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9 views

Physics

Uploaded by

nathanrothschild2007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

SEVEN HILLS INTER COLLEGE, ETAWAH

2024-2025

Submited by: Submitted to:


Name- Devang Dubey
SUBMITTED BY: Vishesh Srivastava Mr. Ram Chaudhary
Class- XII A
SUBMITTED
Roll No.-TO:
Signature:
16Mr. Aditya Srivastava
I Devang Dubey of Class 12thSection A Seven Hills Inter
College, Etawah(UP) express my sincere gratitude towards
my Physics Teacher Mr. Ram Chaudhary for helping me in
completing the project by useful Ideas and Guidlines . I
thank him for encouraging me throughout and helping in
all possible ways.

I also thank my parents and freinds for their vital support


and also for encouragement and motivation given to me for the
completion of this project.
This is to certify that Devang Dubey of class 12th
Section A
has Worked on the Physics Project entitled “To investigate the
relation between the ratio of (i) Input and output voltage,
(ii)Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of
a self made transformer”. He has put on his sincere efforts to
collect the reading materials and has devoted sufficient periods
of Practical laboratory work to complete this project. He has done
this under the guidance of his physics Teacher Mr. Ram Chaudhary.

Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature


To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a


self made transformer

****
 Aim
 Introduction
 Types Of Transformers
 Theory And Mathematical Derivations
 Simple Circuit Diagram
 Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
 Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
 Uses of Transformers
 Bibliography

****
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction


according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing


the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

****
A transformer which increases the
voltages.

A transformer which decreases


the A.C. voltages.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this


instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)


and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)


Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the


primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of


the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,


then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

****
In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the
secondary winding than in the primary winding in the step
step-up
transformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding. Because of the principl
principlee of conservation of energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high
high-current
current to high voltage-
voltage
low current. In other words, the voltage has been stepped up.

You can find step-up


up transformers located near power plants
that are designed to operate megawatt
megawattss of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up
up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as xx-ray
ray machine which requires
about 50,000 volts to work. Even a micro
micro-wave
wave oven requires a
small step-up
up transformer to operate.
In a step-down
down transformer is one who secondary windings are
fewer than the primary windings. In other words, the
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert hi
high-voltage,
low-current
current power into a low
low-voltage,
voltage, high current power and it
is mainly used in domestic consumption.

A common case of step-down


down application is in the case of door
bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120
120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step
step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower
voltage before supplying it to the doorbell.

Step-down
down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts
electricity to the 110 volts re
required
quired in most domestic equipment.
equipment
 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire
 Hot Wire Ammeter
 Hot Wire Voltmeter

 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound


relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.

 Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through


s1and s2.

 Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.

 Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by


changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.

 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large


current.

 A step up transformer is used for the production of X


X-Rays
and NEON advertisement.

 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and s


stabilized
power supplies.

 Transformers are used in the transmissio


transmissions
ns of a.c. over long
distances:

 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud


speakers and electric bells etc
etc.
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 Physics NCERT
 Pradeep’s Physics

****

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