for the refined model, but any known
values should be made clear.)
(2)
(Total for Question 7 is 12 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
Question Scheme Marks AOs
1(a)  1 13 5
1   B1 1.1b
M −1 = −11 −5 14 
69  B1 1.1b
 −26 7 8 
(2)
(b)  1 13 5   −4 
1   
−11 −5 14   9  = ...
69 
M1 1.1b
 −26 7 8   5 
 2
 
x= 2, y= 1, z= 3 or ( 2,1, 3) or 2i + j + 3k or  1  A1 1.1b
 3
 
(2)
(c) The point where three planes meet B1ft 2.2a
(1)
(5 marks)
Notes
(a)
B1: Evidence that the determinant is ± 69 (may be implied by their matrix e.g. where entries are
 0.014 0.188 0.072 
 
not in exact form: ±  −0.159 −0.072 0.203  )(Should be mostly correct)
 −0.377 0.101 0.116 

Must be seen in part (a).
B1: Fully correct inverse with all elements in exact form
(b)
M1: Any complete method to find the values of x, y and z (Must be using their inverse if using
the method in the main scheme)
A1: Correct coordinates
A solution not using the inverse requires a complete method to find values for x, y and z for the
method mark.
Correct coordinates only scores both marks.
(c)
B1: Describes the correct geometrical configuration.
Must include the two ideas of planes and meet in a point with no contradictory statements.
This is dependent on having obtained a unique point in part (b)
Question Scheme Marks AOs

2(a) Rotation B1 1.1b

2π
120 degrees (anticlockwise) or radians (anticlockwise)
3
B1 2.5
4π
Or 240 degrees clockwise or radians clockwise
3
About (from) the origin. Allow (0, 0) or O for origin. B1 1.2
(3)
(b)  0 −1 
  B1 1.1b
 −1 0 
(1)
(c)  1 3
 − − 
 0 −1   2 2  =  ... ... 
    M1 1.1b
 −1 0 3 1   ... ... 
 − 
 2 2 
 1 3  3 1 
− −  − 
 0 −1   2 2 = 2 2 
  A1ft 1.1b
 −1 0 3 1   1 3
 −   
 2 2   2 2 
(2)
(d)  3 1   3 1 
−  1 −  x
 2 2  =  1
=  2 2  =   x
 1     ... or   =  ...
3  k  k   1 3  y   y 
   
 2 2   2 2 
 3 1   3 1 
−  − + k M1 3.1a
Note:  2= 2  1  = 2 2   1  can score M1 (for the
 1    
3  k   1 3  k 
   + k 
 2 2   2 2 
matrix equation) but needs an equation to be “extracted” to score
the next A1
3 1 1 3
− += k 1 or + = k k
2 2 2 2
or
3 1 1 3 A1ft 1.1b
x=
− x + y or y = x+ y
2 2 2 2
(Note that candidates may then substitute x = 1 which is
acceptable)
3 1 3 1  1 
− + k=1 or x =− x + y ⇒ k =2 + 3  or  A1 1.1b
2 2 2 2  2− 3 
1 3 1 3  1 
+ k = k or y = x + y ⇒ k = 2 + 3  or  B1 1.1b
2 2 2 2  2− 3 
(4)
(10 marks)
 Notes
(a)
B1: Identifies the transformation as a rotation
B1: Correct angle. Allow equivalents in degrees or radians.
B1: Identifies the origin as the centre of rotation
These marks can only be awarded as the elements of a single transformation
(b)
B1: Shows the correct matrix in the correct form
(c)
M1: Multiplies the matrices in the correct order (evidence of multiplication can be taken from 3
correct or 3 correct ft elements)
A1ft: Correct matrix (follow through their matrix from part (b))
A correct matrix or a correct follow through matrix implies both marks.
(d)
M1: Translates the problem into a matrix multiplication to obtain at least one equation in k or in x
and y
A1ft: Obtains one correct equation (follow through their matrix from part (c))
A1: Correct value for k in any form
B1: Checks their answer by independently solving both equations correctly to obtain 2 + 3 both
times or substitutes 2 + 3 into the other equation to confirm its validity
Question Scheme Marks AOs
3. (a) ) ) ( 4 )( −7 ) − ( 2 )( −5 )
(det(M= M1 1.1a
M is non-singular because det(M ) = − 18 and so det(M ) ≠ 0 A1 2.4
(2)
(b) Area S
Area R = = ...
( ± ) det M M1 1.2

63 7
=
Area( R) = oe A1ft 1.1b
| −18 | 2
(2)
 4 −5  x   4 x − 10 x 
(c)    =   M1 1.1b
 2 −7  2 x   2 x − 14 x 
 −6 x 
=  and so all points on y = 2x map to points on y = 2x,
 −12 x 
hence the line is invariant. A1 2.1
 x
OR = −6   hence y = 2x is invariant.
 2x 
(2)
(6 marks)
Notes
M1 An attempt to find det(M ). Just the calculation is sufficient. Site of −18
(a)
implies this mark, which may be embedded in an attempt at the inverse..
A1 det(M ) = − 18 and reference to zero, e.g. −18 ≠ 0 and conclusion.
The conclusion may precede finding the determinant (e.g. “Non-singular if
det(M) ≠ 0, det(M) = −18 ≠ 0” is sufficient or accept “Non-singular if
det(M)≠ 0, det(M) = −18, therefore non-singular” or some other indication
of conclusion.)
Need not mention “det(M)” to gain both marks here, a correct calculation,
statement −18≠0, and conclusion hence M is non-singular can gain M1A1.
(b) M1 Recalls determinant is needed for area scale factor by dividing 63 by ±their
determinant.
A1ft 7 63
or follow through . Must be positive and should be simplified
2 | their det |
to single fraction or exact decimal. (Allow if made positive following
division by a negative determinant.)
(c) 1 
y
M1 Attempts the matrix multiplication shown or with equivalent, e.g  2  .
 
 y 
 x
May use   and substitute y = 2x later and this is fine for the method.
 y
A1 Correct multiplication and working leading to conclusion that the line is
invariant. If the −6 is not extracted, they must make reference to image
 points being on line y = 2x. If the −6 is extracted to show it is a multiple of
 x
  followed by a conclusion “invariant” as minimum.
 2x 
Notes Continued
Alt for (c)  a  1  −7 5  x  −1  −7 x + 10 x  M1 1.1b
=   =     
 b  −18  −2 4  2 x  18  −2 x + 8 x 
−1  3 x   −1  x   A1 2.1
= =   =  ⇒ b 2a so points on line y = 2x map to
18  6 x   6  2 x  
points on y= 2x, hence it is invariant.
Marks as per main scheme,
Alt 2 (Since linear transformations map straight lines to straight M1 1.1b
lines…)
 4 −5  1   4 − 10 
E.g. (1, 2) is on line y = 2x, and    =  
 2 −7  2   2 − 14 
 −6  A1 2.1
=  , which is also on the line y=2x, hence as (0,0) and (1,2)
 −12 
both map to points on y = 2x (and transformation is linear) then y
=2x is invariant.
Notes
M1 Identifies a point on the line y = 2x and finds its image under T. If (0,0) is
used there must be a clear statement it is because this is on the line, but for
other points accept with any line on y = 2x without statement.
A1 Shows the image and another point, which may be (0,0), on y=2x both map
to points on y = 2x concludes line is invariant. Need not reference
transformation being linear for either mark here.
Alt 3  4 −5   x   X  4 x − 5(mx + c) =X M1 2.1
  =   ⇒
 2 −7   mx + c   mX + c  2 x − 7(mx + c) = mX + c
⇒ 2 x − 7(mx + c= ) m ( 4 x − 5(mx + c) ) + c
⇒ ( 5m 2 − 11m + 2 ) x + ( 5m − 8 ) c =
0
⇒ (5m − 1)(m − 2) =0 ⇒ m =...
Or similar work with c = 0 throughout.
( 5m − 8 ≠ 0 ⇒ c =0 ) A1 1.1b
Hence m = 2 gives an invariant line (with c = 0), so y = 2x is
invariant.
Notes
M1 Attempts to find the equation of a general invariant line, or general
invariant line through the origin (so may have c = 0 throughout). To gain
the method mark they must progress from finding the simultaneous
equations to forming a quadratic in m and solving to a value of m.
A1 Correct quadratic in m found, with m = 2 as solution (ignore the other) and
deduction that hence y = 2x is an invariant line. Ignore errors in the (5m –
8) here as c = 0 is always a possible solution. No need to see c = 0 derived.
Question Scheme Marks AOs
4(a) k 3 1
3 1 1  k k  k   33k  16 13k 16 M1 2.1
16 k k
Solves det = 0  2k 2  12k  32  0 or k 2  6k 16  0
A1 1.1b
To achieve k = 2 (k = – 8 must be rejected)
(2)
Special case
2 3 1
3 1 1  2 2  2  33 2  16 13 2 16 M1 2.1
A0 1.1b
16 2 2
Shows det = 0, therefore when k = 2 there is no unique solution
(b) Eliminates z to Eliminates x to Eliminates y to
achieve two achieve two achieve two
equations in x and y equations in y and z equations in x and z
e.g. e.g. e.g. M1 3.1a
5x  2 y  1 11 y  5 z  13 11x  2 z  3 A1 1.1b
10 x  4 y  2 22 y 10 z  26 22 x  4 z  6
20 x  8 y  4 22 y 10 z  26 44 x  8 z  12
Must give a reason:
e.g. Two equations are a linear multiple of each other
A1 2.4
e.g. shows they are the same equation
therefore the equations are consistent.
Alternative
Eliminates two different variables to form two equations, should be
one equation from two of the three sections in the main scheme.
e.g 5 x  2 y  1 and 11 y  5 z  13
rearranges and substitutes in to one of the original equations in three M1 3.1a
variables.
1 5 x   3 11x 
e.g. 2 x  3   3
 2   2 
Correct equations e.g 5 x  2 y  1 and 11 y  5 z  13 A1 1.1b

Shows that the equations are a solution e.g. 3 = 3 therefore consistent A1 2.4

(c) The three planes form a sheaf. B1 2.2a

(1)

(6 marks)
Notes:

(a)
M1: Finds the determinant of the matrix corresponding to the system of equations.
A1: Sets determinant = 0 and solves their 3TQ to achieve k = 2 (k = – 8 must be rejected)
(a) Special case
M1A0: Uses k = 2 and finds the determinant of the matrix corresponding to the system of equations
Shows that determinant = 0 and concludes that when k = 2 there is no unique solution
(b)
M1: A complete method eliminating one variable from the equations using two different pairs of
equations. Condone if a different value of k is used
A1: Achieves two equations in the same two variables
A1: Must give a reason, shows that the equations are a linear multiple of each other therefore they
are consistent.
(b) Alternative
M1: A complete method eliminating one variable from the equations using two different pairs of
equations. Substitutes these equations into one of the original equations in three variables.
A1: Achieves two correct equations in two different variables
A1: Shows that the equation works therefore they are consistent.
(c)
B1: The three planes form a sheaf. They must have full marks in (b) to award this mark.
Question Scheme Marks AOs
5(i) (a) Multiplies the matrix A by itself and sets equal to I to form one
equation in a only and another equation involving both a and b.
 2 a
 2 a 1 0
    4  a  a  4  1
a  4 b 0 1
M1 3.1a
a  4 b
and either 2a  ab  0 or 2 a  4  b a  4  0 or a a  4  b 2  1
Solves a 3TQ involving only the constant a. This could come after a
value of b is found and this value substituted into an equation
involving both a and b dM1 1.1b
a 2  4a  3  0  a  3a 1  0  a  ...
a  1, a  3 A1 11b
Substitutes a value for a into an Alternatively uses
equation involving both a and b and 2a  ab  0
solves for b. a 2  b  0
2 1  1 b  b  ... dM1 1.1b
e.g. 2 1 4 b  1 4  0  b  ... As a  0 2  b  0  b  ...
11 4  b  1  b  ...
2

b  2 A1 1.1b

(5)
Alternative (i) (a)
1
Finds A in terms of a and b, sets equal to A and attempts to find at
least two different equations. Allow a single sign slip
 a  2 a
1  b    
2b  a a  4 a  4 2  a  4 b
M1 3.1a
b 2
One equation from  2, b
2b  a a  4 2b  a a  4
a  a  4 
One equation from a,  a4
2b  a a  4 2b  a a  4
Uses their value of b and their value
Eliminates b from their
of the determinant to form and
equations and solve a 3TQ
solve a 3TQ involving only the
involving only the constant a
constant a
a 2  4a  3  0 dM1 1.1b
a 2  4a  3  0
 a  3a 1  0
 a  3a 1  0
 a  ...
 a  ...
a  1, a  3 A1 1.1b
 a
a
2b  a a  4
b
 2b  a a  4  1  2
1
Or Substitutes a value for a into an
 a  4  equation to find a value for b
dM1 1.1b
 a4
2b  a a  4
 2b  a a  4  1
2
 b
1
b  2 A1 1.1b

(b) Uses their smallest value of a and their value for b to form two
equations
 2 ' a ' x   x 
      2 x  ay  x and a  4 x  by  y
' a  4 ' ' b '  y  y M1 3.1a
 2 1  x    x   2 x  y  x and  3 x  2 y  y

 y  y
3 2

2 x  y  x  x  y  0 o.e. and 3 x  2 y  y  x  y  0 o.e. M1 1.1b

x  y  0 o.e. A1 2.1

(3)
(ii)(a) Area of the triangle T = 3 B1 1.1b
Complete method to find a value for p. Need to see an attempt at the
determinant and setting equal to 15 divided by their area of T. The
resulting 3TQ needs to be solved to find a value of p. M1 3.1a
15
Determinant 3 p  p  1 2 p   p  ...
' their area'
3 p 2  2 p  5  0 A1 1.1b
5
p  1 must reject p   A1 1.1b
3
(4)
(b) 3 0 
  B1 1.1b
0 2 B1 1.1b

(2)
 (c)  ' p ' 2 ' p ' ... ...
 their matrix found in part (b)    
 1 3' p ' ... ...
M1 1.1b
3 0  1 2 ... ...
   
0 21 3 ... ...
3 6 
 
2 6 A1ft 1.1b

(2)

(16 marks)

Notes:
(i)(a)
M1: Forming two equations, one involving a only and one involving a and b
dM1: Dependent on previous mark, solves a 3TQ involving a
A1: Correct values for a
dM1: Dependent on first method mark Substitutes one of their values of a into an equation
involving a and b and solve to find a value for b. Alternatively factorises either 2a  ab  0 and
uses a  0 to find a value for b.
A1: Correct value for b
Alternative(i)(a)
M1: Finds 𝐀𝐀−1 and sets equal to A and forms two different equations
dM1: Dependent on previous mark. Eliminates b from their equations and solves a 3TQ involving
only the constant a. Alternatively if the value of b is found first substitutes their value for b into their
determinant = – 1 to form and solve a 3TQ for a
A1: Correct value for a
dM1: Dependent on first method mark. Substitutes a value for a into an equation to find a value for
b. Alternatively uses one equation to find the determinant = – 1 and uses this to find a value of b.
A1: Correct values for b
(b)
M1: Extracts simultaneous equations using their matrix A with their smaller value of a.
M1: Gathers terms from their two equations.
A1: Achieves the correct equations and deduces the correct line. Accept equivalent equations as long
as both have been shown to be the same.
(ii)(a)
B1: Area of the triangle T = 3
M1: Full method. Finds the determinant, sets equal to 15/their area and solves the resulting 3TQ
A1: Correct quadratic
A1: p  1 only
(b)
B1 One correct row or column
B1: All correct
(c)
M1: Multiplies the matrices QP in the correct order (if answer only then evidence can be taken from
3 correct or 3 correct ft elements)
A1ft: Correct matrix following through on their answer to part (b) and their value of p as long as it is
a positive constant
 Question Scheme Marks AOs
6(a) Explains that there are 0.23 An new juveniles from births AND
2 B1 2.4
(0.87) J n surviving juveniles staying juveniles
3
2
J n +1 =
0.23 An + (0.87) J n = 0.23 An + 0.58 J n B1 1.1b
3
(2)
(b) p = 0.30 B1 3.3
 0.97 0.29  B1ft 3.3
M= 
 0.23 0.58  B1 3.3

(3)
(c)(i) −1
 A−1   0.97 0.29   1.2   1.228… 
=   =     
 J −1   0.23 0.58   0.3   0.0302 …
M1 3.4
 −1  1.1695… −0.58479 … 
 NB M =  
  −0.46380 … 1.9560 …  
Hence total population is 1.228…+ 0.0302 … = … M1 1.1b

= 1.26 million A1 2.2b

(3)
(c)(ii)  A7  7  1.2 
  2.117 … 
=
  M =      M1 3.4
 J7   0.3    0.938…  
So the juvenile population on 1st January 2025 is expected to be
0.938 million (or 938000 ) A1 1.1b

(2)
(d) For attempting to include 15000 juvenile being exported by adding
 An +1   An   0  M1 3.5c
(or subtracting) a suitable vector, ie. =
  M − 
 J n +1   J n   their value 
 A1   1.2   An +1   An   0 
=
    =
  M −  n1 A1ft 3.3
 J1   0.3   J n +1   J n   0.015 
(2)
(e) E.g. The exportation may have an effect on the proportion of
juveniles becoming adults/proportion who become adults each year
B1 3.5b
may fluctuate/birth rates and death rates may change over time/two
sub-populations may not sufficiently reflect the population.
(1)

(13 marks)
Notes:
(a)
B1: Explains the two components of the equation with reference to surviving juveniles remaining
juveniles and that new juveniles arise through birth.
B1: Correct equation.
(b)
B1: Correct value for p.
B1ft: One row or column correct, follow through their equation in (a) on second row.
B1: Completely correct matrix.
(c)(i)
M1: Uses the model to find the population for 2017, ie n = −1 , using their M and initial vector.
May see M −1 used, or the correct answer can imply the method
M1: Adds the two components of their vector to give the total population.
A1: awrt 1.26 million.
(c)(ii)
M1: Uses a calculator to evaluate M 7 (1.2, 0.3)T , or multiplies by M seven times oe. Awrt
(2.12, 0.938)T , or just awrt 0.938 is sufficient for this mark.
A1: Concludes juvenile population is 0.938 million, or 938000.
(d)
M1: For incorporating the exportation into the model by subtracting (or adding if a negative entry is
used) a vector with top entry zero and bottom entry an attempt at the 15 000 exported. So allow
if an incorrect value of e.g. 15 000 or 0.15 is used as the value for this mark.
A1ft: Sets up the new system in full with correct vector subtracted (or added), but follow through
on their p and M . Allow if the range on n is omitted.
(e)
B1: Any valid limitation of the model - allow for limitations of the new model or original model.
Some examples are given above but accept any sensible limitation.
Question Scheme Marks AOs
7. (a) a represents the proportion of juvenile chimpanzees that (survive
B1 3.4
and) remain juvenile chimpanzees the next year.
(1)
(b)(i) Determinant = 0.82a − 0.08×0.15 M1 1.1b
−1
 a 0.15   0.82 −0.15 
  = ...   M1 1.1b
 0.08 0.82   −0.08 a 
−1
 a 0.15  1  0.82 −0.15 
  =   A1 1.1b
 0.08 0.82  0.82a − 0.012  −0.08 a 
(3)
−1
(ii)  a 0.15   15360  1  0.82 ×15360 − 0.15 × 43008 
   =  
 0.08 0.82   43008  0.82a − 0.012  (−0.08) ×15360 + 43008a 
M1 3.1a
15360 = aJ 0 + 0.15 × A0
OR forms equations
43008= 0.08 × J 0 + 0.82 × A0
1
6144 + ( 43008a − 1228.8 )  = 64000
0.82a − 0.012 
⇒ 4915.2 += 43008a 64000(0.82a − 0.012) = ⇒ a ...
OR M1 3.1a
A0 =64000 − J 0 ⇒ 43008 = 0.08 × J 0 + 0.82 × ( 64000 − J 0 ) = J 0 =
...
15360 − ( 64000 − J 0 )
=⇒a = ...
J0
5683.2
=a = 0.60 A1 1.1b
9472
(3)
(iii) "6144"
Initial juvenile population = = 12800 M1 3.4
"0.48"
So change of 2560 juvenile chimpanzees A1 1.1b
(2)
(c) As the number of juveniles has increased, the model is not
initially predicting a decline, so is not suitable in the short term.
B1ft 3.5a
(Follow through their answer to (b) – but they must have made an
attempt at it to find at least a value for J0)
(1)
(d) Third category needs to be introduced for chimpanzees aged 40
and above, mature chimpanzees Mn, and a matrix multiplication
of increased dimension set up. Accept 3 × 3,3 × 2 or 2 × 3 matrices M1 3.5c
including all three categories in the column vector.
The corresponding matrix model will have the form
 J n +1   a b 0  J n 
    
 An +1  =  0.08 c 0  An  A1 3.3
M   0 d e  
 n +1    M n 
(The underlined zero must be correct but do not be concerned
about any values used in the other entries.)
 (2)
(12 marks)
Notes
(a) B1 Correct interpretation. Need not mention survival but must be clear it is the
(proportion of) juveniles that remain as juveniles the next year (ie those
that survive but don’t progress to adulthood). E.g. accept “(number of)
juveniles who do not become adults” but do not accept “surviving
juveniles”.
Mark part (b) as a whole.
(b)(i) M1 Attempts the determinant in terms of a Allow miscopies for the attempt.
Allow 0.82a − 0.12 as a slip.
M1 Attempts the form of the inverse, swapped leading diagonals and sign
changed on both off diagonals. Allow miscopies of the numbers but the
signs must be correct.
A1 Correct inverse matrix
(ii) M1 Use the inverse matrix and attempts to find the initial juvenile and adult
populations. . (May have determinant 1 for this mark.)
Alternatively, sets up simultaneous equations from the original system,
15360 = aJ 0 + 0.15 × A0 and 43008= 0.08 × J 0 + 0.82 × A0 Accept with J n
and An or other appropriate variables.
M1 Uses the sum of initial populations equals 64000 in an attempt to find a.
(May have determinant 1 for this mark.)
=
If using alternative, use of e.g. A0 64000 − J 0 in second equation to find
J0, followed by attempt to find a. Award for an attempt to solve the
equations, but don’t be too concerned with the algebraic process as long as
they are attempting to use all three equations.
A1 Correct value, a = 0.6 (or 0.60 or 53 ).
M1 Uses their a to find the value of J0. This mark may be gained for work done
(iii) in (ii) if the alternative has been used but must have come from a correct
method.
A1 Correct difference found, as long as there is no contradictory statement – so
“decrease of 2560” is A0.
(c) B1ft Comments that the change is an increase so does not fit the model. Follow
through their answer to (b) as long as at least a value for J 0 has been found.
If a decrease has been found allow for commenting the model is suitable. If
an answer is given to (b)(iii), follow through on whatever their answer is. If
no answer has been given, but an initial population found, a comparison
should be made between this value and 153600 with conclusion must be
consistent with their answer for J0
(d) M1 Introduces a third category (may be Mature, Elderly or any suitable letter
used) and sets up a matrix multiplication (the left hand side may be missing
for this mark) with all three categories in the column vector. The dimension
of the matrix should be 3 in at least either row or column, and there should
be a 3 ×1 vector.
A1 Sets up the new matrix equation, including both sides and making clear the
zero (underlined) so that the correct progression that no new juveniles arise
from the mature chimpanzees is clear. Overlook other values, though
ideally the other two zeroes are shown too, to indicate mature chimpanzees
do not regress to adulthood, and juveniles cannot proceed directly to mature
chimpanzees.