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 M.S.Shashank

FOREWARD

Dear Aspirants,

Every one of our student aims to get their dream job and seeks the right tools that helps them complete their
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subject.

We wish you the best for your Test preparation!

M.S.Shashank
Director - AKS IAS Academy

UPSC / IAS Prelims Cum Mains

ENGLISH MEDIUM
Integrated Foundation Course
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 M.S.Shashank

INDEX
1. GEOGRPAHIC FACTS OF INDIA ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA................................................................................................................................................ 4
3. DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN INDIA ......................................................................................................................................... 8
4. MONSOON .................................................................................................................................................................... 12
5. INDIAN AGRICULTURE ................................................................................................................................................... 14
6. Minerals: ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
7. SOILS.............................................................................................................................................................................. 19
8. NATURAL VEGETATION .................................................................................................................................................. 22
9. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Major Sea Ports in India .................................................................................................................................................... 23
Golden Quadrilateral......................................................................................................................................................... 24
National Highway Network of India .................................................................................................................................. 24
Railway zones of India ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
North-South and East West Corridor ................................................................................................................................ 25
Nuclear Power Plants ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
Geothermal Energy Sites................................................................................................................................................... 26
Dams of India .................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Inland Water ways in India ................................................................................................................................................ 28
List of Important Indian Lakes ........................................................................................................................................... 28
Major Waterfalls of India .................................................................................................................................................. 29

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 M.S.Shashank

1. GEOGRPAHIC FACTS OF INDIA

Some Important Facts About India Easternmost Point: Dong village

Area: 32,87,264 square kilometres, with 2.4 % of world (ArunachalPradesh).
area it is the seventh largest country of world. Lowest Point: Kuttanad (-2.2 M) (Kerala).
Location: Latitudes 8°4' N and 37°6' N; Longitudes 68°7' Highest Point: K2 (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir,
E and 97°25' E. 8,611 m); Kanchenjunga (8,856 mt) (Sikkim).
Points: Southernmost Point: Indira Point (Great Neighbouring Countries: In the North - China, Bhutan,
Nicobar Island). Nepal
Westernmost Point: Guhar Moti (Kutch, In the East - Myanmar (Burma), Bangladesh
Gujarat). In South - Sri Lanka, Maldives
Northernmost Point: Indira Col (Ladakh). In North West - Afghanistan, Pakistan

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 M.S.Shashank
Tropic of Cancer (23°30' N) passes: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Himalayas
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West • The great mountains of the North
Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram (8). • 2400 km long
Indian Standard Meridian: 82°30' E longitude passing • Extends: Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh.
through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh along with Madhya • Consists: Three parallel ranges in its
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. longitudinal extent.
Coastline: 7,516.6 km encompassing the mainland, • Affects climate of Asia greatly. Reason for the
Lakshadweep Islands, and the Andaman & Nicobar heavy rainfall in Terai region.
Islands. • It had a great role behind the creation of Gobi
Desert.
2. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA • Mountain range covers: Bhutan, Nepal,
Pakistan, India and China.

1. Kashmir/North Western Himalayas 3. Sikkim Himalayas

• Consist of Lesser Himalayas, Middle Himalayas • Between Nepal and Bhutan Himalayas.
and Greater Himalayas. • Inhabited by Lepcha tribe
• Northern most ranges. • Distinguishing feature is Duar formation which
• Consists: Zaskar Range, Pir Panjal Range and is used for Tea plantation.
Valley of Kashmir. • Origin of River: Tista river (tributary of
• Origin of River: Jhelum, Chenab etc. Brahmaputra)
• Famous for Karewa formations, which are thick
glacial deposits used for saffron cultivation. 4. Arunachal Himalayas
• Between Bhutan Himalayas and Diphu Pass.
2. Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas • Namcha Barwa Peak
• Consist of Greater to Lesser Himalayas. • Origin of Rivers: Dibang, Lohit, Kameng
• Consist: Dhaula Dhar, Mahabharat Ranges. • Inhabited by Monpa, Abor, Mishmi, Nyishi
• Distinguishing Features are Duns formation like tribes.
Dehradun and Chandigarh-Kalka Dun. • Famous for orchids and various flora and fauna.
• Bhotia Tribe: Nomadic tribes associated with
Bugyals (High altitude summer grasslands in the 5. The Eastern Hills and Mountains
Himalayas). • Arranged in north to south direction.

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• Patkai Bum, Naga Hills, Mizo or Lushai Hills. • Lies in the flood plains
• Distinguishing features are Loktak lake • Fertile land and made of newer alluvium
(Manipur), Punjab Plains
• Molassis basin (Mizoram). • Land of five rivers
• River: Barak and Brahmaputra river system • Major part of this plain is in Pakistan
• Formed by: River Indus and its 5 tributaries -
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas
• Covers: Punjab, Haryana
• Features: Doabs (the land between two rivers)
Ganga Plains
• Largest part of Great Indian Plain
• Formed by: Ganges and its tributaries
• Covers: UP, Delhi, Bihar, Haryana, West Bengal
Brahmaputra Plains
Northern Plains • Formed by Brahmaputra and its tributaries.
• Location: Between Himalaya and Peninsular • This plain is also known as Assam Plain as most
plateau. of its part is in Assam.
• Formed by: Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra and their Peninsular Plateau
tributaries. • One of the oldest land mass of Earth
• Covers: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, • Origin: from the Gondwana land
West Bengal, Assam • Physical features: Rounded hills, tors, block
• Very fertile mountains, rift valleys, spurs, shallow valleys
• Source of major food grains in India. and dykes
• On the basis of physical features: divided into • Location: South of northern plain
following parts from north to south - Bhabar • Shape: similar to a triangle whose base lies to
Region, Terai Region, Bangar Region, Khadar the southern edge of the northern plain and
Region. Kanyakumari is the apex
• Average height: 600-900 metres
• Highest peak: Anaimudi (2695 metres) of Kerala
• Bhima fault is famous for seismic activities
1. Central Highlands
• Location: north of Narmada river
• Consists: Malwa Plateau, Chotanagpur Plateau,
Meghalaya Plateau, Vindhya Range, Satpura
Range, Aravali Range
• Highest peak: Gurusikhar (1722 m), Rajasthan
2. Deccan Plateau
Bhabar
• Bordered by: Satpura Range in north, Eastern
• Location: foothills of Himalaya
Ghats in east and Western Ghats in west
• Width: 8-16 Km
• Rivers: Cauvery, Godavari, Krishna
• Contains: stones, pebbles
• Consists: Andhra Plateau, Karnataka Plateau,
Terai
Maharashtra Plateau
• Location: south of Bhabar
3. North Eastern Plateau
• Width: 15-30 km
• Karbi Anglong and Meghalaya Plateau
• Covered by thick forests; good for cultivation
• Consists: Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills Rich in
Bangar
mineral resources
• Higher part of plain
4. Thar Desert
• Lies out of flood plain
• The Great Indian Desert or Marusthali
• Less fertile and made of old alluvium and
• It is thought to be the part of peninsular plateau
coarser sediments
only.
Khadar
• Lower part of plain

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• Covers: Rajasthan with some portion in Gujarat, rsh located in Kutch, Gujarat
Haryana and Punjab
• Features: Longitudinal dunes which are crescent
• River: Luni
shape "Barchan", Mushroom rocks, brackish
• Rainfall: 150mm/year. lakes locally known as playa
• Temperature: Maximum of around 50°C and
Minimum below 0°C
• Great Rann of Kutch falls into this desert. It is a
s
a
l
t

m
a

Coastal Plains •Features: Emergent coast and high hills near to

Coastal plains of India are situated along the Bay of the coast (continuous erosion due to sea
Bengal and Arabian Sea waves)
(A) Eastern Coastal Plains (B) Western Coastal Plains
• Lies along the Bay of Bengal • Lies along the Arabian Sea
• Covers: West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, • Covers: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa,
Tamil Nadu Kerala
• Eastern Coast is divided into • Divided into: Kathiawar coast in Gujarat,
• Northern Circars lies between Krishna and Konkancoast in Maharashtra, Malabar coast in
Mahanadi rivers (West Bengal, Odisha) Kerala
• Coromandel Coast lies between Krishna and • Rivers: Tapi, Narmada, Mandavi
Cauvery rivers (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) • Submerged coast provides natural conditions
• Main rivers: Mahanadi, Godavari, Cauvery, for ports and harbours
Krishna • Features: Kayals (backwaters)

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Islands • Another famous volcanic island is Narcondam
1. Andaman and Nicobar • Ten Degree Channel: Separates Great Andaman
• Location: Bay of Bengal group of islands in the north from the Nicobar
• India's only active volcano is the Barren Island group in the south
of Andaman • Some of the islands are fringed with coral reefs

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Andaman Islands (North) •Saddle peak (737 m) in North Andaman is the
• Three main islands i.e. North, Middle and South highest peak
Andaman Nicobar Islands (South)
• Duncan passage separates Little Andaman from • Southernmost: Great Nicobar is the largest. It is
South Andaman very close to Sumatra Island of Indonesia
• Port Blair, the capital of Andaman and Nicobar • Northernmost: Car Nicobar
Islands lies in the South Andaman

2. Lakshadweep
Location: Arabian Sea
3. DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN INDIA

Himalayan River Systems

• Indus River System
• Brahmaputra River System
• Ganga River System
• Amindivi Islands (northernmost), Laccadive
Islands, Minicoy Island (southernmost) • Krishna River System
collectively known as Lakshadweep Peninsular River Systems
• They are widely scattered about 200-500 km • Godavari River System
southwest of the Kerala coast • Cauvery River System
• All are tiny islands of coral origin (atoll) and are • Mahanadi River System
surrounded by fringing reefs • Narmada River System
• The Andrott Island is the largest island in • Tapi River System
Lakshdweep with an area of 4.90sq km Himalayan River Systems
• Most of the islands have low elevation and are • Perennial rivers due to rainfall and glaciers
extremely vulnerable to sea level change • The Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra
• Their topography is flat and relief features such comprise the Himalayan river systems
as hills, streams, valleys, etc. are almost absent 1. Indus River
• India got her name from Indus.
• 'The Indus Valley Civilization' flourished around
this river.
• Origin: Bokhar chu glacier (Tibet)

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• It is joined by Dhar River near Indo-China • At Farraka, it bifurcates into Bhagirathi-Hugli in
border. West Bengal and Padma-Meghna in
Major Tributaries of Indus River Bangladesh.
Jhelum River • Brahmaputra (or the Jamuna as it is known
• Source: spring at Verinag, Kashmir Valley. here) joins Padma-Meghna.
• Forms steep-sided narrow gorge through Pir Right Bank Tributaries of the Ganga
Panjal Range below Baramulla. • Most of them except Yamuna originate in the
• It flows through Wular lake in Kashmir. peninsular region.
Chenab River
• Source: near the Bara Lacha Pass in the Lahul-
Spiti part of the Zaskar Range. Yamuna
• Two small streams on opposite sides of the • Source: Yamunotri glacier on the Bandarpunch
pass, namely Chandra and Bhaga, form its Peak in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand at
headwaters at an altitude of 4,900 m. an elevation of about 6,000 meters.
Ravi River • Joins Ganga at Prayagraj.
• Source: Kullu hills near the Rohtang Pass in
Himachal Pradesh. Tributaries of Yamuna
• It drains the area between the Pir Panjal and • Chambal
the Dhauladhar ranges. ➢ Source: Janapav Hills in the Vindhyan Range.
• It meets Chenab a little above Rangpur in ➢ It flows through the Malwa Plateau.
Pakistani Punjab. ➢ Joins the Yamuna in Etawah district of Uttar
Beas River Pradesh.
• Origin: Beas kund near Rohtang Pass. ➢ Famous for Chambal Ravines that is a badland
• Meets the Satluj river at Harike in Punjab. topography.
• Lies entirely within the Indian territory. • Banas: A tributary of Chambal.
Satluj River ➢ Source: southern part of the Aravali Range. Sind
• Source: Manasarovar-Rakas Lakes in western ➢ Source: Vidisha Plateau of Madhya Pradesh.
Tibet. • Betwa
• Before entering the Punjab plain, it cuts a gorge ➢ Source: Bhopal district (Vindhyan Range) and
in Naina Devi Dhar, where the famous Bhakra joins Yamuna in Hamirpur (UP).
dam has been constructed. • Ken
• From near Ferozepur to Fazilka it forms the ➢ Source: Barner Range of Madhya Pradesh
boundary between India and Pakistan. ➢ Joins Yamuna near Chilla.
• It joins the Indus a few kilometres above • Son
Mithankot. o Source: Amarkantak Plateau.
• It is an antecedent river. o Passes along the Kaimur Range.
• It fuels the canal system of the Bhakra Nangal o It joins the Ganga near Danapur in Patna
Project. district of Bihar.
• Other Tribunaries o It flows for a distance of 784 km from its source.
• Left Bank: Zanskar, Suru, Ghaggar-Hakra river. o Tributaries: Johilla, Gopat, Rihand, Kanhar and
North Koel.
• Right Bank: Shyok, Hunza, Gilgit, Swat, Kabul,
Gomal, Zhob river. • Damodar
2. Ganga River o Source: Chotanagpur Plateau and flows
through a rift valley.
• Originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri
o Tributaries: Barakar, Konar, Bokaro, Haharo.
glacier in Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand).
o The valley is called "the Ruhr of India".
• Alaknanda River joins Bhagirathi at Devaprayag.
o Earlier, it was called as the Sorrow of Bengal.
• From Devaprayag the river is known as Ganga.
Left Bank Tributaries of The Ganga River
• Joined by the Yamuna at Allahabad.
These rivers originate in the Himalayas.

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Ramganga, Gomati, Ghaghra, Gandak, Burhi Burhi Gandak
Gandak, Bagmati and Kosi. • Source: Sumesar hills near the India-Nepal
Ramganga border.
• Source: Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. • It joins the Ganga near Munger town.
• Important tributaries: Khoh, Gangan, Aril, Kosi, Kosi
and Deoha (Gorra). • Consists of seven streams namely Sut Kosi, Tamba
Ghaghra Kosi, Talkha, Doodh Kosi, Botia Kosi, Arun and
• Source: near Gurla Mandhata peak, south of Tamber.
Manasarovar in Tibet (river of trans-Himalayan • These streams flow through eastern Nepal which is
origin). known as the Sapt Kaushik region.
• Known as the Karnali in Western Nepal. • The sources of seven streams of the Kosi are located
• Important tributaries: Sarda andRapti. in snow covered areas which also receive heavy
• Along its lower course it is known as Saryu. rainfall.
Kali • Seven streams mingle with each other to form
• Rises in the high glaciers of trans-Himalaya. three streams named the Tumar, Arun & Sun
• It forms the boundary between Nepal and Kosi.
Kumaon. • River is often termed as the 'Sorrow of Bihar'. It
• It is known as Sarda after it reaches the plains is an antecedent river.
near Tanakpur. 3. Brahmaputra River
Gandak • Source: Chemayungdung glacier (Kailash Range)
• Originates near the Tibet-Nepal border. Mariam La separates the source of the Brahmaputra
• It receives a large number of tributaries in Nepal
Himalaya. from the Manasarovar Lake
• Important tributaries: Kali Gandak, Mayangadi,
Bari and Trishuli.

Regions Name of Brahmaputra

Tibet Tsangpo (meaning 'The Purifier')
China Yarlung Zangbo Jiangin
Assam Valley Dihang or Siang, South of Sadiya: Brahmaputra
Bangladesh • Jamuna River
• Padma River: Combined waters of Ganga and Brahmaputra
• Meghna: From the confluence of Padma and Meghna
• Its course abruptly takes a southward turn • The river banks have gentle slopes except for a
around Namcha Barwa (Syntaxial Bend). limited tract where faulting forms steep sides.
• It is an antecedent river. • Water divide: Western Ghats, which run from
• Left Bank: Dibang, Lohit, Burhi Dihing, and north to south close to the western coast acts
Dhansari as a water divide between east flowing and
• Right Bank: Subansiri, Kameng, Manas, Tista and west flowing rivers.
Sankosh. • Rivers that drain into Bay of Bengal: Mahanadi,
• Subansiri is also an antecedent river. Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery and several smaller
Peninsular River System or Peninsular Drainage rivers.
• Much older than the Himalayan rivers. • Rivers that drain into Arabian Sea: Narmada,
• They are non-perennial rivers in mature stage Tapi, Mahi.
(Fluvial Landforms) and have almost reached East Flowing Peninsular Rivers
their base level. [Vertical downcutting is Mahanadi River
negligible]. • Mahanadi basin states: Chhattisgarh, Odisha,
• Broadand shallow valleys. Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

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 M.S.Shashank
• The Mahanadi (Great River) follows a total • Right Bank: Lakshmantirtha, Kabini,
course of 851 km. Suvarnavati, Bhavani, Noyyal and Amaravati.
• Source: Dandakaranya in Raipur District of Pennar River
Chhattisgarh. • The Pennar (also known as Uttara Pinakini) is
Tributaries one of the major rivers of the peninsula.
• Left bank Tributaries: Seonath, Hasdeo, Mand • Source: Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg
and lb. range, in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka
• Right bank Tributaries: Ong, Tel and Jonk. and flows towards east eventually draining
Godavari River into the Bay of Bengal.
• Source: Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district. • Pennar basin states: Andhra Pradesh and
• Largest river system of the Peninsular India, also Karnataka.
known as Dakshin Ganga. • The fan shaped basin is bounded by the
• The Godavari basin states: Maharashtra, Andhra Erramala range on the north, the Nallamala and
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Velikonda ranges of the Eastern Ghats on the
Pradesh, Karnataka and Union territory of east, the Nandidurg hills on the south and the
Puducherry (Yanam). narrow ridge separating it from the Vedavati
• Bounded by Satmala hills, the Ajanta range and valley of the Krishna basin on the west.
the Mahadeo hills. • The other hill ranges in the basin to the south of
Tributaries the river are the Seshachalam (famous for Red
• Left Bank Tributaries: Dharna, Penganga, Sanders) and Paliconda ranges.
Wainganga, Wardha, Pranahita (conveying the Tributaries
combined waters of Penganga, Wardha and • Left bank: Jayamangali, Kunderu.
Wainganga), Pench, Kanhan, Sabari, Indravati • Right bank: Chiravati, Papagni.
etc. Subarnarekha River
• Right Bank Tributaries: Pravara, Manjira, Maner Source: Ranchi Plateau in Jharkhand.
etc. Brahamani River
Krishna River • Source: Confluence of Koel and Sankh rivers
• The Krishna basin states: Andhra Pradesh, near Rourkela.
Maharashtra and Karnataka. • The basin states: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and
• It is bounded by Balaghat range on the north, Odisha.
Eastern Ghats on the south and the east and West Flowing Rivers of Peninsular India
Western Ghats on the west. Narmada River
• Source: Western Ghats near Jor village of Satara • Source: Maikal range near Amarkantak in
district of Maharashtra (north of Madhya Pradesh.
Mahabaleshwar). • Largest west flowing river of the peninsular
Tributaries India.
• Right bank: Koyna, Ghatprabha, Malprabha and • Flows in a rift valley between the Vindhyan
Tungabhadra. Rangeon the north and the Satpura Range on
• Left Bank: Bhima, Musi and Munneru. the south.
Cauvery River • It forms a picturesque gorge in marble rocks and
• Source: Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range forms Dhuandhar waterfall near Jabalpur.
near Cherangala village of Kodagu (Coorg) • Narmada basin states: Madhya Pradesh,
district of Karnataka. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh.
• The Cauvery basin states: Tamil Nadu, • Forms estuary in the Gulf of Khambhat.
Karnataka, Kerala and Union Territory of • Tributaries: Hiran, Orsang, Barna and Kolar.
Puducherry. •
• Bounded by Western Ghats on the west, Eastern Tapi River
Ghats on the east and the south and ridges • Source: Near Multai reserve forest in Madhya
separatingit from Krishna basin and Pennar Pradesh.
basin on the north. • The basin states: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
Tributaries and Gujarat
• Left Bank: Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha and • Bounded by the Satpura range on the north,
Arkavati. Mahadev hills on the east, Ajanta Range and

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 M.S.Shashank
the Satmala hills on the south and the Arabian
Sea on the west.
4. MONSOON
Tributaries
• Right Bank: Suki, Gomai, Arunavati, Aner.
• Left Bank: Vaghur, Amravati, Buray, Panjhra,
Bori, Girna, Purna, Mona, Sipna.
Sabarmati River
• Source: Aravalli hills at an elevation of 762 m
near village Tepur, in Udaipur district of
Rajasthan.
• Name given to the combined streams of Sabar
and Hathmati.
• The Sabarmati basin states: Rajasthan and
Gujarat.
• The basin is bounded by Aravalli hills on the
north and north-east, Rann of Kutch on the
west and Gulf of Khambhat on the south.
• Left bank tributaries: Wakal, Hathmati, Vatrak.
• Right bank tributary: Sei.
Mahi River
• Source: Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.
• The Mahi basin states: Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the
northwest, Malwa Plateau on the east, the
Vindhyas on the south and the Gulf of
Khambhat on the west.
• It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf
of Khambhat.
• This river cuts Tropic of Cancer twice. South West Monsoon
Luni River • Season - June to mid-September.
• Source: Aravalli ranges • Also known as hot-wet season.
• Salt River (Lonari or Lavanavari in Sanskrit) • Important feature is sudden onset
• It finally flows into the Rann of Kachchh (it gets Pressure and Winds during South West Monsoon
lost in the marsh). Season
• It's entire system is ephemeral. • Low pressure conditions prevail over northwest
Ghaggar River India due to high temperature.
• Source: rises on the lower slopes of the • ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) is a low
Himalayas and forms boundary between pressure Zone located at the equator where trade
Haryana and Punjab. winds converge and it changes its position according
• Main tributaries: Tangri, Markanda, Saraswati to seasons.
and Chaitanya. • ITCZ (monsoon trough) lies along the Ganga plain.
• There are frequent changes in its location
Small Rivers depending upon the weather conditions.
• Shetrunji and Bhadra in Gujarat, Vaitarna in • Important feature is sudden onset
Maharashtra, Kalinadi in Karnataka, Sharavati • The atmospheric pressure increases steadily
[on which Gersoppa (Jog) waterfall is situated] southwards.
in Karnataka, Mandavi and Juari in Goa, Periyar • Over the peninsular region, due to pressure
and Bharathapuzha in Kerala. gradient between north and south, winds blow in a
southwest to northeast direction from Arabian Sea
and Bay of Bengal.
• Their direction undergoes a change in Indo-
Gangetic plain where they move from east to west.

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 M.S.Shashank
Rainfall during South West Monsoon Season • The rainfall by this stream is characterized by a
• Three fourths of the total annual rainfall is received steady decline as we move from east to west up
during this season. the plain.
• The advance of the monsoon is much faster in the • The Tamil Nadu coast remains relatively dry during
Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea. the south-west monsoon period because of
• Sudden onset of rain is termed as monsoon burst. • Rain shadow effect of the Arabian Sea current.
• Bay of Bengal current which flows parallel to the
South West Monsoons – ArabianSea Branch and Bay of coast.
Bengal Branch
• Monsoon winds - two branches viz. the Arabian Sea Break in the South West Monsoons
branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. • During July and August, there are certain periods
• On reaching the foothills of the Himalayas the Bay when the monsoon becomes weak. Rainfall
of Bengal Branch is deflected westward by the practically ceases over the country outside the
Himalayan barrier and it advances up the Gangetic Himalayan belt and southeast peninsula. This is
plain. known as break in the monsoon.
• The two branches merge with each other mostly • Breaks are likely to occur during the second week of
around Delhi to form a single current. August and last for a week.
• Arabian Sea branch is much powerful than the Bay • The breaks are believed to be brought about by the
of Bengal branch because: northward shifting of the monsoon trough
• the Arabian Sea is larger than the Bay of Bengal, and (minimumlow pressure cell in ITCZ). The axis of the
• The entire Arabian Sea current advances towards trough lies at the foothills of the Himalayas during
India, whereas only a part of the Bay of Bengal the break period
current enters India. • During the break period, heavy rainfall occurs over
the sub-Himalayan regions and the southern slopes
The Arabian Sea Branch: Three Distinct Streams of the Himalayas.
• The first stream strikes the west coast of India • On an average one or two breaks do occur during
• Rainfall is drastically reduced to about 30-50 cm on the rainy season. In 85 out of 100 years there is a
the leeward side of the crest. break in the monsoons.
• The second stream enters Narmada-Tapi troughs
(narrow rift valley) and reaches central India. It Retreating Monsoon/North East Monsoon
does not cause much rain near the coast due to the • Starts with the beginning of the withdrawal of
absence of major orographic obstacle across the southwest monsoon [middle of September
rift. Some parts of central India receive rainfall from November] and lasts till early January.
this stream (Example: Nagpur). • Unlike the sudden burst of the advancing
• The third stream moves parallel to the Aravalli monsoons, the withdrawal is rather gradual and
Range without causing much rainfall. Consequently, takes about three months.
the whole of Rajasthan is a desert area. • It is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature
• However, some orographic effect occurs on the with high humidity called as October heat.
south-eastern edge of the Aravalli Range. Mt. Abu
gets about 170cm rainfall while the surrounding Pressure and Winds during Retreating Monsoon
plains have only 60 to 80cm rainfall. Season
• The monsoon trough weakens and gradually shifts
The Bay of Bengal Branch: Two Distinct Streams southward. Consequently, the pressure gradient is
• The first stream crosses the Ganga-Brahmaputra low.
delta and reaches Meghalaya. Here the orographic • Unlike south-west monsoon, the onset of the
effect results in intense rainfall. Eg: Cherrapunji northeast monsoon is not clearly defined.
Mawsynram. • The direction of winds over large parts of the
• The second stream moves along Himalayan foothills country is influenced by the local pressure
as they are deflected to the west the Himalaya and conditions.
brings widespread rainfall to Ganga plain.

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Cyclones during Retreating Monsoon Season Crop Classification Based on Growing Season
• Most severe and devastating tropical cyclones
originate in the Indian seas especially in the Bay of Kharif/Rainy/Monsoon Rabi/winter/cold Summer/Zaid
Bengal. crops seasons crops crops
• The highest frequency of the cyclones is in the The crops grown in The crops grown in Crops grown
month of October and the first half of November. monsoon months winter season in
Precipitation during Retreating Monsoon Season Sown before monsoon Sown before Sown and
• October-November is the main rainy season in and harvested at the retreating monsoon harvested in
Tamil Nadu and adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh end of the monsoon and harvested summer
to the south of the Krishna delta as well as a before summer.
secondary rainy period for Kerala. June to Oct-Nov Oct to March March to
• Absorbs moisture while passing over the Bay of June
Bengal and causes this rainfall. Require warm, wet Crops grow well in Require warm
weather at major cold and dry dry weather
period of crop growth weather for major
5. INDIAN AGRICULTURE growth period
E.g. rice, maize, E.g. wheat, barley, E.g.
sorghum, pearl oats (cereals), groundnuts,
Crop Classification Based on Climate
millet/bajra, finger chickpea/ gram watermelon,
Tropical Temperate
millet/ragi (cereals), (pulses), linseed, pumpkins,
Crops grow well in warm Crops grow well in cool
arhar (pulses), mustard (oilseeds) gourds etc.
& hot climate climate
soyabean, ground-nut etc.
Example: rice, sugarcane, Example : Wheat, oats ,
(oilseeds), cotton etc.
jowar etc. gram,potato, apple etc.

Crops in India
Name Climatic Conditions Additional Information
• High Heat and High humidity • Cultivated throughout India, except higher
• Rainfall: 100 - 200 cm parts of Himalayas and desert areas
• Soil: variety of soils - acidic/alkaline (fields • Worldwide: China > India;
Rice
must retain water) • Domestic: West Bengal > UP > Andhra
Pradesh Central Rice Research Institute,
Cuttack, Odisha
• Mainly in north-western parts.
• Cool Climate with moderate rainfall • Frost at flowering time, hail storm at the time
Wheat • Rainfall: 50 cm - 100 cm; of ripening causes heavy damage
• Well drained fertile soils • Worldwide: China > India;
• Domestic: UP > MP > Punjab
• Almost in all areas - Important crop in arid
• Mainly rainfed, 50 cm - 100 cm lands
Maize
• Soil: Fertile well drained alluvial or red loams • Worldwide: USA > China > Brazil (India 8th);
Domestic: Karnataka > AP > Maharashtra
• Mainly in Southern States, North Western
• Hot and humid areas India
Jowar
• Rainfall: 30 cm - 100 cm • Worldwide: USA > India Nigeria; Domestic:
Maharashtra > Karnataka > MP
• Mainly in North Western Parts
• Dry and warm climate, rain fed crop
• Widely used as fodder
Bajra • Rainfall: 40 cm - 50 cm Soil: sandy soils,
• Worldwide: India > Nigeria > China; Domestic:
black and red soils
Rajasthan Gujarat > Maharashtra
Ragi • Rainfall: 50 cm - 100 cm • Drier parts of South India.

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• Soil: Red, light black and sandy • Worldwide: India 1st; Domestic: Karnataka >
TN> Uttarakhand
• Cold drier parts - Great plains and valleys of
• Does not tolerate high heat and high
western Himalayas
Barley humidity
• Worldwide: Russia > Germany > France (India
• Rainfall: 75 cm - 100 cm
22nd); Domestic: UP > Rajasthan > MP
• Throughout India
• Wide range of climate, preferably mild
Gram • Worldwide: India 1st; Domestic: MP >
climate
Maharashtra > Rajasthan
• Drier areas
• Dry crop generally mixed with other kharif
Tur/Arhar • Worldwide: India 1st, Domestic: Maharashtra
cropse
MP > Karnataka
• Moist weather and heavy rainfall at the time
• High Temperature, clear skies
of boll opening is suicidal to crop
Cotton • Rainfall: 50 - 100 cm
• Worldwide: India > China US; Domestic:
• Black soils best suited
Gujarat > Maharashtra > Andhra Pradesh
• Hot and humid climate • Water intensive and labour-intensive crop.
Jute • Rainfall: 120cm - 150cm. • Worldwide: India > Bangladesh > China;
• Soil: Light sandy or clayey loams Domestic: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam
• Long duration crop, frost hating, labour
• Hot and humid climate, any kind of soil that intensive
Sugarcane
can retain moisture • Worldwide: Brazil > India; Domestic: UP >
Maharashtra > Karnataka
• Around 100 cm of rainfall; tolerates wide
• Crop rotation is desirable, labour intensive
range of temperature
Tobacco • Worldwide: China > Brazil > India; Domestic:
• Well drained sandy loams rich in mineral
AP >Gujarat
salts
• Mostly Kharif but can also be grown as Rabi.
• Tropical climate Fixes nitrogen in the soil and serves as rotation
Groundnut • Rainfall: 50- 75 cm crop.
• Primarily rainfed, no stagnant water. • India is the largest producer in the world.;
Domestic: Gujarat > TN > AP
• Arid parts
• Rainfall: 45-50 cm • India is the largest producer in the world;
Sesamum
• Well drained light loamy soils Gujarat, West Bengal, Maharashtra are major
states
Rapeseed and • India is the largest producer in the world;
• Cool climate
Mustard Domestic: Rajasthan > UP > Haryana
• Cool, moist climate
• Rabi crop
• Rainfall: 75 cm
Linseed • India is world's third largest producer;
• Clayey loams, deep black soils and alluvial
Domestic: MP> UP > Bihar
soils
• Tropical and subtropical climate (hot and
• Shade loving plant.
humid climate)
• No stagnant water hence grown on slopes
Tea • Rainfall: 150 cm - 300 cm
• Worldwide: China > India > Kenya; State wise:
• Soil: Well drained loams rich in humus and
Assam > West Bengal > Himachal Pradesh
iron content.
• It doesn't tolerate strong sunshine. No
stagnant water
• Hot and humid climate
Coffee • India's production is insignificant, but has
• Rainfall: 150 cm - 250 cm
demand due to decent quality
• Domestic: Karnataka, Kerala, TN and AP
• Hot and humid climate with annual rainfall • Worldwide: Thailand > Indonesia > India;
Rubber
of 200 cm Domestic: Kerala, North-East States

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GREEN REVOLUTION rotation, crop residues, animal manure, off-farm
organic wastes and biological pest control to maintain
• The term Green Revolution was used first in 1968 by
soil productivity.
Dr. William Gadd of the U.S.A.
• Norman Borlaug: Father of the Green Revolution
• M.S. Swaminathan: Father of Indian Green Types of Agriculture
Revolution Apiculture Bee-keeping
• The eight years between the commencements of Aquaculture Aquatic animals or plants
the Third-Five Year and Fourth-Five Year Plans Ornamental trees and
1961-69 were the year of great significance for Arboriculture
shrubs
Indian agriculture.
Aviculture Birds
• A new strategy of agricultural production was
Floriculture Flowers
introduced first in 1960-61 as a pilot project in some
districts of Punjab Horticulture Gardening
• It was subsequently extended to other districts of Sea fish or other marine
Mariculture
the country. life
• Use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds, Cultivation of only one
Monoculture
application of chemical fertilizers and extension of sort of crop
adequate and assured irrigation. Development of
Permaculture
• Use of pesticides and insecticides and improved sustainable agriculture
agricultural implements to enhance agricultural Sericulture Silk and silkworms
productivity. Silviculture Trees
• The Green revolution in India has been successful Vermiculture Earthworms
mainly in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Viticulture Grapevines
Pradesh.
• These regions had advantage of assured irrigation,
adequate supply of fertilizers, HYV seeds, and Revolution Significance
modern agricultural implements at subsidised rate. Blue Revolution Fish production
Leather/non-
Brown Revolution
PINK REVOLUTION conventional/Cocoa production
A rapid increase in the production of meat with high Golden Fiber
export-growth and better domestic production is Jute production
Revolution
known as the period of "Pink Revolution". Fruits/Overall Horticulture
Golden Revolution development/Honey
WHITE REVOLUTION production
• Also known as Operation Flood. Green Revolution Food grains
• India is leading producer of milk in the world. Grey Revolution Fertilizer
• Under 'Operation Flood' programme good breeds of
Onion
cows and buffaloes, which yield more milk were
Pink Revolution production/Pharmaceutical/Pr
introduced.
awn production
• Co-operative societies in this field were
Red Revolution Meat & Tomato production
encouraged.
• For the milk point of view, buffaloes are important Round Revolution Potato
as they account for about 53% of total milk Silver Fiber
Cotton
production in India. Revolution
• In 1965, the National Dairy Development Board Silver Revolution Egg/Poultry production
(NDDB) was set up to promote, plan and organise White Revolution Milk/Dairy production
dairy development through cooperatives. Yellow Revolution Oil Seeds production
NOTE: Eco-Farming or Organic Farming farming avoids Overall development of
Evergreen Revolution
the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth Agriculture
regulator and Livestock feed additives. It relies on crop

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6. Minerals:

Natural Resources of India

Mineral Features Uses Producers
Iron Types of Ore: Magnetite > Worldwide: Australia > Brazil > China > India
Haematite > Limonite > Domestic: Odisha > Chhattisgarh >
Siderite Karnataka > Jharkhand Bailadila mine is the
largest mechanised mine in Asia
(Chhattisgarh)
Coal Types of coal: anthracite> Thermal industry Iron and Worldwide: China > India > US > Australia >
bituminous > lignite > peat steel industry Indonesia Domestic: Jharkhand > Odisha >
Chhattisgarh Gondwana coal makes up to
98%, carbon content is very low
Copper Good conductor of Automobile and defence Worldwide: Chile > Peru > China Domestic:
electricity industries. MP> Rajasthan > Jharkhand
Bauxite A sedimentary rock, found Automobile industries. Worldwide: Australia > China > Brazil
(aluminium) in subtropical and tropical Domestic: Odisha > Gujarat > Chhattisgarh
areas.
Zinc Zinc is found in veins in Alloying and for Worldwide: China is the largest producer.
association with galena manufacturing galvanized India: Almost the entire production comes
,chalcopyrite, iron pyrites sheets, dry batteries, from Rajasthan.
and other sulphide ores. electrodes, textiles, die-
casting, rubber industry
and for making collapsible
tubes containing drugs,
pastes and the like.
Nickle Nickel does not occur freeArmoured plates, bullet Worldwide: Indonesia > Philippines
in nature; it is found in jackets Nickel-aluminium Domestic: Odisha > Jharkhand
association with copper, alloys are used for
uranium and other metals manufacturing aeroplanes
and internal combustion
engines.
Gold Gold usually occurs in Jewellery and Electronics Worldwide: China > USA > South Africa >
auriferous (of rocks or Australia > Russia Domestic: Karnataka >
minerals containing gold Andhra Pradesh > Jharkhand Kolar Gold
rocks). Found in sands of Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold
several rivers. Field are the most important gold fields.

Silver Ore minerals: agentite, Chemicals, electroplating, Worldwide: Mexico > Peru > China
stephanite, pyrargyrite and photography and for Domestic: Rajasthan > Jharkhand
proustite Found mixed with colouring glass
several other metals such
as copper, lead, gold, zinc

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Petroleum 90-95% Hydrocarbons. 5- Machinery, Vehicle Industry Onshore: Brahmaputra valley, Barmer area
10% organic compounds of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Cauvery on-shore
containing oxygen, basin in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh (both
nitrogen, Sulphur on-shore and offshore) Offshore: Western
coast: Mumbai High, Bassein and Aliabet. •
Mumbai High: 1974; rock strata of Miocene
age. • Sagar Samrat, Bassein: south of
Mumbai High. Aliabet: Aliabet island in the
Gulf of Khambhat Eastern coast: The basin
and delta regions of Godavari, Krishna and
Cauvery rivers
Shalegas Fracking technology is used Fuel, Automobile Industry Cambay Basin in Gujarat, the Assam -Arakan
for the extraction of Shale basin in northeast India, and the Gondwana
gas. Guar gum is used in Basin, Krishna, Cauvery, Godavari, Damodar
fracking technology. The Valley.
gum turns water into a very
thick gel. Guar is grown
mainly by farmers in
Rajasthan and Haryana.
Uranium A silvery-gray metallic Nuclear Fuel, Electricity Kazakhstan Canada > Australia. India has no
radioactive chemical Production significant reserves of Uranium. All needs
element. It is only naturally are met through imports Domestic:
formed in supernova Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of
explosions. Uranium, Jharkhand, Gaya district of Bihar, and the
thorium, and potassium are sedimentary rocks in Saharanpur district of
the main elements Uttar Pradesh. Some quality reserves were
contributing to natural recently discovered in parts of Andhra
terrestrial radioactivity Pradesh and Telangana between
Uranium isotopes in natural Seshachalam forest and Sresaila
uranium are U238 (99.27%)
and U235 (0.72%). All
uranium isotopes are
radioactive and fissionable.
But only U235 is fissile.
Thorium Silvery and tarnishes black Nuclear Fuel, India and Australia are believed to possess
when exposed to air; Manufacturing lenses for more than half of world's thorium reserves
weakly radioactive cameras Kerala, Jharkhand, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and
Produces 10 to 10,000 Rajasthan are the main producers.
times less long- lived
radioactive waste Thorium
reactors: Cheaper because
they have higher burn up.
Diamonds Hardest naturally occurring Used in ornaments, Worldwide: Russia > Botswana > Canada >
substance found on Earth. polishing the surfaces of Australia Domestic: Panna belt and Krishna
Diamonds are formed in metals, gem cutting. Gravels in Andhra Pradesh; the new
mantle, Brought to the Cutting-edges of drills used kimberlite fields are discovered in Raichur-
earth's crust due to for exploration and mining Gulbarga districts of Karnataka. Cutting and
volcanism. Most of the of minerals polishing of diamonds centres:
diamonds occur in dykes, Surat,Navasari, Ahmedabad, Palampur etc.
sill etc.

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Mica Based on a collection of Electrical and electronics India has a near monopoly in the
silicates - very good industry. Used in production of mica (60% of world's total).
insulator toothpaste and cosmetics Andhra Pradesh Rajasthan > Jharkhand >
because of its glittery Odisha > Maharashtra Bihar
appearance
Gypsum Hydrated sulphate of Used in making plasters of Rajasthan [99% of the total production of
calcium. White opaque or Paris, moulds in ceramic India] > Tamil Nadu > Jammu and Kashmir >
transparent mineral. industry, tiles, plastics, etc. Gujarat > Uttar Pradesh
Applied as surface plaster
in agriculture for
conserving soil moisture
and for aiding nitrogen
absorption.

7. SOILS

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Major Soil Types in India

Types of Soils Founding India

Types Subtypes/formation Characteristics Cultivation Regions
Alluvial • Formed by • Highly fertile Riverine • Good for rabi and • Largest Tract →
soil depositional work of soils kharif crops Satluj Ganga Plains
rivers • Rich in Potash but • In delta region, they
• Khadar: Fresh silt; deficient in Nitrogen & are ideal for jute
non-porous; clayey Humus content cultivation
and loamy • Best for cereals &
• Bhangar: Above Pulses
flood level; well
drained & drier;
coarse, contain
kankar (lime
nodules), gravels

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Red Formed by weathering • Less fertile than Alluvial • Suitable for the • Periphery areas of
&Yellow of Igneous (crystalline) & & Black soils cultivation of millets, Deccan Plateau viz.
Soil metamorphic rocks • Lacks water retention pulses, linseed, Chhota Nagpur
capacity; are porous, plateau, Telangana,
aerated & friable in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu,
nature Karnataka, Andhra
• Reddish in color due to Pradesh
presence of ferrous
oxide, looks yellow in
hydrated form
• Deficient in nitrogen,
lime, magnesia, humus
and phosphate; rich in
potash and become
fertile with the proper
use of fertilizers and
irrigation
Black Soil • Formed by • Highly fertile (< Alluvial) Cotton, sugarcane • Mainly found in
or Regur solidification of Lava • Deficient in organic Deccan Plateau
soil • Black colour is due to content, phosphorus, • Regions:
its iron content, nitrogen Maharashtra,
derived from plutonic • Rich in lime and iron, Gujarat, MP, Andhra
lava materials magnesia and alumina; Pradesh, Parts of
• Ploughed in dry also contains Potash Tamil Nadu
season as on • Highly clayey and
evaporation cracks impermeable → Highly
develop for better moisture retentive
seed penetration
Laterite • Coarse texture with • With rain, Lime & Silica • Useful for plantation • Meghalaya,
Soil soft & friable nature leaches away, leaving crops like Tea, Karnataka,
• Formed under insoluble FeO & Alumina Rubber, Tamil Nadu,
conditions of high compounds • Coffee Used as hilly areas of
temperature and →→Desilication building material & Assam,
heavy rainfall with • Humus content of soil is brick making Rajmahal hills,
alternate wet and dry fast removed bacteria Chhotanagpur
periods which thrive well in high plateau, etc.
temp.
• Poor in Lime, Nitrogen,
Magnesium Humus; Rich
in FeO & Alumina
Saline/ Formation takes place • Highly saline due to dry • Infertile & does not • Found in arid or
Alkaline due to upward climate, poor drainage & support vegetative semi-arid
Soil movement (Capillary high evaporation growth conditions along
Action) of soluble salt • Salinity also caused due with water
due to excess amount of to excessive irrigation in • Found in Bihar,
evaporation: soluble dry conditions which Rajasthan, U.P.,
salts originate in the promotes capillary Punjab,Haryana,
solid from the action Maharashtra
decomposition of
primary minerals.

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 M.S.Shashank
Arid Soil • Originated from the • Generally saline due to • Actually fertile, • Found in areas
mechanical high evaporation water being the only with rainfall < 50
disintegration of the • Sandy, porous, coarse limiting factor cm
ground rock by & rich in salts • Cereals grown are • Mainly in SW
deposition by wind • Nitrogen is insufficient Jowar, Bajra, Ragi & Haryana & Punjab
• Covered with thick and the phosphate Oil seeds → Drought and W. Rajasthan
brown mantle which content is normal resistance crops
inhibits soil growth
• Low rainfall and high
temperature are
reasons for the
formation of this soil
Mountai • Prone to soil erosion • Rich in humus but • These soils are • Include peat,
n Soils → top soil getting deficient in potash, mostly thin and meadow and forest
washed away due to phosphorous and infertile hill soils
the steep slopes of lime • Useful for Tea, • Jammu and
the mountains after a coffee, spices and Kashmir, Himachal
heavy rainfall tropical fruits Pradesh,
• Generally loamy & Uttarakhand,
silty on valley side Assam, Sikkim,
and coarser in slopes Arunachal Pradesh
Peaty/ Heavy, black in colour Rich in humus & organic Found in high rainfall
Organic Mineral content, sometimes and high humid areas
Soil alkaline too of WB, Odisha & Kerala

8. NATURAL VEGETATION

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Types of Indian Forest
Types ClimaticConditions Location in India Examples Special Facts
Tropical Average Western Ghats, North Rosewood, Gurjan, Sun rays unable to reach
Evergreen Temperature: 25°C Eastern Regions and in Mahogany, Ebony earth Trees compete & rise
Rainfall: 200 cm Andaman and Nicobar high to get sunlight; they
don't shed leaves
Himalayan Rainfall: 150-300 cm High altitude of Himalaya At 1000-1500 m (Sal, At higher altitude only
Vegetation Average Teak, Bamboo); At tundra vegetation - Mosses,
Temperature: 11°C- 3000-3500 m (Pine, Lichens are found.
14°C Oak, Deodar, Cedar
grows)
Mangrove Wet coastal areas At the mouths of Ganges, Sundari, Keora, Garan, Major features: stilt roots
(Tidal (Saline and Swampy Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Hogla. In West Bengal (grows to support the trees)
Forest) area) Godavari, Krishna known as Sundarbans growth is dependent on
tides.
Tropical Rainfall: 100-200 cm Ganga valley, Western Teak, Sal, Deodar, Largest type of forest in
Deciduous Average Ghats, NE India, West Sheesham, Mahua, India. The trees shed their
(Monsoon) Temperature: 27°C Bengal, Odisha, MP, etc. Palash, Bamboo, Arjun, leaves during dry summer or
Tropical Thorn Ebony dry winter season
Tropical Average Temp: 25- Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Major trees found in The trees of this forest have
thron & 30 °C Average Haryana this forest are - Neem, lesser leaves and have
Shrubs rainfall: 50cm & Date, Cacti, Palm, features of Xerophyte
Shrubs Acacia

9. Infrastructure
Major Sea Ports in India

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Golden Quadrilateral

National Highway Network of India

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Railway zones of India North-South and East West Corridor

Nuclear Power Plants

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Geothermal Energy Sites

Dams of India Panchet hill

Damodar dam
State River Dam
Damodar Tenughat dam
Sriram Sagar
Godavari dam Konar Konar dam
Nagarjuna Subarnarekha Getalsud dam
Andhra Banas Dantiwada dam
Krishna Sagar dam
Pradesh Kadana
Srisailam
hydroelectric Gujarat Mahi reservoir
Krishna project Sabarmati Dharoi dam
Barakar Maithon dam Tapi Ukai dam
Jharkhand
Barakar Tilaiya dam Himachal Beas dam at
Pradesh Beas Pong

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Beas Pandoh dam Machkund Balimela dam

Sutlej Bhakra dam Odisha Mahanadi Hirakud dam
Arkavally and Chamarajasagar Jawahar Sagar
Kumudwathy dam Chambal dam
Bhadra Rajasthan Rana Pratap
Bhadra reservoir Chambal Sagar dam.
Ghataprabha Hidkal dam Gomati Jaisamand tank
Narayanpur Upper Aliyar
Krishna dam Aliyar dam
Karnataka Krishnarajasaga Amaravathi
Main Cauvery r dam Amaravati dam
Indira Gandhi Avalanche Stream Avalanche dam
Malaprabha dam Bhavani Bhavani dam
Linganamakki Mettur
Sharavathy dam Tamil Nadu
Cauvery (Stanley) dam
Tungabhadra Periyar Periyar dam
Tungabhadra dam Ponnaiyar Sathanur dam
Ayalar Pothundy dam Vaigai Vaigai dam
Neyyar Neyyar dam West
Kerala
Periyar Idukki dam Varahapallam
Wadakkancherry Vazhani dam Varahapallam West dam
Barna Barna dam Betwa Matatila dam
Madhya Gandhi Sagar Maneri Bhali
Pradesh Chambal dam hydroelectric
Tawa Tawa dam Bhagirathi project
Uttar Pradesh
Tanaji Sagar Ramganga Ramganga dam
Ambi dam Rihand Obra dam
Godavari Paithan dam Rihand Rihand dam
Koyna Koyna dam Tons Ichari dam
Krishna Dhom dam Kangsabati and Kangsabati-
Maharashtra Mula Mula dam Kumari Kumari dam
West Bengal
Khadakwasla Massanjore
Mutha dam Mayurakshi dam
Kamthikhairy
Pench dam
Pravara Wilson dam

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Inland Water ways in India

List of Important Indian Lakes of India

Sriharikota island
Lakes States Facts
separates this lake
Between the Krishna
from Bay of Bengal.
and Godavari Delta;
Sriharikota is the
Kolleru AndhraPradesh one of the largest
home of Satish
fresh water lake of
Dhawan Space Centre
India
Asia's largest fresh
Andhra Pradesh/ Second largest water oxbow lake
Pulicat
Tamil Nadu Brackish water lake Kanwar Bihar Asia's largest fresh

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water oxbow lake limestone
World's second and rocks
Chilika Odisha India's largest coastal It looks like
lagoon. Meghalaya Elephant Falls the face of
India's second largest elephant
Dhebar Rajasthan
artificial lake Chuliya Falls -
Rajasthan
It is India's largest Chambal
inland salt water lake Rajrappa Falls -
Sambhar Rajasthan
It is the most saline Confluence of the
lake of India Jharkhand Damodar & Bhairavi
The longest and Hundru Falls
largest lake of India Subarnarekha
Vembanad Kerala
The largest lake of Odisha Joranda Falls
Kerala Odisha and
The impact of a Duduma Falls - Also known as
Lonar Maharashta Andhra
Meteor created it Machkund Matsya Tirth
Pradesh
The largest fresh Marbal rocks
water lake of India are associated
Jammu and
Wular Created by Tectonic with these
Kashmir
activity and fed by Dhuandhar Falls - falls The
river Jhelum Narmada famous sage
Asia's largest tulip Madhya
Kapildhara Falls - Kapil had
garden is situated by Pradesh
near the Narmada written
the banks of this Kund 'Sankhya
Jammu and
Dal lake lake. Philosophy'
Kashmir
This lake is also in the Kapil
known as Srinagar's ashram
Jewel. Located in
The largest fresh Dudhsagar fall-
Goa Mollem
water lake of North Mandovi
National Park
East India. A horseshoe
Loktak Manipur Keibul Lamjao, the Gokak fall - Gokak shaped
only floating National Jog fall (Gersoppa) – waterfall
Park of World, floats Karnataka Sharavati Highest in
over it. Shivasamundram India (River-
It is the home of fall -Cauvery fed) Perennial
Nal
Gujarat largest bird sanctuary waterfall
Sarovar
of India Hogenakal fall –
It holds a very special Cauvery Pykara fall Niagara falls
place for the Hindu Tamil Nadu
– Pykara Vattaparai of India
Roopkund Uttarakhand devotees. It is also fall - Pazhayar
known as Skeleton Meenmutty
Lake Soochipara fall literally
Meenmutty fall means
Kerala
Vazhachal fall- "where fishes
Major Waterfalls of India
Chalakkudy river are blocked"
State Falls/River Facts in Malyalam
Formed by
Uttarakhand Sahastradhara Falls
liquification of

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