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Lec.1 ... Blood grouping system(6)

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9 views

Lec.1 ... Blood grouping system(6)

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aminqasm111
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Blood Bank Dr.

Salam Adil Theoretical Lecture -1-

Blood grouping systems


A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based
on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the
surface of red blood cells (RBCs). Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can
stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a
blood group system.

Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. The
two most important blood group systems are ABO and Rh; they determine someone's
blood type (A, B, AB, and O, with +, − RhD status) for suitability in blood
transfusion.

Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely
an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in
infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease. Another more common cause of blood
type change is a bone marrow transplant. Bone-marrow transplants are performed for
many leukemias and lymphomas, among other diseases. If a person receives bone
marrow from someone who is a different ABO type (e.g., a type A patient receives a
type O bone marrow), the patient's blood type will eventually convert to the donor's
type.
Blood Bank Dr. Salam Adil Theoretical Lecture -1-

The ABO blood group system involves two antigens and two antibodies found
in human blood. The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B. The two antibodies
are antibody A and antibody B. The antigens are present on the red blood cells and
the antibodies in the serum. Regarding the antigen property of the blood all human
beings can be classified into 4 groups, those with antigen A (group A), those with
antigen B (group B), those with both antigen A and B (group AB) and those with
neither antigen (group O). The antibodies present together with the antigens are found
as follows:

1. Antigen A with antibody B


2. Antigen B with antibody A
3. Antigen AB has no antibodies
4. Antigen nil (group O) with antibody A and B

There is an agglutination reaction between similar antigen and antibody. Thus,


transfusion can be considered safe as long as the serum of the recipient does not
contain antibodies for the blood cell antigens of the donor.

Other blood group systems

As of 2019, 36 blood-group systems have been identified by the International


Society for Blood Transfusion in addition to the ABO and Rh systems. Thus, in
addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens, many other antigens are expressed on
the RBC surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB, D positive, and at
the same time M and N positive (MNS system), K positive (Kell system), Lea or Leb
negative (Lewis system), and so on, being positive or negative for each blood group
system antigen. Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in
whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered. Blood group systems
other than ABO and Rh pose a potential, yet relatively low, risk of complications
upon mixing of blood from different people.
Blood Bank Dr. Salam Adil Theoretical Lecture -1-

Red blood cell compatibility

 Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their
RBCs, and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or
B antigen. Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from
any group, but cannot donate blood to any group other than AB. They are known
as universal recipients.
 Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and
blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen. Therefore, a group
A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O (with A
being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB.
 Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and
blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group
B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O (with B
being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB.
 Blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries) individuals do not have
either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum
contains IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Therefore, a group O individual can
receive blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals
of any ABO blood group (i.e., A, B, O or AB). If a patient needs an urgent blood
transfusion, and if the time taken to process the recipient's blood would cause a
detrimental delay, O negative blood can be issued. Because it is compatible with
anyone, O negative blood is often overused and consequently is always in short
supply.
Blood Bank Dr. Salam Adil Theoretical Lecture -1-

Plasma compatibility

Blood plasma compatibility is the inverse of red blood cell compatibility. Type
AB plasma carries neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies and can be transfused to
individuals of any blood group; but type AB patients can only receive type AB
plasma. Type O carries both antibodies, so individuals of blood group O can receive
plasma from any blood group, but type O plasma can be used only by type O
recipients.

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