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Copyright © 2021 by Solution Tree Press
Materials appearing here are copyrighted. With one exception, all rights are
reserved. Readers may reproduce only those pages marked “Reproducible.”
Otherwise, no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior
written permission of the publisher.
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Printed in the United States of America
Solution Tree
Jeffrey C. Jones, CEO
Edmund M. Ackerman, President
Solution Tree Press
President and Publisher: Douglas M. Rife
Associate Publisher: Sarah Payne-Mills
Art Director: Rian Anderson
Managing Production Editor: Kendra Slayton
Production Editor: Miranda Addonizio
Content Development Specialist: Amy Rubenstein
Copy Editor: Evie Madsen
Proofreader: Sarah Ludwig
Text and Cover Designer: Laura Cox
Editorial Assistants: Sarah Ludwig and Elijah Oates
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Epilogue: Conclusion
Index
About the Author
I was shocked speechless when I first heard the old teacher joke
about grading papers using the “staircase distribution” method. If
you’ve been spared this joke so far, the idea is that the teacher
grades a stack of papers by tossing them down a staircase. The
papers that land at the bottom are presumed to be the heaviest and,
therefore, the best. They get As. The “lightweights” that stay on top
get Ds. The “in-betweens” get Bs and Cs.
Like any joke that hangs around year after year, there is a nugget
of truth to this one. I knew some veteran teachers size up and label
students: B student, C student, and so on. One of the teachers in the
English department at the high school where I’d recently been hired
told me it was the responsibility of teachers to sort students for the
state university system. So, I was amazed to learn someone was
coming to the high school to conduct professional development
sessions with teachers about the idea that every student can be an A
student.
Our professional development presenter, Harvey Silver,
challenged the idea that grades should always fall neatly along a
bell curve—or staircase—and urged us to see each student as a
unique individual rather than as a B or a C. He was an engaging
presenter—down-to-earth, funny, inspiring, with a big reassuring
presence. His approach seemed easy-going, but he was on a research
mission to help teachers apply theories about multiple intelligences
and learning styles in the classroom. His work would lead to the
publication of So Each May Learn (Silver, Strong, & Perini, 2000)
and many more books with the purpose of giving teachers tools to
focus on how students learn. I was convinced by his presentation
and ready to give As for all a try.
I designed menus of assignment options students could choose
from based on learning style and personal interests. The students
produced amazing work. I still have a painting one student did of
Doc from John Steinbeck’s (1945) novel Cannery Row gazing out
over Monterey Bay. We had a wonderful time, and lots of students
earned lots of As.
Then, I heard there was going to be a special faculty meeting and
wondered what it would be about. It turned out we assembled to
study grade distribution among faculty members. The percentage of
As was remarkably consistent except for two of us. No names were
mentioned, but everyone knew the two teachers were the two new
hires—myself and another teacher who must have found Silver’s
ideas as enthralling as I did. Senior faculty members spoke about
how important it was for students and, of course, the university
system to perceive all of the school’s programs and courses as
rigorous. They were confident the grading anomaly would not
happen again. Meeting adjourned.
Reeling, I went home to cry on my husband’s shoulder. The next
day I came home to a dozen roses and a card that read, “Honey, I
don’t think you’re easy.” The roses faded, but I still have the card.
At this point, I’d taught for about five years, but this was my first
job in a traditional high school. The meeting about grades made it
clear that the vast majority of the faculty saw Silver’s visit as just
another professional development program to ignore. Colleagues
assured me that these sorts of fads tend to come and go. I didn’t
agree, but I realized that I would probably be more successful at
doing something new if I had earned some credibility doing what
everyone else did. I kept my head (and the number of As) down and,
for a while, tried to become a good sorter of students for the
university system.
I tell this personal story because I’m guessing there are a lot of
teachers with experiences similar to my own. Silver’s visit took
place in the early 1990s. Yet the question he raised has been taken
up by others, and is still being asked, such as by education author
Alfie Kohn (2019b) in an article for The New York Times called “Why
Can’t Everyone Get A’s?”
The traditional system says that if everyone gets an A, it doesn’t
mean teachers and students are doing a great job. It simply means
the standards aren’t high enough. According to Kohn (2019b):
Its inspiring rhetoric notwithstanding, the standards-and-accountability
movement is not about universal improvement or leaving no child
behind. To the contrary, it is an elaborate sorting device, intended to
separate wheat from chaff. The fact that students of color, students from
low-income families, and students whose first language isn’t English are
disproportionately defined as chaff makes the whole enterprise even
more insidious.… Excellence has been defined—for ideological reasons—
as something that can’t be achieved by everyone.
9:säs Jako.
MAKKAROITA.
10:nes Jako.
PASTEIJOJA, TORTTUJA,
PAAKKELSEJA, PANNUKAKKOJA JA
KRÄÄMEJÄ.
B) TORTTUJA.
D) PANNUKAKKOJA.
HYYDE'-KRÄÄMEJÄ (GELÉER).
Toisella lailla.
11:ta Jako.
MARJA-HILLOJEN KEITOKSISTA.
RUOKA-HEDELMÖIDEN
ASTIOITTEMISESTA SÄÄSTYMÄÄN,
NIIDEN SUOLAAMISESTA JA
KUIVAAMISESTA.
A) MARJA-HILLOJEN KEITOKSISTA.
Tämän edellä (N:o 299 ja N:o 300) neuvotulla lailla tehdyt hillot
säästyyvät hyvinä vuosikauden ja runsaamminkin, jos ne' pannaan
pikkusiin klasi-pulleihin (purkkeihin), taikka silattuin posliini-pulleihin,
joita ei järki usein tarvitte' avata. Pullien pitää oleman vedellä
lämmitetyt, mutta kuivat silloin, kuin hillo kuumana niihin pannaan.
Ne' pitää myös pantaman täpi-täyteen. Jähtyneenä peitetään hillo
kauttaaltansa niin suurella konjakkiin kastetulla paperin-liuskalla,
kuin kuhunkin pulliin mahtuu. Sitte' niotaan kanneksi, neulan-nirkolla
taajaan lävistetty paperi, jonka perästä ne' pannaan vilposeen, mutta
ei umpinaiseen huoneeseen olemaan.