A Short History of Radio

fred harris
22-July 2011

IEEE Distinguished Lecturer

IEEE Fellow & Life Member
 It appears to
be a new wireless
technology
What’s A Super Hero to do?
Where have all
the Phone Booths
Gone?
What The Customer Wants
What The Customer Expects to Pay

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When The Customer Wants it
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What Size Customer Wants
We have a better appreciation of where we are
when we remember from where we started
and how far we have come.
Very Early Communications at a Distance:
Free Space Acoustic and Optical Channels

Smoke Signals,
Drums, Whistles, Claude Chappe 1793 Semaphore,
Cannon Fire Optical Telegraph Beacon Fires, Ship Flags,
Heliograph,
Signal (Aldis) Lamp
 CDMA-2000, WLAN, CR

GSM,CDMA, SDR

digital signal processing, DR

Shannon, television

transistor

audio broadcast

Marconi's experiments

Hertz's experiments

Maxwell equations Mrs. Harris’s First Born

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

A Time Line
 Milestones in Electromagnetic Communications
 Hans Christian Oersted, 1777-1841, Current-Magnetic Field 1820
 Michael Faraday, 1791-1867, Induction 1831
 J.C. Maxwell, 1831-1879,
“Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism”, 1873
 H.L. Helmholtz, 1821-1894 Predicted E-M Waves
 Heinrich Hertz, 1857-1894 Radio Propagation, 1887
 Alexander Popov, 1859-1905, Radio Day, 7-May 1895
 Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937, Wireless Open Sea, 13-May 1897
 Valdemar Poulsen, 1869-1942, Continuous Radio Waves, 1905
 Lee de Forest, 1873-1961, Audion (Triode Valve), 1907
 Edward Armstrong, 1890-1954, Regenerative 1914, Super
Heterodyne 1917, Frequency Modulation, 1934
 (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937)

The inventor of radio Guglielmo Marconi on the 1995 German,

Italian, San Marino, Vatican, and Ireland Stamps.
Sent Wireless signals Across English Channel in 1899,
Received letter “S” (. . .) sent from Newfoundland to England 1901
World Wide Recognition
More World Wide Recognition
 (16 March 1859 – 3 December 1906)

The inventor of radio Alexander Popov on the 1989 USSR stamp.

In 1900 a radio station was established under Popov's instructions on Hogland island
 (6 October 1866 – 22 July 1932)

The inventor of radio Reginald Fessenden on the 2000 Canada stamp.

Christmas Eve and New Year’s 1906 Fessenden Broadcast short speech and Handel’s
Largo and a violin solo of O, Holy Night from a radio station at Brant Rock, Mass.
 (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)

The inventor of radio Nikola Tesla on the 2009 Croatia stamp.

Tesla’s 1900 Radio Patent was overturned in 1904 in favor of Marconi’s Radio Patent. In
1943, Shortly after his Death, the Supreme court upheld Tesla’s original patent and his
claim as first inventor of tunable Radio Receivers.
 (30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)

The inventor of radio Jagadish Chandra Bose on the 1958 India stamp.
Bose’s 1904 US Patent described Galena Crystal Detector for Demodulating
Continuous Wave Radio Signals. He is acknowledged as inventor of Mercury
Auto Coherer used in Marconi’s Wireless Receiver.
USA” Four American Inventors” 1983 Commemorative Stamp Set
SuitSat-I (also known as Mr. Smith,
Ivan Ivanovich, RadioSkaf, Radio
Sputnik, and AMSAT-OSCAR 54) is
a retired Russian Orlan Spacesuit
with a radio transmitter mounted on
its helmet. SuitSat-1 was deployed in
an ephemeral orbit around the Earth
on 3-February 2006. The idea for this
novel OSCAR satellite was first
formally discussed at an AMSAT
symposium in October 2004, although
the ARISS-Russia team is credited
with coming up with the idea as a
commemorative gesture for the 175th
anniversary of the Moscow State
Technical University.
 Suitsat-1Launched from
International Space Station
HAL,
I’m Sorry Dave, I Want you to
I Can’t Do That open the Hatch

2001: A Space Odyssey

Disruptive Technology in Communications

The printing press: 1450,

German Inventor Johannes Gutenberg...

The Telephone: 1867,

British Inventor Alexander Graham Bell

Wireless (Radio): 1901,

Italian Inventor Guglielmo Marconi

The Microprocessor: 1971

American Inventor Ted Hoff...
 Disruptive Technology
 The electric telegraph arrived in the early
19-th century and redefined
communications at a distance.
 It required the confluence of three factors:
The science of electromagnetism,
The ability to generate or store electricity
The Industrial Revolution to build the
required infrastructure
Communication at a Distance with
Electricity and Magnetism
 1831 Joseph Henry invents the first electric telegraph.
 1843 Samuel Morse invents the first
long distance electric telegraph line.
 1858 Cyrus Field’s Company Lays the
Transatlantic Cable.
 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents
the electric telephone.
 1889 Almon Strowger patents the direct dial
telephone automatic telephone exchange.
Brunel’s Great Eastern
We Need Some Source Coding Here

Samuel Thomas von Sömmering’s

(1808-10)

"Space Multiplexed"
Electrochemical Telegraph

A B C D 7 8 9

A B C D 7 8 9

36 Lines
Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph

A
B D

E F G

H I K L

1 M N O P 0

2 R S T 9
3 V W 8
4 Y 7
5 6

2 out of 5 Coding
(5*4 = 20 )
Single Needle Telegraph
Variable Length Code

Cooke-Wheatstone
Single Needle Telegraph (c 1850)
 THE TELEPHONE
1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone.
He offers the patent to Western Union for $100,000.

The President of the Telegraph Company, appointed a

committee to investigate the offer. The often quoted
report reads in part:
The Telephone purports to transmit the speaking voice over telegraph
wires. We found that the voice is very weak and indistinct, and grows
even weaker when long wires are used between the transmitter and
receiver.
Technically, we do not see that this device will be ever capable of
sending recognizable speech over a distance of several miles.
Bell wants to install a “telephone device" in every city.
The idea is idiotic on the face of it.
“We do not recommend its purchase."
 Early Telephone Instruments
11 digit Potbelly Dial Candlestick
Ericsson "Eiffel Tower"
Dial Candlestick Automatic Electric
Telephone, 1885
Strowger 1905 1921

Footnote: Western Electric 1877: 5 Phones

Engineers were 1894: 250,000 Phones
Wrong! Very Wrong! 1906: 7,500,000 Phones
Communication at a Distance by
Electromagnetic Radiation
(Radio or Wireless)
1894 Guglielmo Marconi
improves wireless telegraphy.
1902 Guglielmo Marconi
transmits radio signals across
the Atlantic Ocean.
1914 First cross continental
telephone call made.
1916 First radios with tuners
different stations.
1930 First television broadcasts
in the United States.
 It all Started with…..

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz,1847-1894

 Shocking! 2. Spheres store charge. Spark Acts as a
switch allowing oscillatory currents
between spheres storing charge. Changing
Current produces Electromagnetic Waves

3. Electromagnetic waves
induce voltage in resonator,
Producing small spark
in spark gap.
1. Induction Coil Produces High Voltage
Hertz's students were impressed, and wondered what use might be made of
this marvelous phenomenon. But Hertz thought his discoveries were no more
practical than Maxwell's.

"It's of no use whatsoever," he replied. "This is just an experiment that proves

Maestro Maxwell was right .“

"So, what next?" asked one of his students. Hertz shrugged.

"Nothing, I guess."
Early Wireless Communications
Mechanical Radio, Moving Parts
Spark Gap Transmitter
Pulsed RF
Compliments of Copenhagen
Post & Tele Museum

Recipe for Coherer:

30 medium sized grains from a
German 5-pfenning piece, twice
as much filings from nickel wire,
and a little silver dust. Heat mixture.
Place in evacuated glass tube.
Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937
Spark Gap Transmitter
December 12 1901
Spark Gap Wireless Transmitter
(Damped Oscillations)
Marine Spark Transmitter

Radio Operators
aboard Ship
Were Called
Sparky
Because they
Operated the
Spark Transmitter
 324
Meters
The Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower was built for an industrial exposition
(1889) and the centenary of the French Revolution.
It created amazement and outrage. The previous world
champion, America's Washington Monument was half the
tower's height. The tower held the title for the world’s
tallest structure till 1930, when it was surpassed by the
Chrysler Building.
Eiffel could find no practical application for the tower!
Parisians spoke seriously of tearing the tower down.
Then Eiffel discovered the 20th century's killer app for towers, Marconi's radio!
The tower started broadcasting signals in 1904 and by 1908, the French military
had installed a radio espionage nest, where they could eavesdrop on German and
Austro-Hungarian stations.
Due to Marconi’s invention, the tower's future was secure.
Valdemar Poulsen, 1869-1942

Replace Sparks with an Arc

Wireless Communications, Later Model
500 KW Poulsen Arc Transmitter

Invented in 1902 by the Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen, The arc

transmitter, unlike the spark transmitter, generated continuous radio waves.
Lee De Forest,1877-1961

Patent No. 879532

Edwin Armstrong, 1890-1954
1912 feedback (regenerative) receiver
Regenerative Receiver

A little Feedback Goes a Long Way

TRF: Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver

Bread Board
Superheterodyne Receiver

Edwin Armstrong’s Superheterodyne Patent

From Disclosure: June 3, 1918

The Wireless Telegraph is not Difficult to
Understand.
The ordinary Telegraph is like a very long cat.
You pull the tail in New York, and it meows in
Los Angeles.
The Wireless is the same, only without the cat.

Albert Einstein (1938)

 Applications of Early Radio
 1912 Sinking of
RMS Titanic
 1913 International Convention
for Safety of Life at Sea:
Resultant Treaty Required
Shipboard Radio Stations to
Operate 24-Hour per day.
15-April 1912
Spark
Transmitters
and
Interference

 Navy Concerned about Interference to Ship

Communications from Amateur Operators:1912
 An Act to Regulate Radio Communications
13-August 1912. Required License to operate transmitter
and Limited Amateurs to 200 Meter Wavelength (1.5 MHz)
 ARRL American Radio Relay League, February 1915
Emphasis Public Service to keep Government at Bay
Radio During the World War: (1914-1919)

 Vacuum Tube Equipment Revolutionized Radio

 All Amateur and Commercial Radio Activity
Ceased on 7-April 1917 when US entered War
 Illegal for private citizens to posses a radio
Transmitter or Receiver.
 US Navy Purchased Nearly All Commercial
Radio Companies to Avoid Foreign Control
 Congress was unhappy with ownership of US
commercial stations.
US Navy Sponsored Radio Cartel
 Compromise: New American Controlled Cartel
formed to acquire assets of commercial stations
and radio manufacturing industry:
 Partners: AT&T 10.3%
General Electric 30.1%
Westinghouse 20.6%
United Fruit 4.1%
American Marconi 34.9%
 Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
Application Evolution
 Wireless Telegraphy:
Symmetrical Point to Point as was
Wired Telegraphy
 Wireless Telephony:
Unsymmetrical Point to Multipoint
No Precedence!
Borrowed agriculture term!
Broadcasting (spreading of seeds)
Commercial Broadcasting
 David Sarnoff: RCA General Manager 1921 & VP 1922
 RCA formed National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) to
promote Radio (1926) and develop market to sell
Radios.
 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) formed (1928) to
Compete with NBC.
 NBC operated parallel Networks designated Red and
Blue.
 FCC, Created in 1934, in a 6-year battle forced NBC to
divest one of its two Networks in 1943
 Blue Network was sold in 1943 and in 1945 it became
The American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
Vacuum Tube Replacement
John Walter William
1947 Bardeen Brattain Shockley
1908-1991 1902-1987 1910-1989
Solid State Amplifier

Noble Prize 1956

 Integrated Circuits
1958
Jack Kilby Robert Noyce,
TI Intel

1923-2005 1928-1990

Noble Prize 2000 Noyce Founded Intel

Ted Hoff worked for Noyce
 rs
sto
More, More, Moore i
ns hip
Tra r c
Critic s have predicted the imm inent 10,000,000,000 pe

demise of Moore’s law ever since

Gordon Moore stated it in 1965.
s
Electric al Engineers continue to 1,000,000,000 th
on
m
defy physical c hallenges, 4
ry2 Ita nium2
squeezing ever more e ve 592 Million
100,000,000
es Ita nium 2
circuitry into less spac e u bl 220 Million
d o Pentium 4
and making inform ation ip
ch
42 Million Xeon 42 Million
10,000,000 a
fly ever more n Ita nium 25 Million
so
Pentium II
o r 7.5 Million
ist
Celeron 7.5 Million
swiftly. n s P entium Pro 5.5 Millio n
ra
1,000,000 o ft Pentium 3.1 Million
ity 486 1.2 Million
ns
de
he
w:T 386 275,000
100,000 a
sL 286 134,000
1958 re’ 1999
Jac k Kilby (TI) & o o 1996 Blac kberry
M DVD
Robert Noyc e 1965
(intel) Invent 10,000 8088 29,000 Players
Gordon Moore
Integrated States his fam ous 1991
8080 4,500
Circuit axiom , later c alled Kodak
8008 3,500 1983
Moore’s law First
1,000 Motorola Digital Cam era
4004
1947 First
First
Transistor  proc essor Mobile Phone
1977
Invented 2,000 Apple II

1947 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

We all own a billion
Transistors
We have an amazing wealth of
resources at our disposal!
Just how big is a Billion?
A stack of a billion bank notes would be
76.2 kilometers High.
A billion seconds is 32.5 years!
 For Comparison, the Eiffel Tower
Contains 18,084 Parts. It is
Fastened Together by 2.5 Million Rivets
The world manufactures more
transistors than it grows
grains of rice.

Wow!

0.13-micron, Intel Pentium 4 Long Grain Jasmine Rice

300-mm silicon wafer.
How big is a billion grains of rice?
 8mm x 2mm x 2mm (Long Grain)
 1-billion grains of rice
 8 Meters x 2 Meters x 2 Meters
 Or 32 Cubic Meters
 Or a cube 3.2 Meters on a side
 It weighs 24,000 kg (26.5 short tons USA)
 It costs $13,000 (3-rd week Dec 2010)
 CLS-350 Mercedes Benz weighs 2,200 kg
 Gordon_Moore_ISSCC-02-10-03

A Billion Transistors costs $20.0

0.00000001
It’s all done with Computer Chips
Harry Nyquist, (1889-1960)

The Sampling Theorem

fS>BW
Analog-to-Digital
Converter

ADC

A-to-D
Digital-to-Analog
Converter

DAC

D-to-A
 Evolution: Chapters 3 and 4
ANT
Positive Fdb k
RF AMP DET

TICKLER
TUNE

ANT
RF RF RF AMP
AMP AMP DET

TUNE TUNE TUNE

Evolution: Chapters 5 and 6
ANT
RF IF AMP IF AMP DET
AMP

AMP
Please send along a Carrier
TUNE
so I can Demodulate
ANT
RF IF
AMP AMP BASE
BAND
PROC
AMP
AMP

/2

TUNE
CARRIER

Never Mind, I’ll make my Own!

Start of the Modern era
ADC and DSP Insertion

Oh no! Another Oscillator!

 Sample the
Intermediate Frequency Stage
DSP
Down Convert
 Perform Timing and Carrier
Synchronization in DSP Land
 Difference Between Working in
Analog Land and Digital Land

Analog Land is like working in Digital Land is like working in

Minnesota in High Winter. San Diego in High Summer.
Snowing, Cold Air, Gentle Breeze,
Harsh Biting Wind, no Sunshine. Surf’s up, Warm Sweet Air, Sunshine.
 The Modern Era
Digital Radio (DR): The baseband signal processing implemented on a DSP.

Software Radio (SR): An ideal SR samples at the antenna output.

Software Defined Radio (SDR): An SDR is a realizable version of an SR:

Signals are sampled after a suitable band selection filter.

radio frontend

to user
receive

radio analog-to-digital
baseband data
frequency conversion
processing processing
RF A/D
transmit

from user
Everything is in Place

HOLD ON TO YOUR SEATS

Why Digital Communications?
But Let Your Communications
Be Yea, Yea: Nay, Nay:
For What So Ever is More Than
These Cometh of Evil.
Sermon on the Mount,
Matthew, Ch. 5, verse. 37
To Paraphrase the Great Bard

The World is an Analog Stage

In Which Digital
Plays A Bit Part
 A Communication System

INFORMATION INFORMATION
MODULATOR CHANNEL DEMODULATOR
SOURCE DESTINATION

BANDLIMITED

AWGN
Amplitude Spec tral
Distribution Distribution

x f
 Modulator and Demodulator
MODULATOR
M-ARY BASEBAND RADIO
ALPHABET WAVEFORM FREQUENCY
BITS WAVEFORM
DATA WAVEFORM SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS

DIGITAL ANALOG

BITS RF RF BITS
MODULATOR CHANNEL DEMODULATOR

ANALOG DIGITAL

SPECTRAL WAVEFORM DATA

TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS
RADIO BITS
BASEBAND M-ARY
FREQUENCY
WAVEFORM ALPHABET
WAVEFORM
DEMODULATOR
Claude Shannon

Information is measurable.
Noise Does not Limit Fidelity.
'The world has only 10
kinds of people.

Those who get binary,

and those who don't.'
Shannon’s Communication System
DIGITAL DISCRETE CHANNEL
MODULATOR
BITS
DATA WAVEFORM SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS
RF
M-ARY BASEBAND
ALPHABET WAVEFORM

CHANNEL
M-ARY
BASEBAND
ALPHABET
WAVEFORM
RF
DATA WAVEFORM SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS
BITS
DIGITAL
DEMODULATOR
Shannon’s Model
BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTH
REDUCING PRESERVING EXPANDING
BITS
SOURCE CHANNEL
ENCRYPTION
ENCODING ENCODING

CHANNEL
BITS
SOURCE CHANNEL
DECODING DECRYPTION DECODING
Shannon’s Legacy
Communication System Resources
Bandwidth
Signal to Noise Ratio
Memory and Computations
A Communication System needs a
Computer in Modulator and Demodulator!
We have a Computer on Board!
We can use it to do some other Heavy Lifting
 BANDWIDTH

DATA TRANSFORMS
MODERN

SIGNAL TRANSFORMS
COMMUNICATIONS

SIGNAL to NOISE RATIO

Four Pillars of Modern Communications
 The Modulator Digital to Analog
Interface Moves Towards the RF
BASEBAND
M-ARY SIGNAL RF
TUNER
CONDITIONER

DIGITAL ANALOG

BASEBAND
M-ARY SIGNAL RF
TUNER
CONDITIONER

DIGITAL ANALOG

BASEBAND
M-ARY SIGNAL RF
TUNER
CONDITIONER

DIGITAL ANALOG
The Demodulator Analog to Digital
Interface Moves Towards the RF
BASEBAND
RF SIGNAL M-ARY
TUNER
CONDITIONER

ANALOG DIGITAL
BASEBAND
RF SIGNAL M-ARY
TUNER
CONDITIONER

ANALOG DIGITAL
BASEBAND
RF SIGNAL M-ARY
TUNER
CONDITIONER

ANALOG DIGITAL
SECOND GENERATION DSP
CENTRIC MODEL
DIGITAL DSP SAMPLED DATA CHANNEL
MODULATOR MODULATOR
BITS
DATA WAVEFORM SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS
RF
M-ARY BASEBAND
ALPHABET WAVEFORM

CHANNEL
DATA DIGITAL ANALOG
SIGNALS SIGNALS SIGNALS

M-ARY
BASEBAND
ALPHABET
WAVEFORM
RF
DATA WAVEFORM SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS
BITS
DIGITAL DSP
DEMODULATOR DEMODULATOR
THIRD GENERATION
DSP CENTRIC MODEL
DIGITAL ANALOG CHANNEL
DSP
MODULATOR MODULATOR
BITS
DATA WAVEFORM SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS
RF
M-ARY BASEBAND
ALPHABET WAVEFORM

CHANNEL
DATA ANALOG
DIGITAL
SIGNALS SIGNALS
SIGNALS

M-ARY
BASEBAND
ALPHABET
WAVEFORM RF
DATA WAVEFORM SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS TRANSFORMS
BITS
DIGITAL DSP
DEMODULATOR DEMODULATOR
An Interesting Problem

Satellite Broadcasts
384 MP3 Channels to
Earth Stations
Demodulate all MP3 Channels
Remodulate as FM Channels

Task: Replace
Legacy Transceiver

What size room is required to

house new DSP based Transceiver?
Equipment Bay: 192-Stereo FM Modulators
Conversation with Client!
 How big a room will we need to house the DSP
version of this Transceiver?
 Answer: I think it will fit on one chip.
 Response: Don’t be Absurd, You Can’t Pack a
Room into a Single Chip!
 Results: 48-Analog Devices Blackfin Processors
to Demodulate 192 MP3 Stereo Channels.
 1 Virtex V-4 for 192 Digital Stereo FM Modulators
and 256 Channel Channelizer @ 293 kHz
Bandwidth per channel. (60% of Chip)
Only Description of Legacy System

Why I Like DSP!

 A Smaller
Package

2-U High, Full Rack Width

H 3.5 in, 8.89 cm

W 17.0 in, 43.18 cm
D 9.4 in, 23.88 cm
 Receiver Built with Ideal Parts
Synthesizer Clo ck DDS

Analo g Ana log I/Q Ana log Channel Rest of

A-to -D Dig ita l I/Q
Ba nd Pass Down Convert Low Pa ss Equalize Receiver
Converte rs Down Convert
Filte r Filters

and with Real Parts (Dirty RF)

Synthesizer Clo ck Dig ita l Sig na ls DDS
Analog Signals

Analo g Ana log I/Q Ana log Phase Ga in Dig ita l I/Q Channel
A-to -D DC Filter Re st of
Ba nd Pass Down Convert Low Pa ss Ba lance Ba lance Down Convert Eq ua lize
Converte rs Cancel Com pensate Re ceive r
Filte r Filters
Genies in your Radio
•Timing Recovery Genie
•Carrier Recovery Genie
•Automatic Gain Control Genie
•Squelch Genie
•Equalizer Genie
•SNR Estimator Genie
Assistant Genies in Your Radio
•DC Cancelling Genie
•I-Q Balancing Genie
•Line Cancelling Genie
•Power Amplifier Predistortion Genie
•Peak-to-Average Reduction Genie
•DAC Sin(x)/x Predistortion Genie
•Time Interleaved ADC Genie
•Signal Whitening Genie
•White Space Detection Genie
Are you a good fortune teller?
 CTO of Comstream asked to see me.
 He asked me to design a DSP based Receiver
to span 10-kb/s to 10-Mb/s in 1-b/s steps.
 I laughed. I thought he was joking.
 No. He was Serious.
 His parting comment: It likely can not be done at
the moment! DSP advances would enable it
some time in the future! He expected me to
predict the dawn of the coming horizon so he
would be prepared to greet it!
All he had to do was ask
 It took me a week to do the design!
 He couldn’t believe all he had to do was ask!
 US Patent 5,504,785, “Digital Receiver
for Variable Symbol Rate Communications”
 An important lesson here.
 If you expect little, you get little!
 If you expect a lot, you get a lot!
 Don’t ask for the Impossible
 You will be disappointed!
 DSP Radio (DSP Everywhere!)
Actually, A design Project LMS
For my Modem Design Class Algorithm

10 Msm pl/S
-
20 Msmpl/S Polyphase 20 Msmpl/S 2-to-1
Matc hed Equalizer Down Detec tor
Filter
sam ple
32-to-1

Carrier
Loop Filter Tim ing
Carrier *
Loop Filter
& DDS Loop
& DDS

Polyphase
Polyphase Derivative
Band-Edge Matc hed
Filter
Filter
Channel Filtering, Channel Estimate, Equalization,
AGC, DC-Cancelling, I-Q Balance, Line Canceller,
Interference Canceller, Matched Filter, SNR
Estimate, Band Edge Filter, Frequency Lock Loop,
Carrier Lock Loop, Interpolator, Timing Lock Loop,
 Constellations of
Channel +k and -k
Crosstalk Between Channels k and –k
Due to Gain and Phase Imbalance
Constellation after Gradient Descent
Correction of Gain and Phase Imbalance
 Digital Signal Processing Radio (1)

 Processing Discrete (in Amplitude)

Approximations of Sampled (in Time) Signal
Representation of Analog Waveforms.
 DSP Based Radio can
 Process Analog or Digital Signals
 DSP can Process non-RF Signals:
 Audio and Video
Software Defined Radio (SDR)
 A Software Defined Radio System
Applies Software for Control of
 Network Protocol
 DSP Algorithms
 Programmable Digital Hardware,
 Programmable Analog Hardware
 In RF, IF, and Baseband Regimes
 Software Defined Radio

RF-Front End Digital Bac k End

Tunab le Filters User Interfa ce

Managem ent & Tuner

Mixer IF/AGC ADC DSPs GPPs

Duplexer, Antenna

and LNA Periphials

Tunab le Filters FPGAs

and LNA

Spec ialized
Tunab le Filters & Co-Proc essors Power
Mixer IF/AGC DAC Manager
Power Am plifier
Cognitive Radio (CR)
 Cognitive radios, aware of channel
conditions and activity, change its operating
parameters to enable reliable, interference
free, communications.
 Factors include external radio environment
such as spectrum availability, network state,
and its internal environment such as
available resources, and user behavior.
 Parable of the Six Blind Men
The First Blind Man Touched its Sturdy Side:
“This is Very Much Like a Wall” The Second Blind Man
The Sixth Blind Man Touched its Smooth
seized its swinging Round Sharp Tusk
tail; “For sure this is “Clearly this is Like a
like a Hanging Rope” Large Spear”

The Fourth
The Third Blind Man
Blind Man
Felt its Grasped its
Flapping
Wiggling Trunk:
Ears.
“Undoubtedly, This
“This surely
is like a Mighty
is like a
Snake”
The Fifth Blind Man Leaned against its huge leg: Great Fan to
“This is Like a Sturdy Tree” Stir the Air”
Parable Continued
A Seventh
Blind Man
came upon
the scene and
proclaimed:

“Surely all your

senses have
abandoned you,
for it is clear to
all that this is a

Software
Defined
Radio”
 SOFTWARE
DEFINED
RADIO
MAN
Is Open For Questions