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Project Management Skills
Unit-1
INTRODUCTION (4 Marks)
• Meaning of Project
• Features of a Project
• Types of Projects
• Benefits of Project Management
• Obstacles in Project Management
• Project Management A Profession
• Project Manager and His Role
• Project Consultants
• What is Operation?
• Difference between Project and Operation
• What is Process in Project Management and Process Groups?
• What is Scope? Difference between Project Group Objectives and
Project Scope

ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ ಗುರು ಶುರು ಮಕಡ ೋಣ್ಕಾ……..

Meaning of Project:

A project is a short-term, unique task that must be completed within a fixed budget
and has a definite start and end date.
OR
Project is a temporary activity undertaken to create a unique product or service.
OR
Specific activity with specific starting point and specific ending point to achieve
specific objective.
OR
In general, project is a work plan which is scientifically devised with right man for
the right work at the right time to achieve a specific objective within a certain set
time frame.
Features of a Project
• Unique in nature. No two projects are exactly similar.
• Have definite goals (objectives) to achieve.
• Have a specific time frame for the completion with a definite start and end
date.
• Require set of resources (human and non-human resources)
• Involves risk and uncertainty.
• Project has a life cycle reflected by growth, maturity and decline.
• Require cross-functional teams and interdisciplinary approach.
• Change is an inherent feature.
• Involves sub-contracting

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Examples of Project:
• Construction Projects • Health Projects
• Manufacturing projects • Educational projects
• Railway projects • Social projects
• Power projects • Information Technology Projects

Purpose to Start a Project:

• Market need-Competition in market
• Business need: To reduce cost
• An organisational need
• Technological advancement
• Customer needs
• Social needs: Building a hospital, buildings or government projects

Triple Constraint of a Project

The triple constraint, also known as the project
management triangle or the iron triangle, is a model
that describes the three main constraints in project
management: Time, Scope, Cost
The triple constraint theory states that any change to
one of these constraints will affect the other two.
Project managers must balance these constraints to
keep their project on budget and on time while still
meeting the project's scope.

Types of Projects

1) Normal Projects
• Sufficient time is allowed for implementation.
• All the phases in a project are allowed to take their normal time
• Minimum requirement of capital.
• No sacrifice in terms of quality.
2) Crash Projects
• Shorten time duration
• Increasing resources
• Maximum overlapping of phases is encouraged.
• Simultaneous work by subcontracting is the way out
• Increase overall cost.
3) Disaster Projects
• These are projects, undertaken, due to unexpected nature's calamities like
floods.
• Anything needed to gain time is allowed in these projects.
• Round the clock work is done.
• Capital cost will go up very high.
• Project time will get drastically reduced.

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Project Management:
Project management is the process/application of using knowledge, skills, tools,
and techniques to plan, execute, monitor, and complete a project within a defined
time, budget, and resource constraints.
It enables organizations to execute projects effectively and efficiently.
It has three key features: a project manager, the project team and the project
management system.

Benefits of Project Management

• Reduce the need for continuous reporting
• Auto-pilot work atmosphere.
• Manage Budgets and Timelines
• Improve Productivity and Overall Quality of Work
• It helps to identify problem.
• Increase Customer Satisfaction
• Improve Relationships with Stakeholders

Obstacles in Project Management

• Unclear goals
• Organization restructuring.
• Poor communication in the organization.
• Changes in project take more time.
• Changes in technology
• Poor labour productivity.
• Lack of knowledge / expertise.
• Shortage of resources (Ex: raw materials shortage, labour shortage,
money shortage etc.)
• Special requirement from customer takes more time.

Project Management- a profession

• Certified Project management professionals are used to monitor and execute
project.
• It requires professional approach for efficient management of project.
• It is run by logical operations.
• It requires skills and mechanical operations.
• It also has organization with different assigned roles.
• A project manager is paid and is responsible for end result and he is also
responsible to manage the project team.

Project Manager:
Project manager is a key person and involve completely in planning the work,
supervision, directing and leading the team members and has overall control
of the project activities.

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Characteristics of Project Manager:
• Flexible and adaptable to all situation.
• Should be a good leader.
• Effective or good communication skills.
• Able to identify problems ahead.
• Able or willing to devote most of his time for planning and controlling.
• Willing to make decisions which are acceptable to the team.
• Ability to maintain proper balance in the use of time.
• Ultimately the project manager is responsible for the success or failure of the
project.

Role of Project Manager:

• He is involved in planning the work, monitoring, directing and leading the team
members.
• He must take necessary action to reduce the wastage of the resources.
• He should ensure timely availability of the resources (Time, money, materials,
machines, man power etc.)
• He should maintain a project diary to record the activities and progress of
the project.
• He must complete the project goal within the given time-cost- quality.
• He holds the overall control of the project and is responsible for its finishing.

Project Consultant:
A project consultant is a professional who provides expert advice, guidance and
direction to the Project and help organizations to achieve their goals.

Characteristics of a Project Consultant:

• Consultants provide guidance as well as direction to the projects from the
starting to the completion and post project evaluation state.
• Advantage of expertise.
• Flexible and adaptable to certain circumstances.
• They fill the gap when there is no in-house facility available.
• They provide the assistance especially for projects with new technology
• They assist the Project manager or the project team to achieve cost control and
time control.
• They assist to prepare appropriate estimate and effective and efficient
management of the resources.

Need of a Project Consultant:

• Implementing a large-scale project with significant complexity
• Launching a new product or service requiring specialized expertise
• Dealing with a critical project where success is crucial
• When internal project management capabilities are lacking
• To improve overall project management practices within the organization

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In-house and Out-house Consultant
In-house consultants are employees within a business who work on the projects
that they are assigned to internally. Internal consultants are usually hired when
there is a constant need for third-party advisory, and hiring an external firm to
fill the organizational needs would not be feasible.

Outside consultants are the professionals who are not employed by a company
and hired to provide advice, solve problems, or improve processes. They are also
known as external consultants.

The hiring of an external consultant will be required if internal consultants are

unable to complete the work.

Operation:
Operations are the ongoing, routine tasks that produce the same or repetitive
output.
Ex: Production, Manufacturing, Accounting
Difference between a Project and Operation:
Project Operation
• Temporary • Ongoing process
• Unique output • Repetitive output
• Purpose is to attain its objective • Purpose is to sustain the business
and then terminate
• have a fixed budget • have to earn a profit to run the
business
• more risks in projects as they are • fewer risks as they are repeated
usually done for the first time many times.
• Bring changes • Maintain status

Process in Project Management:

A "Process" refers to a structured series of steps or activities that are followed to
complete a specific task or phase within a project, ensuring a systematic approach
to achieve project goals.
In project management, "Process Groups" refer to the five key stages a project
goes through:
1) Initiating:
Identifying the need for a project, defining objectives and scope, and getting initial
approval.
2) Planning:
Creating a detailed project plan including timelines, budget, resources, and
tasks.
3) Executing:
Carrying out the planned activities and managing the project team.
4) Monitoring and Controlling:
Tracking progress against the plan, identifying issues, and taking corrective
actions.
5) Closing:
Completing all project deliverables, documenting lessons learned, and formally
closing the project.

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Project Objective and Project Scope

Project Objective:
• It is the detailed description of the desired result/expected outcome of the
project (what and why the project).
• It defines the purpose of the project, desired outcomes and the timeframe
required to complete the goal.
• Project Objectives are specific, measurable outcomes that need to be achieved
to meet the overall goal of a project.

Example:
For the house construction project, the objectives could be:
✓ Complete the house in 4 months
✓ Build a 3-bedroom house
✓ Stay within a budget of 20,00,000 (Twenty Lakh Rupees)

Project Scope:
• Project Scope defines the boundaries of a project.
• It explains what is included and what is excluded.
• is the work required to complete a project, including the tasks, time, and
resources needed.
• A clear project scope helps ensure that everyone involved is working towards
the same objectives.

Example:
For the house construction project, the scope could be:
✓ Designing the house layout, building the structure and installing plumbing
and electrical systems are included.
✓ landscaping such as garden, creating pathways, adding decorative features
outside the house, a swimming pool.
✓ Need of human resources(labours) and non-human resources(materials) for
the Project.
Project objective Project Scope
• Focus on why the project is being • Focuses on what needs to be done
done
• Objectives are defined in PID • Scope is defined in WBS
(Project initiation Document) (work breakdown structure)
• Objective defines the expected • Scope defines the boundaries,
outcome what is included and excluded.
• Objective focus on ‘’what and why • Scope focus on ‘’how’’ to complete
the project’’? the project.
• Objective focus on end goals and • Scope focus on tasks and
results. deliverables.

ಈಸ್ುು ತಿಳ ್ಾೋ ಮಗಕ ಇಡಿ chapter ನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಕವ್ questions ಕ ಡ ಮಿಸ್ ಆಗಲ್ಿ. ಜ ೈ ಆರಸಿಬಿ

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1) Which of the following are not obstacles in project management?
(DCET-2024)
a) Project complexities b) Project risks
c) Changes in technology d) Early identification of problems
2) ______ provides guidance as well as direction to the project and he/she is
not a part of the project team (DCET-2024)
a) CEO b) Project manager
c) Team leader d) Project consultant
3) Repair of dam in case of damage due to natural calamities is an
example of (DCET-2024)
a) Normal project b) Crash project
c) Risky Project d) Disaster Project
4) ______ refers to a detailed description of the expected outcome of a
project. (DCET-2024)
a) Project Scope b) Project Operation
c) Project Objective d) Project Process
5) The Project Management is a combination of (DCET-2023)
a) human and non-human resources b) only human resources
c) only non-human resources d) no resources at all
6) The consultant who is appointed to carry out the project is (DCET-2023)
a) Compound house consultant b) in-house consultant
c) out-house consultant d) Bridge consultant
7) The type of project which requires minimum amount of capital is
(DCET-2023)
a) crash project b) normal project
c) disaster project d) consultant project
8) The projects like building a hospital, a park, a playground and
government projects like highway construction are examples of
(DCET-2023)
a) social needs b) Customer needs
c) Market needs d) Ecological needs

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1) What are the characteristics of a project? (Select all that apply)

a) Limited resources. c) Uncertain outcomes.
b) Unique purpose. d) All of the above.
2) Which of the following is an example of a project?
a) Producing goods in a manufacturing plant.
b) Conducting routine maintenance activities.
c) Building a new office building.
d) Providing customer support services
3) The project management characteristics are
a) Temporary c) Progressive
b) Unique d) All of the above
4) What is a project?
a) A temporary endeavour with a defined beginning and end.
b) An ongoing activity with no specific end date.
c) A routine task performed daily.
d) A long-term business objective.
5) Which of the following is NOT a feature of a project?
a) Unique deliverables. c) Ongoing operations.
b) Progressive elaboration. d) Defined objectives.
6) The successful project managers spend most of their time
a) Planning with their personnel
b) Planning with the top management
c) Communication with the project team
d) Studying project results
7) What are the key components in the "Triple constraint Triangle" cost
a) Scope, Schedule, Project manager
b) Scope, Time, Cost, Project
c) Time, Money, Scope, Project
d) Project Manager, Time, Scope, Money
8) Which type of project is characterized by repetitive and ongoing
activities?
a) Strategic projects c) Research projects
b) Operational projects d)IT projects
9) What are the 5 major process of project management?
a) Initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, closing
b) Starting, closing, managing, planning, execution
c) Starting, managing, executing, finishing, closing
d) Planning, Monitoring, Executing, Finishing, Closing
10) How does a project differ from an ongoing work effort?
a) It is unique
b) It involves two persons
c) It has a project manager
d) It is not a repetitive process that follows an organisation existing procedure
11) Which type of project is focused on introducing new products or
services?
a) Development projects.
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b) Construction projects.
c) Software projects.
d) Maintenance projects.
12) What is the primary purpose of project management?
a) Ensuring compliance with regulations.
b) Facilitating effective communication.
c) Maximizing stakeholder satisfaction.
d) Minimizing project duration.
13) What is the key role of a project manager?
a) Performing all project tasks
b) Assigning tasks to team members.
c) Leading and coordinating the project
d) Reporting project progress to stakeholders.
14) The basic nature of a project is a/an one
a) permanent c) (a) or (b)
b) temporary d) both (a) and (b)
15) Project managers often talk of a "triple constraint" in managing
completing project requirements are:
a) Cost c) Scope
b) Time d) All of the above
16) Project management is divided in process groups
a) 5 b) 7 c) 9 d) 11
17) Which of the following is a project constraint?
a) Project goals. c) Budget.
b) Stakeholder requirements d) Team collaboration.
18) Event management is the application of
a) Process Management c) Marketing Management
b) Project Management d) HR Management
19) A is a set of objectives which are networked in an order and aimed
towards achieving the goals
a) Project c) Project cycle
b) Project management d) All the above
20) What is one of the common obstacles in project management?
a) Clear communication. c) Adequate resources.
b) Well-defined objectives. d) Unclear requirements.
21) What skills are essential for a project manager?
a) technical expertise. c) Risk mitigation.
b) Effective communication. d) All of the above.
22) Developing a technology is an example of
a) Process c) Scope
b) Project d) None of the above
23) Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about a project?
I. It brings change
II. It has risk
III. The outcome is certain
a) I only c) I and II only
b) II only d) I, II and III

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24) What is the main purpose of project consultants?
a) To provide technical expertise. c) To lead the project team
b) To manage project risks. d) To define project objectives.
25) Which of the following is NOT a part of project management?
a) Initiating c) Closing
b) Monitoring d) All above are parts
26) People participated in a project or affected by a project activities are
known as
a) stockholders c) project team
b) stakeholders d) project managers
27) Following is (are) the responsibility (lies) of the project manager.
a) Budgeting and cost control c) Tracking project expenditure
b) Allocating resources d) All of the above
28) Controlling the changes in the project may affect
a) The progress of the project c) Project scope
b) Stage cost d) All of the above
29) Which of the following is an advantage of hiring project consultants?
a) Increased project costs. c) Decreased project timelines.
b) Improved project quality. d) Reduced stakeholder involvement.
30) Project performance consists of
a) Time c) Quality
b) Cost d) All of the above
31) What is the primary benefit of involving project stakeholders?
a) Enhanced project control.
b) Increased project risks.
c) Decreased project costs.
d) Streamlined project documentation.
32) What does a project primarily aim to achieve?
a) financial profits c) A specific set of goals
b) Organizational growth d) Employee satisfaction
33) Resources refers to
a) Manpower c) Materials
b) Machinery d) All of the above
34) What is an operation?
a) A temporary endeavour with a defined beginning and end.
b) A routine and repetitive activity.
c) A specialized project.
d) A complex and long-term project.
35) Risk management is one of the most important jobs for a
a) Client c) Production team
b) Investor d) Project manager
36) What is the primary difference between a project and an operation?
a) Projects have a defined beginning and end, while operations are ongoing.
b) Projects are routine and repetitive, while operations are unique endeavours.
c) Projects are smaller in scale than operations.
d) Projects focus on daily activities, while operations are strategic.

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37) Who creates the project team?
a) Factory manager c) Project manager
b) Operation manager d) Purchase Manager
38) Which of the following is not a project management goal?
a) Avoiding customer complaints
b) Keeping overall costs within budget
c) Delivering the software to the customer at the agreed time
d) Maintaining a happy and well-functioning development team
39) According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), project
management is defined as "the application of knowledge, ____, ______, and
techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements".
a) Skills, Tools c) Tools, Analysis
b) Skills, Analysis d) Analysis, Theories
40) Different activity of a project management is
a) Project planning c) Project control
b) Project monitoring d) All of the above
41) With respect to the need and speed of implementation which is not the
type of project.
a) Normal project c) Crash project
b) Risky project d) Disaster project
42) Which of the following are the obstacles to the project.
a) Change in technology c) Project risk
b) Organisation reconstructing d) All of the above
43) The person to whom the project is intended to do is called.
a) Team lead c) Project Manager
b) Client d) Consultant
44) Application of knowledge, skills tools and techniques do meet project
requirements is called as
a) Project c) Process
b) Project management d) Operation
45) Reasons to start with a project
a) Customer demand b) Market demand
c) Technological advice d) All of the above
46) Type of consultant hired from another agencies
a) In-house consultant b) Outside consultant
c) Local consultant d) None of the above
47) Which of the following is correct in need of consultant
a) When a project undergoes with new technology
b) Lack of skilled person in house.
c) To benefit the knowledge offered by outside consultants.
d) All are correct
48) The process of developing a detailed description of the project and
product is
a) Project Management b) Scope
c) Performance d) None of the above
49) What is a "process" in project management?
a) A series of project tasks.
b) A set of project management tools.
c) A systematic and repeatable approach to achieve project objectives.
d) A project management methodology.

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50) Which is not a feature of project
a) Require set of resources.
b) Can be complete without risk & uncertainty
c) Needs Team work
d) Have definite goals & objectives
51) Concept which represents limitations or defines the boundaries of
project is called.
a) Objective b) Scope
c) Process d) Goal
52) What are the process groups in project management?
a) Initiating. c) Executing. e) All of the above.
b) Planning d) Monitoring.
53) What is the purpose of the initiating process group?
a) Defining project objectives and scope.
b) Executing project tasks.
c) Monitoring project progress.
d) Completing project documentation.
54) Identify the wrong statement
a) Project are temporary in nature c) Project have time set
b) Operations are permanent d) None of the above
55) Operations in project management is
a) Permanent work c) Innovative work
b) Repetitive work d) Temporary work
56) According to the Project Management Institute (PMI) USA, a project is:
a) A routine operation undertaken to generate revenue for the organization
b) A continuous process with no specific objectives or deadlines
c) A temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service, or
result
d) An individual task performed within an organization
57) Which of the following constraints is not typically found in managing
projects?
a) Time c) Cost
b) People d) Performance
58) Why is stakeholder involvement important in a project?
a) It helps to delay project completion
b) It ensures that project objectives are not met
c) It facilitates collaboration and aligns project outcomes with stakeholder
expectations
d) It increases project complexity and risks
59) What is meant by the lifespan of a project?
a) The duration from project initiation to project closure
b) The flexibility to extend the project timeline as needed
c) The availability of resources throughout the project
d) The ability to modify project objectives at any stage
60) How is the lifespan of a project determined?
a) It depends on the project manager's discretion
b) It is influenced by stakeholder demands
c) It is fixed and predetermined at project initiation
d) It is subject to change based on the project team's preferences

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61) What is scope in project management?
a) The duration of the project.
b) The financial resources allocated to the project.
c) The specific boundaries and deliverables of the project.
d) The quality standards for the project.
62) What is the main objective of crash projects?
a) Minimizing costs without compromising time
b) Maximizing quality with reduced resources
c) Maximizing project duration for through implementation
d) Minimizing project duration by any means necessary
63) Which process group "involves coordinating people and resources to
carry out the project tasks?
a) Initiating. c) Executing.
b) Planning d) Monitoring and controlling.
64) What is the purpose of the executing process group?
a) Defining project objectives and scope.
b) Creating the project schedule.
c) Monitoring project progress
d) Carrying out the project tasks
65) How is time management approached in disaster projects?
a) Time is not a significant consideration in disaster projects
b) Time constraints are strictly adhered to
c) Anything needed to gain time is allowed
d) Time is extended to ensure through rehabilitation
66) What is the role of a project consultant?
a) Directly execute the project activities
b) Provide guidance and direction to the project
c) Conduct post-project evaluations
d) Assess the requirements of in-house expertise
67) What is the difference between in-house consultants and outside
consultants?
a) In-house consultants work on a contractual basis
b) Outside consultants provide guidance only during the formulation stage
c) In-house consultants are part of the project management team
d) Outside consultants are always foreign-based
68) What is the primary purpose of the monitoring and controlling process
group?
a) Defining project objectives and scope.
b) Planning project tasks and activities.
c) Tracking project progress and performance.
d) Completing project documentation.
69) Which process group involves formally ending the project or project
phase?
a) Initiating. c) Executing.
b) Planning. d) Closing.

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PYQ’s Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

d d d c a c b a

Practice Questions Key

1. d 11. a 21. d 31. a 41. b 51. b 61. c

2. c 12. c 22. b 32. c 42. d 52. e 62. d

3. d 13. c 23. c 33. d 43. b 53. a 63. c

4. a 14. b 24. a 34. b 44. b 54. d 64. d

5. c 15. d 25. d 35. d 45. d 55. b 65. c

6. c 16. a 26. b 36. a 46. b 56. c 66. b

7. b 17. c 27. d 37. c 47. d 57. b 67. c

8. b 18. b 28. d 38. a 48. b 58. c 68. c

9. a 19. a 29. b 39. a 49. c 59. a 69. d

10. a 20. d 30. d 40. d 50. b 60. c

ABHYASA ACADEMY(R.)
Hegganahalli Main Road, Bengaluru-91: 9945217341/9880205052
A premium Diploma-CET(D-CET) Coaching Institute in Karnataka