PHYSICS PROJECT FILE

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC – TRANSFORMER
 Name – H R H Y D V
Class – 12 Science (PCM)
th

Roll No. - 18
School – Saffron Public School
Topic - Transformer
 CERTIFICATE

SAFFRON PUBLIC SCHOOL

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT Ritik Roshan Yadav , A STUDENT OF

CLASS 12th SCIENCE (PCM) HAS SUCCESSFLLY COMPLETED
THE RESEARCH ON THE BELOW MENTIONED PROJECT . UNDER
THE GUIDANCE OF MRS. NEHA JHA ( PHYSICS TEACHER )
DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 .
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessing and the heart pledged support , this time I am utilizing to thanks
all the people who have been concerned with physics project. Primarily I would thank
god for being able to complete this project with success . Then I would like to thank my
principal Mrs. ANJANA GUPTA and physics teacher Mrs. NEHA JHA whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success her suggestions and instructions has served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project . Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who
have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of this project. Last but not the least I would like to
thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.
 INDEX
Aim of
Introduction Objective Principal
project

Theory and
Apparatus Procedure Construction
working

Conclusion Precautions Bibliography The end

 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage
into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that
transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge
units weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations
or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All operate on the
same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide.
While new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still
found in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for
high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-
distance transmission economically practical. A transformer is
most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer.A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
 AIM OF PROJECT
~ To investigate the relation between the ratio of :
1. Input and output voltage .
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a
self-made transformer .

~ To find the efficiency of the self-made transformer .

 OBJECTIVE
1. Voltage Regulation:
To step up or step down AC voltage as required.

2. Power Transmission Efficiency:

To minimize power losses during long-distance transmission by stepping up voltage
at the source and stepping it down at the destination.

3. Isolation:
To electrically isolate two circuits for safety and functionality without a direct physical
connection.

4. Current Regulation:
To adjust current levels for specific applications, ensuring compatibility with devices
and systems.
 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle

of mutual induction i.e. if a
varying current is set-up in
a circuit then induced e.m.f
is produced in the
neighbouring circuit. The
varying current in a circuit
produce varying magnetic
flux which induces e.m.f in
the neighbouring circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Procedure
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

3. Connect P1 , P2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through sland S2 .

5. Now connect sland S2 to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
CONSTRUCTION A transformer consists of primary and
secondary coils insulated from each other,
wound on a soft iron core. To minimize eddy
current a laminated iron core is used. The a.c.
input is applied across the primary coil. The
continuously varying current in the primary coil
produces a varying magnetic flux in the primary
coil, which in turn produces a varying magnetic
flux in the secondary coil. Hence, an induced
emf is produced across the secondary coil.
Let Ep and ES be the induced emf in the primary
and secondary coils and Np and NS be the
number of turns in the primary and secondary
coils respectively. Since same flux links with the
primary and secondary coils, the emf induced
per turn of the two coils must be the same.
 THEORY
When an alternating voltage is supplied to the primary coil, it results in a changing magnetic flux, which
induces A.C. Voltage in the secondary coil. In an ideal transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary coil, and then the induced e.m.f. in each turn of the
secondary coil is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary coil. Thus if E p and Es are the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f. induced in the primary and the secondary coils, N p and Ns are the
no. of turns of the primary and secondary coils of the transformer respectively, and dϕ/dt = rate of
change of flux in each turn of the coil, then we have ,
Ep = -Np dϕ/dt ---------- (1)
Es = -Ns dϕ/dt ---------- (2)
The above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing (2) by (1),we get
Es / Ep = Ns / Np ---------- (3)
If the transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient (no energy losses),
the input power is equal to the output power, and since P = IE
Ip Ep = Is Es ----------- (4)
Therefore, from (3) and (4)
Ns / Np = Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
Where, N is called Turn Ratio or Transformation Ratio .
 I. STEP UP TRANSFORMER
In a Step up transformer, low A.C. Voltage is converted to high A.C. Voltage. Here, the
secondary coil has greater no. of turns (N s > Np), but carries less current compared to
primary (Is < Ip)

(Ns/Np) > 1, i.e. Turn Ratio (K) is greater than 1

In order to transmit the voltage from the Power

Plant or Generation Station over long distances, it
is stepped up using a Step up Transformer. This
voltage with increased levels is then
transmitted to a distribution station.
 II. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
In a Step down transformer, high A.C. Voltage is converted to low A.C. Voltage. Here, the
secondary coil has lesser no. of turns (Ns < Np), but carries more current compared to
primary (Is > Ip)

(Ns / NP) < 1, i.e. Turn Ratio (K) is less than 1

At the distribution station, the high voltage from

power station is reduced using a Step down
Transformer. The voltage with decreased level is
then made ready for consumer use.
 CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage .
2. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer .

PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe by yourself from high voltage .
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C. should remain
constant .
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. www.wikipedia.com VI. www.quora.com

II. www.jagaranjosh.com VII. www.vedantu.com
III. www.sciencehub.com VIII. www.byjuys.com
IV. www.sciencevilla.com IX. www.brainly.com
V. www.phy12.com X. www.meritnation.com