CS452: Data Communications

Agenda
➢ Course Objectives
➢ Course Books
➢ Course Content
➢ Course Evaluation
➢ Projects
Course Objectives
 To provide a comprehensive overview of the basic

principles and terminologies in data communication.

 To explore the role of the physical layer in data

communication.

 Analyze the principles and techniques of both digital and

analog transmission.
Course Book
Course Content
 Overview: (Revision)
 Chapter 1: Introduction
 Chapter 2: Network Models

 Physical Layer
 Chapter 3: Introduction to Physical Layer
 Chapter 4: Digital Transmission
 Chapter 5:Analog Transmission
 Chapter 6: Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spectrum
Spreading
Course Evaluation

Code Course Title Hours Marks

No.
Lect. Lab. Written Oral Test Total
Exam &Lab
CS452 Data 3 3 80 20 20 120
Communications
Chapter 1- Introduction
Agenda
• DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• Components
• Data Flow
• NETWORKS
• Network Criteria
• Network Connections
• Network Topology
• Network Types
• Internet
Data communication
• Is the exchange of data between two devices via
some form of transmission medium.
• Effectiveness of data communication system
depends on:
1. Delivery
2. Accuracy
3. Timeliness
4. Jitter
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Effectiveness of data communication system depend on:
1. Delivery :
✓ The system must deliver data to correct
destination.
✓ Data received by the intended user only.

2. Accuracy:
✓ The system must deliver data accurately (no
change).

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Effectiveness of data communication system depend on:
3. Timeliness:
✓ The system must deliver data in timely
manner.
✓ Data arrived late are useless.
✓ In the case of (video and audio), delivering
data in the same order that they produce
without delay (Real time transmission).

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Effectiveness of data communication system depend on:
4. Jitter:
✓ Variation in the packet arrival time.

✓ For example:
• let us assume that video packets are sent every 30
ms.
• If some of the packets arrive with 30-ms delay and
others with 40-ms delay, an uneven quality in the
video is the result.
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Data Communication Components
 A data communication system is made up of five
components.

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Data Communication Components
1. Message: the information (data) to be communicated
– Consist of text, numbers, pictures, audio, or video
2. Sender: the device that sends the data message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera.
3. Receiver: the device that receives the message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, television.
4. Medium: The physical path by which a message travels
from sender to receiver.
– twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic, radio waves
5. Protocol: a set of rules that govern data communications
– HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP

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Data Flow
• Communication between two devices can be:
✓ Simplex

✓ Half-Duplex

✓ Full-Duplex

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Simplex
✓ The communication is unidirectional.
✓ Only one device on a link can transmit; the other
can only receive.
✓ Use the entire capacity of the channel to send data.
✓ Example: Keyboards, Monitors.

Data

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Half-Duplex
✓ Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the
same time.

✓ When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa.

✓ The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by

the transmitting device.

✓ Example: Walkie-talkies.

Data

Data
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Full-Duplex
✓ Both stations can transmit and receive at same time.

✓ Signals going in either direction sharing the capacity of the link.

✓ Sharing can occur in two ways:

✓ Link has two physically separate transmission paths one for

sending and the other for receiving.

✓ The capacity of the channel is divided between signals

travelling in both directions.

✓ Example: Telephone network.

Data

Data
Networks
• Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by
communication links.
• Node: computer, printer, …
• Network Criteria :
– Network must meet a certain number of criteria
– The most important of the network criterions are:
• Performance
• Reliability
• Security
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Performance
• Can be measured in many ways:
✓ Transit time (low) : A mount of time required
for a message to travel from one device to
another.
✓ Response time (low) : Elapsed time between
an inquiry and a response.
✓ Throughput (high): a measure of how much
data can be transferred from one location to
another in a given amount of time.
✓ Delay time (low) .
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Performance
Depends on :
1. Number of users: large number slow response time.

2. Type of transmission medium: fiber-optic cabling faster than

others cables.

3. Capabilities of the connected hardware: affect both the speed

and capacity of transmission.

4. Efficiency of the software: process data at the sender and

receiver and intermediate affects network performance.

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Network Criteria
• Reliability is measured by:
✓ Frequency of failure.
✓ Recovery time of a network after a failure.
• Security:
✓ Protecting data from unauthorized access.
✓ Protecting data from damage and development.
✓ Implementing policies and procedures for recovery
from breaches and data losses.

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Network Connection
• A link is a communications pathway that transfers
data from one device to another.
✓ For communication to occur, two devices must be
connected in some way to the same link at the same
time.

• There are two possible types of connections:

✓ point-to-point.

✓ multipoint.
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Point-to-Point connection
• Dedicated link between two devices.
• Entire capacity of the link is reserved for
transmission between those two devices.

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Multipoint (multidrop) Connection
• More than two devices share a single link.
✓ Capacity is shared.
✓ Channel is shared either spatially or temporally
▪ Spatially shared: if devices use link at same time.
▪ Timeshared: if users must take turns.

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Networks Topology
• The way a network is laid out physically.

• Two or more links form a topology.

• Four topologies : Mesh, Star, Bus, and Ring.

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Mesh Topology
• Every link is dedicated point-to-point link
• The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only
between the two devices it connects.
• To link n devices fully connected mesh has:
n ( n - 1) / 2 physical channels (Full-Duplex)
• Every Device on the network must have
n - 1 ports
• Example: How many link and I/O port for
• Network has 4 devices in mesh
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Example:

 8 devices in mesh has links:

 number of links = 8 (8-1)/2 = 28

 number of ports per device = n – 1 = 8 –1 = 7

Star Topology
• is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN).

• all nodes are individually connected to a central

connection point, like a hub or a switch.

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Bus Topology
• It is multipoint
• One long cable acts as a backbone.
• Used in the design of early LANS.

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Ring Topology
• Each device has dedicated point-to-point connection with
only the two devices on either side of it.
• A signal is passed along the ring in one direction from
device to device until it reaches its destination.
• Each devices incorporates a Repeater.

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Hybrid Topology
• Example: having a main star topology with each branch
connecting several stations in a bus topology.

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Network Types
• Networks infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:
 The size of the area covered.
 The number of users connected.
 The number and types of services available.

• Network Types
 LAN “Local Area Network”
 WAN “Wide Area Network”

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LAN “Local Area Network”
• A LAN is a network that connects computers and devices
within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or
school.

• Typically covers a small area, usually confined to a single

building or a group of nearby buildings.

• Usually owned and maintained by a single organization or

individual.

• Examples: A home Wi-Fi network, office networks, or

networks within a school.
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WAN “Wide Area Network”
 A WAN is a network that covers a broad area, often
connecting multiple LANs over large distances.

 Can span cities, countries, or even continents.

 Typically owned and operated by multiple organizations or

telecommunications companies.
 The Internet
• The Internet is a vast global network that connects
millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks worldwide.

• It is a network of networks, effectively covering the

entire globe.

• Not owned by any single entity; it is a collaborative

effort between various organizations, governments,
and service providers.
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The Internet
Exercises
True or False
1. A protocol is a set of rules governing communication between
devices.

2. Simplex communication allows data to flow in both directions

simultaneously.

3. In a half-duplex system, two devices can communicate with

each other, but not at the same time.

4. The Internet is a private network within a small area.

5. In a bus topology, all devices share a common backbone cable.

True or False
1. A protocol is a set of rules governing communication between
devices.

2. Simplex communication allows data to flow in both directions

simultaneously.

3. In a half-duplex system, two devices can communicate with

each other, but not at the same time.

4. The Internet is a private network within a small area.

5. In a bus topology, all devices share a common backbone cable.

Which type of network is typically confined to a
single office, building, or campus?

a) WAN

b) LAN

c) Internet

d) MAN
In a data communication system, what is the
"message"?
a) The device sending the data
b) The rules that govern communication
c) The information being transmitted
d) The medium through which the data travels
Which network topology involves every device having a
dedicated connection to every other device?

a) Star
b) Bus
c) Mesh
d) Ring
Task
Task :
 What is the OSI model, and how does it work?

 How does the TCP/IP layered model function, and what

are its key components?

 What are the differences between the OSI model and the

TCP/IP model in terms of layers and functions?

Practical
Python Code: Simple Data Communication System
 Python code example that simulates a simple data
communication system.

 This code demonstrates the concepts of sending and

receiving messages between a sender and receiver while
considering the effectiveness factors like accuracy and
timeliness.
Simple Chat Application
• Description: Create a basic chat application where two
users can send messages to each other over a network.
• Technologies: Use Python with sockets for networking,
and a simple command-line interface for user interaction.
• Features:
• Send and receive text messages.
• Show timestamps for messages.
• Allow for multiple messages to be sent in a session.
Sheet
Sheet
1. Identify the five components of a data
communications system.
2. What are the three criteria necessary for an
effective and efficient network?
3. What are the advantages of a multipoint
connection over a point-to-point connection?
4. What is the difference between half-duplex and
full-duplex transmission modes?
5. Name the four basic network topologies and cite
an advantage of each type.

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Sheet
6. For n devices in a network, what is the number of
cable links required for a mesh, ring, bus, and star
topology?
7. What are some of the factors that determine
whether a communication system is a LAN or
WAN?
8. What is an internet? What is the Internet?
9. Why are protocols needed?
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 How many layers are there in the OSI model?

A) 4

B) 5

C) 6

D) 7
 Which of the following layers is responsible for
routing and logical addressing in the OSI model?
A) Data Link Layer
B) Transport Layer
C) Network Layer
D) Physical Layer
 Which layer in the TCP/IP model is equivalent to
the combination of the OSI’s Application,
Presentation, and Session layers?
A) Internet Layer
B) Application Layer
C) Transport Layer
D) Link Layer
 In the OSI model, which layer is responsible for

reliable data transfer and error recovery?

A) Network Layer

B) Session Layer

C) Transport Layer

D) Data Link Layer

 In the TCP/IP model, which protocol provides

connectionless, unreliable communication between

applications?

A) TCP

B) HTTP

C) UDP

D) FTP
 Which layer in the OSI model is primarily concerned
with the physical connection and transmission of raw
data over a medium?
A) Data Link Layer
B) Physical Layer
C) Session Layer
D) Application Layer
 Which of the following is NOT a layer in the TCP/IP

model?

A) Application Layer

B) Presentation Layer

C) Internet Layer

D) Transport Layer
 The OSI model was developed by which
organization?
A) IETF
B) ISO
C) IEEE
D) ITU
 In which layer of the TCP/IP model does the IP
protocol operate?
A) Link Layer
B) Transport Layer
C) Internet Layer
D) Application Layer
 What is the primary purpose of the Session layer
in the OSI model?
A) Data formatting and encryption
B) Establishing, managing, and terminating
connections
C) Data routing and packet forwarding
D) Error detection and correction