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Chapter 1 Slides

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wec3324
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 1 Slides

20
Basic International System (SI) of Units

Quantity Basic Unit Symbol


Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Charge coulomb C

• SI stands for the French term “Système international,” is the


modern form of the metric system.
• The first six elements of the above table list the six basic SI units
relevant to this class. The 7th one (charge) is a derived unit (A × s)
The SI Prefixes

Multiplier Prefix Symbol Multiplier Prefix Symbol

1018 exa E 10-1 deci d


1015 peta P 10-2 centi c
1012 tera T 10-3 mili m
109 giga G 10-6 micro µ
106 mega M 10-9 nano n
103 kilo k 10-12 pico p
102 hecto h 10-15 femto f
10 deka da 10-18 atto a
Charge

• Virtually all circuits are fundamentally governed by the movement of


electrons that carry negative electrical charge.
• The elementary charge, usually denoted by e (or sometimes q), is the
electrical charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the
magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron, which has
a charge –e.
• The value of e is a fundamental physical constant and is the smallest
amount of charge that is physically possible, that is, it is indivisible.
The charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary
charge.

23
Voltage (or Potential Difference) and its Polarity
• Voltage is the energy (or work) required to move a unit charge from a
reference point (-) to another point (+), measured in volts (V).

𝑎𝑎
+
Voltage 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 means that: (1) Point 𝑎𝑎 is at a potential
𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 of 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 higher than point 𝑏𝑏, or (2) Potential at point
𝑎𝑎 with respect to point 𝑏𝑏 is 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 .
-
𝑏𝑏

𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
+ -
9V −9V

- +
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
equivalent
Passive Sign Convention
• The passive sign convention is used to specify the sign for power.
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

+ +

𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣

- -

𝑝𝑝 = +𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑝𝑝 = −𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

• Current enters through the positive terminal of an element, 𝑝𝑝 = +𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣


• Current enters through the negative terminal of an element, 𝑝𝑝 = −𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
• When the circuit elements absorbs power, value of power is positive
• When the circuit elements supplies power, value of power is negative
Active vs. Passive Circuit Elements

• An active element is an electrical component capable of generating


electrical energy. Examples are voltage sources and current sources.
They can be used to represent ideal batteries and/or power supplies.
• A passive element is an electrical component that does not generate
power, but instead dissipates, stores, and/or releases it. Passive
elements include resistors (R), capacitors (C), and inductors (L).

+
v - i i i i

Active Passive + + +
circuit circuit v R v L v C
elements elements - - -
+
v - i
Independent Voltage or Current Sources

• An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a


specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other
circuit elements. In this class we will designate them by a circle.

+
v - i

Symbol for independent Symbol for independent


voltage source current source

27
Dependent Voltage or Current Sources

• An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which


the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

• Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols.


Since the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or
current of some other element in the circuit, and the source itself can be
voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types of
dependent sources, namely:
1. Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
2. Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS) +
v - i
3. Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
4. Current-controlled current source (CCCS)
(a) (b)
Symbols for (a) dependent voltage
source; (b) dependent current source

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