Selfstudys Com File (12)
Selfstudys Com File (12)
PHYSICS
Subject Code – 042
CLASS – XII
Academic Session 2024 – 25
General Instructions
Q1. A uniform electric field pointing in positive X-direction exists in a region. Let A be the origin, B be
the point on the X-axis at x = +1 cm and C be the point on the Y-axis at y = +1 cm. Then the
potential at points A, B and C satisfy.
Q2. A conducting wire connects two charged conducting spheres such that they attain equilibrium with
respect to each other. The distance of separation between the two spheres is very large as compared
to either of their radii.
The ratio of the magnitudes of the electric fields at the surfaces of the two spheres is
𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟2 2 𝑟1 2
(A) 𝑟1 (B) (C) (D)
2 𝑟1 𝑟1 2 𝑟2 2
Q3. A long straight wire of circular cross section of radius ҅a᾿ carries a steady current I. The current is
uniformly distributed across its cross section. The ratio of magnitudes of the magnetic field at a point
a/2 above the surface of wire to that of a point a/2 below its surface is
(A) 4:1 (B) 1:1 (C) 4: 3 (D) 3 :4
Q5. A capacitor consists of two parallel plates, with an area of cross-section of 0.001 m2, separated by a
distance of 0.0001 m. If the voltage across the plates varies at the rate of 10 8 V/s, then the value of
displacement current through the capacitor is
(A) 8.85 × 10−3 𝐴 (B) 8.85 × 10−4 𝐴 (C) 7.85 × 10−3 𝐴 (D) 9.85 × 10−3 𝐴
Q6. In a series LCR circuit, the voltage across the resistance, capacitance and inductance is 10 V each. If
the capacitance is short circuited the voltage across the inductance will be
(2) Radio Q . Electrons in atoms emit light when they move from higher to
lower energy level.
(A) 1-P, 2-R, 3-S, 4-Q (B) 1-S, 2-P, 3-O, 4-R
(C) 1-Q, 2-P, 3-S, 4-R (D) 1-S. 2-R, 3-P, 4-Q
Q8. The distance of closest approach of an alpha particle is d when it moves with a speed V towards a
nucleus.
Another alpha particle is projected with higher energy such that the new distance of the closest
approach is d/2. What is the speed of projection of the alpha particle in this case?
Q9. A point object is placed at the centre of a glass sphere of radius 6 cm and refractive index 1.5. The
distance of virtual image from the surface of the sphere is
Q11. The number of electrons made available for conduction by dopant atoms depends strongly upon
(A) doping level (B) increase in ambient temperature
(C) energy gap (D) options (a) and (b) both
Q12. If copper wire is stretched to make its radius decrease by 0.1%, then the percentage change in its
resistance is approximately
(A) –0.4% (B) +0.8% (C) +0.4% (D) +0.2%
For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given –one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below.
A. If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B. If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C. If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D. If both Assertion and Reason are false.
Q13. Assertion (A): On increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer by increasing the number
of turns may not necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity.
Reason(R) : The resistance of the coil of the galvanometer increases on increasing the number of
turns.
Q14. Assertion (A): In a hydrogen atom there is only one electron but its emission spectrum shows
many lines.
Reason (R): In a given sample of hydrogen there are many atoms each containing one electron;
hence many electrons in different atoms may be in different orbits so many transitions from higher
to lower orbits are possible.
Q15. Assertion (A): Nuclei having mass number about 60 are least stable..
Reason (R): When two or more light nuclei are combined into a heavier nucleus then the binding
energy per nucleon will decrease.
Q16. Assertion (A): de Broglie's wavelength of a freely falling body keeps decreasing with time.
Reason (R): The momentum of the freely falling body increases with time.
Q17. A platinum surface having work function 5.63 eV is illuminated by a monochromatic source of
1.6 x 10 15 Hz. What will be the minimum wavelength associated with the ejected electron.
Q18. (I) In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the intensities
of two sources is I. What is the intensity of light at a point where path difference between
wave front is λ/4?
OR
(II) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 4000 Å and 6000 Å, is used to obtain
interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit experiment. What is the least distance from the
central maximum where the dark fringe is obtained?
Q19. P and Q are two identical charged particles each of mass 4 × 10–26 kg and charge 4.8 × 10–19 C,
each moving with the same speed of 2.4 × 105 m/s as shown in the figure. The two particles are
equidistant (0.5 m) from the vertical Y -axis. At some instant, a magnetic field B is switched on so
that the two particles undergo head-on collision.
Find –
(I) the direction of the magnetic field and
(II) the magnitude of the magnetic field applied in the region.
(for VI candidates)
A proton is moving with speed of 2 x 105 m s–1 enters a uniform magnetic field B = 1.5 T. At the
entry velocity vector makes an angle of 30° to the direction of the magnetic field. Calculate
(a) the pitch of helical path described by the charge
(b) Kinetic energy after completing half of the circle.
Q.20. Binding energy per nucleon vs mass number curve for nuclei is shown in the figure. W, X, Y and Z
are four nuclei indicated on the curve. Identify which of the following nuclei is most likely to
undergo
(i) Nuclear Fission
(ii) Nuclear Fusion.
Justify your answer.
Binding energy per nucleon and mass number of the following nuclei are given in the below table
Q21. What should be the radius ‘r’ of nearest possible orbits of satellite of mass ‘m’ revolving around the
planet of mass ‘M’ as per Bohr Postulates in terms of m, M, G, h where G is Gravitational constant
and h is plank’s constant.
Q22. (I) Identify the circuit elements X and Y as shown in the given block diagram and draw the output
waveforms of X and Y.
(II) If the centre tapping is shifted towards Diode D1 as shown in the diagram, draw the output
waveform of the given circuit.
Q23. Find the expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and plate
separation d when (I) a dielectric slab of thickness t and (II) a metallic slab of thickness t, where (t
< d) are introduced one by one between the plates of the capacitor. In which case would the
capacitance be more and why?
Q24. (I) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image by a Cassegrain telescope.
(II)Why these types of telescopes are preferred over refracting type telescopes. (Write 2 points)
Q26. A boy is holding a smooth, hollow and non-conducting pipe vertically with charged spherical ball
of mass 10 g carrying a charge of +10 mC inside it which is free to move along the axis of the
pipe. The boy is moving the pipe from East to West direction in the presence of magnetic field of
2T. With what minimum velocity, should the boy move the pipe such that the ball does not move
along the axis. Also determine the direction of the magnetic field.
Q27. A light ray entering a right-angled prism undergoes refraction at the face AC as shown in Fig. 1.
2
(II) (a) If the side AC of the above prism is now surrounded by a liquid of refractive index , as
3
shown in Fig. 2, determine if the light ray continues to graze along the interface AC or
undergoes total internal reflection or undergoes refraction into the liquid.
(b) Draw the ray diagram to represent the path followed by the incident ray with the
corresponding angle values.
√2
(Given, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 54.6°)
√3
A ray of light is incident on an equilateral prism at an angle 3/4 th of the angle of the prism. If the ray
passes symmetrically through the prism, find the (a) angle of minimum deviation, and (b) refractive index
of the material of the prism.
Q28. (I) State Gauss᾿s theorem in electrostatics. Using this theorem, derive an expression for the
electric field due to an infinitely long straight wire of linear charge density .
OR
(b) Use Gauss᾿s law to obtain the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged
infinite plane sheet of charge.
An electron with speed vo << c moves in a circle of radius ro in a uniform magnetic field. This
electron is able to traverse a circular path as the magnetic force acting on the electron is
perpendicular to both vo and B ,as shown in the figure. This force continuously deflects the
particle sideways without changing its speed and the particle will move along a circle
perpendicular to the field. The time required for one revolution of the electron is T o
(i) If the speed of the electron is now doubled to 2vo. The radius of the circle will change to
(ii) If v = 2vo, then the time required for one revolution of the electron (To ) will change to
(iii) A charged particles is projected in a magnetic field . The acceleration of the particle is found to be .
Find the value of x.
(iv) If the given electron has a velocity not perpendicular to B, then trajectory of the electron is
OR
If this electron of charge (e) is moving parallel to uniform magnetic field with constant velocity v, the
force acting on the electron is
It is the phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metallic surface when light of a suitable
frequency is incident on it. The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.
Nearly all metals exhibit this effect with ultraviolet light but alkali metals like lithium, sodium,
potassium, cesium etc. show this effect even with visible light. It is an instantaneous process i.e.
photoelectrons are emitted as soon as the light is incident on the metal surface. The number of
photoelectrons emitted per second is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted from a given metal surface is
independent of the intensity of the incident light and depends only on the frequency of the incident
light. For a given metal surface there is a certain minimum value of the frequency of the incident
light below which emission of photoelectrons does not occur.
(A) A and B will have same intensities while B and C will have different frequencies
(B) B and C will have different intensities while A and B will have different frequencies
(C) A and B will have different intensities while B and C will have equal frequencies
(D) B and C will have equal intensities while A and B will have same frequencies.
(III) The threshold frequency for photoelectric effect on sodium corresponds to a wavelength of 500 nm.
Its work function is about
(IV) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from a surface when photons of energy 6 eV
fall on it is 4 eV. The stopping potential is
OR
The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a substance is called its
(A) work function (B) kinetic energy (C) stopping potential (D) potential energy
[SECTION E] (03X5=15)
Q31. (I) a) Write two limitations of ohm’s law. Plot their I-V characteristics.
OR
(II) a) Using Kirchhoff'᾿s laws obtain the equation of the balanced state in Wheatstone bridge.
b) A wire of uniform cross-section and resistance of 12 ohm is bent in the shape of circle as
shown in the figure. A resistance of 10 ohms is connected to diametrically opposite ends C
and D. A battery of emf 8V is connected between A and B. Determine the current flowing
through arm AD.
(II) a) Using Kirchhoff'᾿s laws obtain the equation of the balanced state in Wheatstone bridge.
b) What do you understand by ‘sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge’ ? How the sensitivity of wheatstone
bridge can be increased?
Q32. (I) Explain briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic principle of the working of an a.c.
generator. In an a.c. generator, coil of N turns and area A is rotated at an angular velocity ω in a
uniform magnetic field B. Derive an expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced
in coil. What is the source of energy generation in this device?
OR
(II) a) With the help of a diagram, explain the principle of a device which changes a low ac voltage
into a high voltage . Deduce the expression for the ratio of secondary voltage to the primary
voltage in terms of the ratio of the number of turns of primary and secondary winding. For
an ideal transformer, obtain the ratio of primary and secondary currents in terms of the ratio
of the voltages in the secondary and primary coils.
b) Write any two sources of the energy losses which occur in actual transformers.
c) A step-up transformer converts a low input voltage into a high output voltage. Does it violate
law of conservation of energy? Explain.
Q33. (I) a) A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an
eyepiece of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is angular magnification of the telescope in
normal adjustment?
b) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon
formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 × 106 m, and the radius of
lunar orbit is 3.8 × 108 m.
OR
(II) A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eyepiece of
focal length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm. How far from the objective should an
object be placed in order to obtain the final image at
[SECTION – A]
Ans.1 - (B) (1 mark)
E1 q1 r22 r1 r22 r2
E 2 q2 r12 r2 r12 r1
0 I I
At P2, B2 = 0
3a 3a
2
2
0 (I 4) 0 I
At P1, B1 =
2 a 2 4a
0 I
B2 3a B 4
2
B1 0 I B1 3
4a
Ans.6 - (C) When all the given components are connected (1 mark)
IR = IXC = IXL = 10 V
XC = XL = R
Z= R 2 (XC X L )2
Z= R 2 (R R) 2
Z=R
VS = IZ = IR = 10 V
So, the source voltage is also 10 V
When the capacitor is short circuited then
Z= R 2 (X L ) 2
= √𝑅2 + 𝑅2 = 𝑅√2
10
VL = I XL = R 5 2 V
2R
V2 = 2V Given, (V1 = V)
𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛2 −𝑛1
− =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
1 3 [1 3 2]
v 2[6] 6
1 3 1 2 1
v 12 12 12 6
𝑣 = –6 cm
Ans.10 - (B) Diffraction (1 mark)
Ans.11 - (A) doping level (1 mark)
Ans.12 - (C) +0.4% (1 mark)
Ans.13 - (A) (1 mark)
Ans.14 - (A) (1 mark)
Ans.15 - (D) (1 mark)
Ans.16 - (A) (1 mark)
[SECTION – B]
Ans.17 –
Given ∅𝟎 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟑𝒆𝑽 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱
𝝂 = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝑯𝒛
𝒉𝒄
𝑲. 𝑬. = 𝒉𝝂 − ∅𝟎 = 𝝀
½
𝒉𝒄
𝝀= 𝒉𝝂−∅𝟎
½
𝟏𝟗. 𝟖𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟔
=
𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 (𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 − 𝟓. 𝟔𝟑)
𝟏𝟗.𝟖𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟔
= 𝟏.𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓
= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎 ½
First dark fringe will be the distance where both dark fringes will coincide i.e LCM of 𝑑1 & 𝑑1 ½
i.e. 2 × 10−5 𝑚 × 3 × 10−5 𝑚
= 6 × 10−5 𝑚 ½
OR
(II) For a fringe of width β formed on the screen at distance D from the slits the angular fringe width would be
β Dλ/d λ
θ=D= =d 0.5 M
D
λ
or d =
θ
Let the wavelength in water be λ′ and the angular fringe width be θ’ , then
λ′ λ λ′
d = θ′ ∴ = θ′ 0.5 M
θ
λ′ λ /μ θ 0.2o
or θ′ = θ= θ=μ= = 0.15o 1M
λ λ 4/3
(2 Marks)
Ans.19 - (I) The direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular and inward into the plane of the paper 0.5M
(II) For a head-on collision to take place, the radius of the path of each ion should be equal to 0.5 m.
mv
r 0.5 m 0.5M
qB
For VI Candidate
𝟐Л𝒎𝒗 𝒄𝒐𝒔Ɵ
(a) As Pitch (p)= 0.5M
𝒒𝑩
𝟐 𝑿 𝟑.𝟏𝟒 𝑿 𝟏.𝟕𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝑿 𝟐 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎𝟎
Or, p= m
𝟏.𝟔 𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑿𝟏.𝟓
Or, P=7.7X10-3m 0.5M
2
(b)As, done by magnetic field is always zero K.E=1/2mv 0.5M
KE=3.4 X 10 J -17
0.5M
Ans.20 – (i) Nuclear fission –W 0.5M
Reason: As W has binding energy per nucleon less then Y and X and nucleus is larger
in size. 0.5M
(ii) Nuclear fusion-Z 0.5M
Reason: As Z has binding energy per nucleon more then Y and X and nucleus is smaller
in size. 0.5M
𝑛ℎ
Ans. 21 - 2Л
= mvr (As Per Bohr’s Modal) ….(i) 0.5M
As Centripetal force is provided by gravity,
𝑚𝑣 2 𝐺𝑀𝑚
= 0.5M
𝑟 𝑟2
𝐺𝑀
Or, V2=
𝑟
From equation (i)
𝑛ℎ
V=2Л𝑚𝑟
𝑛ℎ 2 0.5M
Or, V2={ }
2Л𝑚𝑟
or, 𝐺𝑀 𝑛ℎ 2
={ }
𝑟 2Л𝑚𝑟
or, r= 𝑛2 ℎ 2 0.5M
4Л2 𝑚2 𝐺𝑀
[SECTION – C]
(3 Marks)
Ans.22 - (I) X = Full wave rectifier ½
Y = Filter ½
(ii) 1
For VI Candidates
Rectifier 0.5M
Underlying principle of Rectifier
The basic principle of the rectifiers is the transformation of current by changing the frequency of the input
signal, and diodes are used to do this. 0.5M
Working
In rectifier, one end of terminal which is connected to PN junction diode will never have negative potential,
as it allows current in forward biasing only. Hence potential difference across load resistor will always be
Positive or zero. 1M
Ans.23 - (I) The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab (t < d)
(3 Marks)
0.5M
(3 Marks)
Ans.24 - (i)
2
(ii) 1
It has mirror objective, which is free from chromatic and spherical aberrations.
It can gather more light as objectives can be made larger, hence images can be brighter.
Any other two equivalent examples can be accepted.
Ans.25 -
(a).
1M
(b) T = 0 K
1M
Ans.26 - (3 Marks)
Given
𝐵 = 2 𝑇 , 𝑞 = 10𝑚𝐶 , 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10−2 kg , 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚⁄ 2
𝑠
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑣= 𝑞𝐵 sin 𝜃
= 𝑣= 𝑞𝐵
½
10−2 × 9.8
= m/s ½
10−2 × 2
=4.9m/s
𝑣 = 4.9 𝑚⁄ 2 ½
𝑠
As force is in upward direction so from Fleming’s Left-hand rule, magnetic field will be along North to South.
1
(3 Marks)
Ans.27 - (I) Since the light ray enters perpendicular to the face AB, the angle of incidence on face AC will be 45° .
0.5M
So,
1
sin C
n
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° = 𝑛 = So, n = 2 0.5M
√2
𝑛𝑔 √2 √3
(II) In fig. 2, the face AC of the prism is surrounded by a liquid so 𝑛 = = 2 =
𝑛𝑙 ( ) √2
√3
1 2 √2
sin C 𝜃𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 54.6°
n 3 √3
Since the angle of incidence on the surface AC is 45° , which is less than the critical angle for the pair of
media (glass and the liquid), the ray neither undergoes grazing along surface AC, nor does it suffer total
internal reflection 1M
Instead it passes through the surface AC and undergoes refraction into the liquid.
For refracting interface AC, n1 sin i n2 sin r
2
𝑛1 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
√3
√3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = 2
⸫ 𝑟 = 60° .
1M
(3 Marks)
For V.I. candidates
(a) Let the angle of incidence of light at prism, I = x
So, angle of emergence as per question, e = x
𝟒
Angle of prism, A = 𝒙 0.5M
𝟑
Since prism Is equilateral
3A=1800 0.5M
Or, A= 600
Or, X=450
From prism formulae δ
δ= i+e-A 0.5M
or, δ=45+45-60=300 0.5M
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨+𝜹𝒎
𝟐
(b) 𝝁 = 0.5M
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝟐
𝟔𝟎+𝟑𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
Or, 𝝁= 𝟔𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
Or, 𝝁=√𝟐 0.5M
1
Ans.28 – (I) Gauss’s theorem: The flux of electric field through any closed surface is times the total charge
0
enclosed by the closed surface.
q
… (1)
0
By definition, the total electric flux through the closed surface is given by
𝜙 = ∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 … (2)
∴ From (1) and (2), Gauss’s theorem may be expressed as follows
𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝜙 = ∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
𝜀0
1
∴ The surface integral of electric field over a closed surface is equal to times the total charge
0
enclosed by the surface. 1M
To find electric field due to a line charge let us consider an infinitely long line charge placed along XX’ axis with
linear charge density λ. Our aim is to find electric field intensity at a point P distant r from the line charge. We draw
a cylindrical surface of radius r and length l coaxial with the line charge. The net flux through the cylindrical
gaussian surface i.e.
0.5M
𝜙 = ∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝐿𝐶𝐹 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 + ∫𝐶𝑆 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 + ∫𝑅𝐶𝐹 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 0.5M
= ∫𝐿𝐶𝐹 𝐸𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 9 0° + ∫𝐶𝑆 𝐸𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 ° + ∫𝑅𝐶𝐹 𝐸𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 9 0° 0.5M
ϕ = ∫𝐶𝑆 𝐸𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 ° = 𝐸. 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 … (1)
The charge enclosed by the gaussian surface is q = λl … (2)
Using Gauss’s theorem from equations (1) and (2)
l
E 2rl ⇒ E 0.5M
0 20 r
OR
0.5M
= ∮ 𝐸⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴
= E dA E dA E dA 0.5M
RCF LCF CS
= EdA cos0 EdA cos0 EdA cos90 0.5M
RCF LCF CS
= E A + EA + 0
= 2 EA ... (1)
Here A is the area of cross-section of each circular face i.e. LCF and RCF.
The total charge enclosed by the gaussian cylinder
= A ... (2) 0.5M
Using Gauss’s theorem, from (1) and (2),
A
2 EA =
ε0
E=
2ε 0
(5 Marks)
Ans.31 – (I) (a) Kirchhoff’s I Law : The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a point in an electrical circuit is
always equal to zero. 1M
𝜀
(b). 𝐼= 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅0 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 200 ½
𝑅0 + 𝑟
𝜀
⇒ 𝑅0 = -1
𝐼
100
OR 𝑅0 = -1 = 𝑅0 = 9Ω ½
10
So, 𝑅 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼Δ𝑇) ½
= 10 Ohm ½
100
= ( 11 )2 = 82.64 W ½
OR
0.5M
Applying Kirchhoff’s II law to mesh ABDA
I1P + IgG – I2R = 0 …..(1) 0.5M
For the mesh BCDB
(I1 – Ig)Q + [–(I2 + Ig)S] + [–IgG] = 0 (2) 0.5M
When the bridge is balanced, no current flows through the galvanometer
i.e. Ig = 0 (3)
(b).
This circuit is balanced wheat stone bridge that can be drawn as below,
8
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 8𝑉 , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐴𝐷𝐵 = = 2𝐴 1
4
A Wheatstone bridge is most sensitive when its four arms have resistances that are of the same order of
magnitude. This means that all four resistors provide the same output resistance. A Wheatstone bridge is in a
balanced state when its voltmeter shows zero deflection 1M
Ans.32 - (I) AC Generat (5 Marks)
It is a device used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
Principle: It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a closed coil is rotated rapidly in a strong
magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes continuously. Hence an emf is induced in the coil and a
current flows in it. In fact, the mechanical energy expended in rotating the coil appears as electrical energy in the coil.
1M
Construction: Main Parts 1M
1. Armature: It is a rectangular coil ABCD having a large number of turns of insulated copper wire wound on
a soft-iron core. The use of soft-iron core increases the magnetic flux linked with the armature.
2. Field Magnet: It a strong electromagnet having concave pole pieces N and S. The armature is rotated
between these pole pieces about an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field.
3. Slip Rings: The leads from the armature coil ABCD are connected to two copper rings R1 and R2 called
the ‘slip rings’. These rings are concentric with the axis of the armature coil and rotate with it.
4. Brushes: These are two carbon pieces B 1 and B2 called brushes which remain stationary pressing against
the slip rings R1 and R2 respectively. The brushes are connected to an external circuit.
Working Theory : When the coil ABCD is rotated inside the field, an emf is induced between its two ends. Let
the plane of the coil be at right angles to the magnetic field at t = 0 and angular speed of the rotation of the coil
be ω. Then at time t, θ = ωt. The magnetic flux linked with the coil at time t is
ϕ = n BA cosωt
d d
Induced emf e nBA cos t
dt dt
⇒ e = n BA ω sinωt
e = e0sinωt Where e0 = nBAω is the peak value of emf.
The current in the external load is given by
e0 sin t
i
RL
i = i0 sinωt Here i0 is the peak value of the current 1M
1M
1M
In an ac generator the source of electrical energy is the mechanical energy.
OR
(II)
(a)TRANSFORMER
Use: It is a device which converts low ac voltage at high current into high ac voltage at low current and vice –
versa.
Principle: It consists of two coils P and S wound on a closed soft iron core. The coil which is fed from the ac
supply is called primary coil (P) and the other connected to the load is called secondary coil (S). The core of the
transformer is made of soft -iron to reduce hysteresis loss and is laminated to reduce eddy current losses.
1M
Working: When an alternating emf e p is impressed on the primary winding it sends an ac current through it
which sets up an alternating magnetic flux in the core. This induces an alternating emf es in the secondary. If NP
and Ns are the number of turns in primary and secondary coil, their linkages with the flux are
0.5M
(b) The two sources of energy losses are eddy current losses and flux leakage losses. 1M
(c) There is no violation of the principle of the conservation of energy in a step up transformer. When output
voltage increases the output current decreases automatically keeping the power the same.
1M
(5 Marks)
Ans.33 – (I) Given 𝑓0 =15m, 𝑓𝑒 =1cm=0.01m
𝑓0 15
(i) Angular magnification of the telescope M = = =1500 1M
𝑓𝑒 0.01
(ii) Let d be the diameter of moon᾿s image formed by the objective lens.
Similarly, the angle subtended by moon᾿s image (formed by the objective) at the objective
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛᾿𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑
α= = (2) 1.5M
𝑓0 15
OR
𝑢0 = - 2.5 cm 0.5M
𝑣 𝐷 10 25
Therefore the magnifying power M = |𝑢0 |(1+ ) = (1+ ) = 20 0.5M
0 𝑓𝑒 2.5 6.25
(b) When the final image is formed at infinity the object for the eyepiece must lie at its principal focus. Therefore the
distance of the image formed by the objective from its optical center,
𝑣0 = 15-6.25 = 8.75 cm 0.5M
1 1 1 1 1 6.75
= - = - = 0.5M
𝑢0 𝑣0 𝑓0 8.75 2 17.50
−17.5
𝑢0 = = - 2.6 cm 0.5M
6.75
𝑣0 𝐷 8.75 25
M= . = × = 13.5 1M
|𝑢0 | 𝑓𝑒 2.6 6.25