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6 views

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Uploaded by

cssalunke79
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

Define I/O bound process:


An I/O-bound process is a process that spends more time performing
input/output operations than computations. It often requires frequent waiting for
I/O devices to become available.

2. What is the purpose of fork() system call?


The fork() system call is used in UNIX/Linux systems to create a new process,
called the child process, which runs concurrently with the parent process. The
child process is an exact copy of the parent.

3. What is Bootstrap Loader?


The bootstrap loader is a small program that initializes hardware and loads the
operating system into memory when the computer is powered on or restarted.

4. Define context switch:


A context switch is the process of saving the state of a currently running process
and loading the state of another process so the CPU can execute it.

5. What is Mutual Exclusion?


Mutual exclusion ensures that multiple processes do not access critical sections of
code or shared resources simultaneously to prevent data inconsistency.

6. What is race condition?


A race condition occurs when multiple processes or threads access shared
resources simultaneously, and the final result depends on the timing of their
execution.

7. Define Limit Register:


A limit register specifies the maximum size of a process's address space, ensuring
it does not exceed the allocated memory range.

8. What is Frame?
A frame is a fixed-size block of physical memory into which pages of a process are
loaded in a paged memory management system.
9. List the advantages of an open-source operating system:
 Cost-effective
 Customizable
 Enhanced security
 Active community support
 Transparency in code

10. List types of Semaphore:


 Binary Semaphore
 Counting Semaphore

11. Define segmentation:


Segmentation is a memory management technique where memory is divided into
variable-sized segments, each corresponding to a logical section of a process.

12. Which scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming?


The Long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming by deciding
which processes to admit to the system.

13. What do you mean by system call?


A system call is a programmed request from a user application to the operating
system kernel for a specific service, such as file handling or process management.

14. Define system booting:


System booting is the process of starting a computer and loading the operating
system into memory to make it operational.

15. What do you mean by thread?


A thread is the smallest unit of a process that can be scheduled and executed
independently.

16. List the purpose of synchronization:


 Ensure data consistency
 Prevent race conditions
 Facilitate communication between processes
17. Define the term Dispatcher: The dispatcher is a component of the operating
system that assigns the CPU to a process selected by the short-term scheduler.

18. Define CPU-bound process:


A CPU-bound process is a process that spends more time performing
computations than waiting for I/O operations.

19. Define Virtual Memory:


Virtual memory is a memory management technique that gives processes the
illusion of having a large, contiguous address space by using disk space as an
extension of physical memory.

20. Define the term semaphore:


A semaphore is a synchronization tool used to control access to shared resources
by multiple processes or threads.

21. What is shell?


A shell is a command-line interpreter that provides a user interface to interact
with the operating system.

22. What is Page?


A page is a fixed-size block of logical memory used in the paging memory
management system.

23. What is booting?


Booting is the process of starting a computer by loading the operating system into
memory.

24. List the solutions to the critical section problem:


 Peterson's solution
 Mutex locks
 Semaphores
 Monitors

25. What is the ready queue?


The ready queue is a queue of processes that are ready to execute but are waiting
for CPU time.
26. Define the term process & thread:
 Process: An independent program in execution with its own memory space.
 Thread: A lightweight sub-process within a process that shares the same
memory space.

27. What is physical address space?


Physical address space refers to the set of all physical memory locations
accessible to a process.

28. What is a thread library?


A thread library provides APIs for creating and managing threads in user
applications.

29. What is synchronization?


Synchronization is the coordination of multiple processes or threads to ensure
proper execution without conflicts.

30. Define bootstrapping:


Bootstrapping is the process of starting up a computer system by loading the
operating system using the bootstrap loader.

31. Explain POSIX pthread:


POSIX pthread is a standard API for creating and managing threads in a portable
and efficient manner across POSIX-compliant systems.

32. What is the role of the dispatcher?


The dispatcher assigns CPU control to the process selected by the short-term
scheduler, facilitating context switching.

33. What do you mean by page hit?


A page hit occurs when a requested page is found in memory, avoiding the need
to fetch it from disk.

34. What is a kernel?


The kernel is the core part of the operating system that manages hardware,
system resources, and communication between hardware and software.

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