XI

Practical Handbook
(Additional)
Short (adapted)

Compiled and designed by Aniruddha Paranjpye

Skills part written by Aniruddha Paranjpye
 Index
Main
1. Experiments 03
2. Activities 13

Collectives of subsection contents

3. YouTube Video Links 16
4. Theory (References) 18
5. Viva/Oral Questions 20
6. Practical Exam Question Slips 25

Compiled and designed by Aniruddha Paranjpye

Skills part written by Aniruddha Paranjpye
 Experiments
1. Use of Vernier Callipers
Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kctf2eSuQc8 (English)

Theory:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3M4lxD9bkX4 (Hindi)
Vernier Principle:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySRN3yuZUT0 (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRv_HJfGXPg&t=1s (Hindi)

Pre-knowledge:
Significant figures, Instrument reading skills

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. What is the least count of an instrument?
2. How do you define least count in case of vernier calliper?
3. Why is the instrument called ‘vernier calliper’?
4. What is zero error?
5. Why should object be held tightly between jaw?
6. Why shouldn’t we press jaws too hard while taking measurements?
7. Why we measure diameter at different positions of the object?
8. Why eye should be exactly perpendicular to vernier scale while observing reading?
9. If given vernier calliper has 1 MSD = 0.2 mm and vernier scale having 10 divisions then, what will be
the least count of the given vernier scale?
10. If a scale has 20 divisions within 1 cm, then what is the least count of such a scale? And if such a
scale is assisted with vernier scale with 50 divisions, then what will be the least count of newly formed
vernier caliper?
11. What is the range of significant figures in the measurements made by vernier calliper, given its least
count as 0.01 cm?
12. Why do we take repeated measurements of same quantity and then use its mean?
13. State the application of vernier caliper
14. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A] Long Experiments:
L1 (A) Vernier Callipers:
You are given a vernier calliper and a solid sphere.
(·) Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the diameter of the sphere. Take three
independent readings. Calculate the volume of the sphere.
L1 (B) Vernier Callipers:
You are given a vernier calliper and a hollow cylinder.
(·) Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the inner diameter and depth of the cylinder.
Take three independent readings for each. Calculate the volume of the hollow cylinder.

B] Short Experiments:
S1 (A) Vernier Callipers:
You are given a vernier calliper and a solid sphere.
(·) Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the diameter of the sphere. Take two
independent readings.

S1 (B) Vernier Callipers:

You are given a vernier calliper and a solid sphere.
(·) Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the radius of the sphere. Take two independent
readings.

S1 (C) Vernier Callipers:

You are given a vernier calliper and a hollow cylinder.
(·) Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the inner diameter of the cylinder. Take two
independent readings for each.

2. Use of Micrometer Screw Gauge

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bixxep3mc6c part 1 (English/Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBWEHRrM9uQ part 2 (English/Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NbQV9OEsoQ (Hindi)

Theory:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVqmzuHyCA4 (Hindi)
Micrometer screw principle and working:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11EM0nZUdqE (English)

Pre-knowledge:
Significant figures, Instrument reading skills

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. What is the least count of an instrument?
2. How do you define least count in case of micrometer screw gauge?
3. What is zero error in case of micrometer screw gauge?
4 What is the pitch of the screw?
5. What is backlash error?
6. How will you reduce backlash error?
7. Suppose a given micrometer screw gauge has 0.5 mm as smallest division on main scale, and after 10
rotations it moves by 5 mm and the circular scale contains 100 division. Determine the pitch and the
least count of the screw.
8. What is the range of significant figures in the measurements made by micrometer screw gauge, given
its least count as 0.0001 cm?
9. Why is the instrument called micrometer screw gauge?
10. State the application of micrometer screw gauge
11. Why should one avoid applying undue pressure while turning micrometer screw?
12. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A] Long Experiments:
L2 (A) Micrometer Screw Gauge:
You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a thin wire.
(·) Determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge. Measure the diameter of
the given wire. Take three independent readings. Calculate the cross sectional area of wire.

L2 (B) Micrometer Screw Gauge:

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a marble ball.
(·) Determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge. Measure the diameter of
marble ball. Take three independent readings. Calculate surface area of the marble ball.

L2 (C) Micrometer Screw Gauge:

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a glass plate.
(·) Find the pitch and hence determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge.
Measure the thickness of glass plate. Take four independent readings.

B] Short Experiments:
S2 (A) Micrometer Screw Gauge:
You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a thin wire.
(·) Determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge. Measure the diameter of
the given wire. Take two independent readings.

S2 (B) Micrometer Screw Gauge:

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a marble ball.
(·) Determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge. Measure the diameter of
marble ball. Take two independent readings.

S2 (C) Micrometer Screw Gauge:

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a glass plate.
(·) Find the pitch and hence determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge.
Measure the thickness of glass plate. Take four independent readings.
 3. Use of Spherometer
Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6Hu7U3jDag (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIpIJjPQJhA Animated (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAxNgI9NrNw Actual (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8COM6OwNE4

Theory:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvZpMMsiijs part 1 (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQj3m0gk8q4 part 2 (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DJmhECZM9A (Hindi)

Refer 11th textbook, chapter 9 Optics (page 159). Topic: Lenses (page 167), Lens maker’s equation (page
169-170)

Pre-knowledge:
Significant figures, Instrument reading skills, focal length, relationship between focal length and radius
of curvature of length

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. What is least count of an instrument?
2. How do you define least count in case of spherometer?
3. Why is the instrument called ‘spherometer’?
4. What is zero error in case of spherometer?
5. Compare measurement methods using spherometer and micrometer screw gauge
6. What is backlash error?
7. How will you reduce backlash error?
8. What is pitch in case of spherometer?
9. Why do we check tip of screw and three legs touch the surface?
10. Why do we choose the lowest division on main scale as 0? Why the main scale shows zero in the
middle?
11. What is meaning of sagitta?
12. What is radius of curvature of a lens?
13. What is lens maker’s formula?
14. What is relationship between focal length and radius of curvature for biconvex lens made of glass
material?
15. If given spherometer has 1 MSD = 0.5 mm and circular scale having 200 divisions and pitch as 0.1 cm,
then what will be the least count of the given spherometer?
16. How do we visualise construction of biconvex lens?
17. State the application of spherometer
18. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?
Exam Question Slips:

A] Long Experiments:
L3 (A) Spherometer:
You are given a spherometer and a biconvex lens.
(·) Determine the least count of the spherometer. Measure the radius of curvature of the given lens.
Take three independent readings.

B] Short Experiments:
S3 (A) Spherometer:
You are given a spherometer and a biconvex lens.
(·) Determine the least count of the spherometer. Determine sagitta of any one surface of the given
lens. Take two independent readings.

4. Parallelogram Law of Vectors

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TbbxRBIlOY (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fowRMegIFvw Animated (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYtsu8j6N7I Actual (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-wnB5bQW4M (Hindi)

Theory:
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 2 Mathematical Methods (page 16). Topic: Law of Parallelogram of vectors
(page 19-20)

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. What is law of parallelogram of vectors?
2. What is triangle law of vectors?
3. State the formula of finding the magnitude of the resultant vector R
4. How will you determine the angle of R with respect to either vector?
5. What is the apparatus called?
6. Why pulleys must be frictionless?
7. Why should hanger and pulley not touch the board?
8. Why we close one of the eyes while marking points corresponding to thread on the sheet?
9. Why do we choose 10 gm = 1 cm? Can we use different scaling?
10. Force is a vector quantity with newton as a unit, and mass is scalar quantity with gram as unit.
Parallelogram law of force/vector is applicable to vector quantities only. Then why do we choose 1 cm =
1 gm instead of 1 cm = 1 N? Isn’t it contradictory?
11. What is the type of force acting on the unknown mass by thread?
12. Explain the parallelogram law of force experiment using the concept of free body diagram.
13. What is the relationship between tensions (𝑃⃗and 𝑄 ⃗ ) acting on unknown mass and angle between
these two tensions?
14. Can angle between 𝑃⃗ and 𝑄⃗ become 180O?
15. Can you apply law of parallelogram in case of displacement?
16. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A] Long Experiments:
L4 (A) Parallelogram Law of Forces
You are given two known weights and an unknown weight. Two applied forces P and Q corresponding to
each known weights forms two adjacent sides of a parallelogram.
(·) Determine the unknown weight using Gravesand’s apparatus and parallelogram law of forces. Verify
the same by calculation of resultant force.

L4 (B) Parallelogram Law of Forces

You are given two known weights of equal magnitude and an unknown weight. Two applied forces P and
Q corresponding to each known weights forms two adjacent sides of a parallelogram.
(·) Verify law of parallelogram of forces.

B] Short Experiments:
S4 (A) Parallelogram Law of Forces
You are given two given two known weights and an unknown weight.
(·) Construct parallelogram of applied forces P and Q using Gravesand’s apparatus and measure the
diagonal (R) and angle θ between P and Q.

S4 (B) Parallelogram Law of Forces

(·) Draw vector diagram using given data of P, Q and θ. Measure the diagonal (R) and also determine R
by using formula.
Given: P = ………. gm-wt, Q = ………. gm-wt and θ = ………. .

5. Coefficient of Static Friction

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8ardgzKCWQ (Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLCR1zKZD5Y (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6ek_1YXAMs Animated (English)

Theory:
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 6 Mechanical Properties of Solids (page 100). Topic: Friction in Solids (page
109), Origin of friction (page 109), Static Friction (Page 109-110), Laws of Static Friction and Limiting
Friction (page 110), Types of Friction (109), Advantages and disadvantages of friction (111)

Pre-knowledge:

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations, Graph plotting and
Interpretation, Finding slope of graph.
Viva Questions:
1. What is friction?
2. What are types of friction?
3. What is origin of friction?
4. Explain static friction
5. Explain coefficient of static friction
6. Why should the two surfaces in contact be dry and clean?
7. Why should readings be taken for the weight for which block starts moving?
8. Why pan and string should not touch the table?
9. If the horizontal surface is made inclined to horizontal for angle 𝜃 for which block just start moving,
what will be the relationship between coefficient of friction and angle 𝜃?
10. What is effect of adding powder between two surfaces?
11. Why should we vary weights in the pan by small amounts?
12. Why do we tap on the surface on which block is placed?
13. What is the relationship between all forces acting on the block?
14. Why is friction called self adjusting force?
15. State factors affecting frictional force
16. What is range of coefficient of friction?
17. If coefficient of friction is greater than 1, what will be its implication?
18. State advantages of friction
19. State disadvantages of friction
20. How friction can be minimised?
21. How the experiment can be modified to determine coefficient of kinetic and rolling friction?
22. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A] Long Experiments:
L5 (A) Static Friction:
You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take four independent readings.
𝑃
(·) Calculate mean value of . Hence determine coefficient of static friction.
𝐿

L5 (B) Static Friction:

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take four independent readings.
(·) Plot the graph of P vs L. Hence determine coefficient of static friction.

L5 (C) Static Friction:

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take four independent readings.
(·) Plot the graph of P vs L. draw your conclusion from the graph.

B] Short Experiments:
S5 (A) Static Friction
You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take three independent readings.
𝑃
(·) Calculate mean value of 𝐿 . Hence determine coefficient of static friction.

S5 (B) Static Friction

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take three independent readings.
(·) Plot the graph of P vs L. draw your conclusion from the graph.

6.Travelling Microscope
Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jn_IblEhTpc&t=604s (Hindi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH6LN4ZOQCM (Hindi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qY2x-r18oSM Lengthy Video (Hindi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpAhK1dxIpE Lengthy Video (Hindi)

Theory:
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 9 Optics (page 159). Topic: Refraction (page 164), Absolute refractive index
(page 164), Relative refractive index (Page 164), Apparent depth (page 165), Optical instruments (page
180), Simple microscope or reading glass (page 180), Compound microscope (page 182).

Pre-knowledge:
Basic understanding of least count and working of vernier caliper
How to use Travelling Microscope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iv5c0DL0xE&t=1s (Hindi)

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. What is least count of an instrument?
2. How do you define least count of travelling microscope?
3. Why is the instrument called ‘travelling microscope’?
4. Suppose given travelling microscope consists of main scale 1 MSD = 0.2 mm and is assisted with
vernier scale having 40 divisions then, what will be the least count of travelling microscope?
5. Can travelling microscope be used for measuring diameter of cylinder with extremely small radius?
6. Why eye should be exactly perpendicular to vernier scale while observing reading?
7. If given vernier calliper has 1 MSD = 0.2 mm and vernier scale having 10 divisions then, what will be
the least count of the given vernier scale?
8. Explain the basic construction of a microscope?
9. Why are there two different numbers corresponding to single marker line on vernier scale?
10. Why should the axis of microscope be vertical while making observations?
11. Why focusing screw should not be touched while raising microscope tube?
12. Which factors affect refractive index?
13. What is refraction?
14. Explain apparent depth phenomenon
15. Can you tell the role played by apparent depth phenomenon in real life?
16. Can we use the same experiment to determine the R.I. of liquid? Explain the difficulties if it’s not
possible.
17. Why do we make a mark on wooden block before placing it under microscope?
18. Why do we use saw dust in the experiment?
19. State the application of traveling microscope
20. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A] Long Experiments:
L6 (A) Travelling Microscope:
You are given a glass slab. Using travelling microscope, determine real and apparent depth. Take one set
of reading.
(·) Determine refractive index of the glass slab.

L6 (B) Travelling Microscope:

You are given a glass slab. Determine least count of travelling microscope. Using travelling microscope,
determine real and apparent depth. Take one set of reading.
(·) Determine refractive index of the glass slab.

B] Short Experiments:

S6 (A) Travelling Microscope:

You are given a glass slab.
(·) Using travelling microscope, determine thickness of glass slab
Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm.

S6 (B) Travelling Microscope:

You are given a glass slab.
(·) Determine least count of travelling microscope. Using travelling microscope, determine real depth.
Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm.

S6 (B) Travelling Microscope:

You are given a glass slab.
(·) Determine least count of travelling microscope. Using travelling microscope, determine apparent
depth.
Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm.

8. Refractive Index of Liquid by Concave Mirror

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb_VJ1w-VDY (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlL3rjPr9rU&t=433s (Hindi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xlcLyt-Fig Part I – Concept (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yK8H4vf2jz8 Part II – Practical (English)

Theory:
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 9 Optics (page 159). Topic: Cartesian sign convention and Ray diagrams
(page 160,162), Refraction (page 164), Absolute refractive index (page 164), Relative refractive index
(Page 164).

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. What is focal length?
2. What is meant by focal power?
3. What is the relationship between focal length and radius of curvature of a mirror?
4. Can we replace liquid by some optical solid, for example a biconvex or plano-convex lens or glass?
5. Why should we avoid parallax between the pin and its image?
6. How will you avoid parallax between the pin and its image?
7. What will happen if the quantity of liquid added to the mirror is small and not evenly spread?
8. Why do we consider central part of liquid to determine R?
9. Why does this experiment work?
10. Which factors affect refractive index?
11. What is refraction?
12. Differentiate absolute and relative refractive index
13. State Snell’s law of refraction
14. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A] Long Experiments:
L8 (A) R.I. of Liquid
You are given a concave mirror and some liquid. Determine distance between the pin and the mirror,
without and with given liquid. Take three sets of readings.
(·) Determine refractive index of the liquid.

B] Short Experiments:
S8 (A) R.I. of Liquid
You are given a concave mirror.
(·) Determine distance between the index pin and the mirror by removing parallax. Take two
independent readings.

S8 (B) R.I. of Liquid

You are given a concave mirror and some liquid.
(·) Determine distance between the index pin and the mirror by removing parallax with water. Take two
independent readings
 Activities
A2. Law of Moments
Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4jBHzN5PKA (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJMiioepXM4 (Hindi)

Theory:
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 4 Laws of Motion (page 47). Topic: Center of Mass (page 69), Mass moment
(Page 69), Origin at C.M. equation (page 69), Center of gravity (page 69).

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. What is center of mass and center of gravity?
2. Differentiate C.M. and C.G.
3. What is mass moment?
4. What is law of moments?
5. What is unit of mass moment?
6. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A2 (A) Law of Moments

You are given a meter scale, a known weight, and a body of unknown mass. Keeping unknown mass at
fixed distance from C.G., adjust the distance of known mass on the other side of the C.G. so that the
meter scale remains perfectly horizontal.
(·) Hence determine the mass of the given body.

A3. Rolling Friction

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR2O-wHSEgQ (English-Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3RZUDq39_Q (English) Rolling over inclined plane

Theory:
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 6 Mechanical Properties of Solids (page 100). Topic: Friction in Solids (page
109), Origin of friction (page 109), Rolling Friction (Page 111), Types of Friction (109), Advantages and
disadvantages of friction (111)

Pre-knowledge:
Method of determination of coefficient of static friction
Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations. Graph plotting and
Interpretation, Finding slope of graph.

Viva Questions:
1. What is rolling friction?
2. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Refer “Coefficient of static friction” questions

Exam Question Slips:

A3 (A) Rolling Friction
You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to move trolley over the plane surface with uniform velocity. Take three independent readings.
𝑃
(·) Calculate mean value of 𝐿 . Hence determine coefficient of rolling friction.

A4. Coefficient of Restitution

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7CD7qtqDX0 (Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgP2-dYtef0 (English)

Theory:
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 4 Laws of Motion (page 47). Topic: Collisions (page 58), Elastic and Inelastic
collisions (Page 58), Coefficient of restitution e (page 59).

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. State types of collisions?
2. What is difference between elastic and inelastic collisions?
3. Define coefficient of restitution
4. What is the range of coefficient of restitution?
5. What is the interpretation of coefficient of restitution?
6. What is meaning of restitution?
7. Can coefficient of restitution exceed 1? Justify
8. Which principle is foundation of derivation of coefficient of restitution?
9. What is unit and dimension of coefficient of restitution?
10. What is value of coefficient of restitution in case of elastic collision?
11. What is your conclusion of the activity performed?
12. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A4 (A) Rolling Friction
You are given a tennis ball. Measure the height at which the ball is dropped and the maximum rebounce
height. Take two independent readings.
(·) Hence determine coefficient of restitution.
 A7. Study of Resistor using Colour Code
Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPVJj_xkOd0 (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfpGj-2MFP8 (English)

Theory:
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 11 Electric Current Through Conductors (page 207). Topic: Resistors (page
211), Carbon composition resistors (Page 211), Colour code (page 211-212).

Skills:
Instrument Reading, Observational Data Recording and Error Analysis, Calculations.

Viva Questions:
1. What is resistor?
2. State Ohm’s law?
3. Can value of resistance vary for given physical circuit?
4. State formula for resistors connected in series
5. State formula for resistors connected in parallel
6. What are common types of resistors that are available commercially?
7. What is mnemonic for colour code?
8. What is meant by tolerance of resistor?
9. What is specific resistance (resistivity) and how is it related to resistance?
10. What is multimeter?
11. State application of multimeter
12. What is use of resistor?
13. Explain how you use Multimeter
14. What is the meaning of 2, 2K, 20K, 200K, 2M readings on the resistance scale on the multimeter?
15. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Exam Question Slips:

A7 (A) Colour Code Resistor:

You are given a carbon composition resistor.
(·) Determine resistance of the given resistor with tolerance using colour code. Verify the same using
multimeter.
Given: colour code of carbon composition resistor: ……….

A7 (A) Colour Code Resistor:

You are given a carbon composition resistor.
(·) Measure its resistance using multimeter. Hence write its colour code and determine tolerance
 8. YouTube Video Links
Experiments
1. Use of Vernier Callipers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kctf2eSuQc8 (English)

2. Use of Micrometer Screw Gauge

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bixxep3mc6c part 1 (English/Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBWEHRrM9uQ part 2 (English/Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NbQV9OEsoQ (Hindi)

3. Use of Spherometer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6Hu7U3jDag (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIpIJjPQJhA Animated (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAxNgI9NrNw Actual (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8COM6OwNE4

4. Parallelogram Law of Vectors

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TbbxRBIlOY (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fowRMegIFvw Animated (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYtsu8j6N7I Actual (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-wnB5bQW4M (Hindi)

5. Coefficient of Static Friction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8ardgzKCWQ (Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLCR1zKZD5Y (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6ek_1YXAMs Animated (English)

6.Travelling Microscope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jn_IblEhTpc&t=604s (Hindi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH6LN4ZOQCM (Hindi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qY2x-r18oSM Lengthy Video (Hindi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpAhK1dxIpE Lengthy Video (Hindi)

8. Refractive Index of Liquid by Concave Mirror

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb_VJ1w-VDY (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlL3rjPr9rU&t=433s (Hindi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xlcLyt-Fig Part I – Concept (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yK8H4vf2jz8 Part II – Practical (English)

Activities
A2. Law of Moments
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4jBHzN5PKA (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJMiioepXM4 (Hindi)
A3. Rolling Friction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR2O-wHSEgQ (English-Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3RZUDq39_Q (English) Rolling over inclined plane

A4. Coefficient of Restitution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7CD7qtqDX0 (Marathi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgP2-dYtef0 (English)

A7. Study of Resistor using Colour Code

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPVJj_xkOd0 (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfpGj-2MFP8 (English)
 9. Theory
Experiments
1. Use of Vernier Callipers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3M4lxD9bkX4 (Hindi)
Vernier Principle:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySRN3yuZUT0 (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRv_HJfGXPg&t=1s (Hindi)

2. Use of Micrometer Screw Gauge

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVqmzuHyCA4 (Hindi)
Micrometer screw principle and working:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11EM0nZUdqE (English)

3. Use of Spherometer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvZpMMsiijs part 1 (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQj3m0gk8q4 part 2 (English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DJmhECZM9A (Hindi)

Refer 11th textbook, chapter 9 Optics (page 159). Topic: Lenses (page 167), Lens maker’s equation (page
169-170)

4. Parallelogram Law of Vectors

Refer 11th textbook, chapter 2 Mathematical Methods (page 16). Topic: Law of Parallelogram of vectors
(page 19-20)

5. Coefficient of Static Friction

Refer 11th textbook, chapter 6 Mechanical Properties of Solids (page 100). Topic: Friction in Solids (page
109), Origin of friction (page 109), Static Friction (Page 109-110), Laws of Static Friction and Limiting
Friction (page 110), Types of Friction (109), Advantages and disadvantages of friction (111)

6.Travelling Microscope
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 9 Optics (page 159). Topic: Refraction (page 164), Absolute refractive index
(page 164), Relative refractive index (Page 164), Apparent depth (page 165), Optical instruments (page
180), Simple microscope or reading glass (page 180), Compound microscope (page 182).

8. Refractive Index of Liquid by Concave Mirror

Calculate absolute error in each measurement. Then determine mean absolute error and calculate
relative and percentage error.
Given refractive index of water as 1.333, determine absolute error, relative error and percentage error
in calculations.
Activities
A2. Law of Moments
Refer 11th textbook, chapter 4 Laws of Motion (page 47). Topic: Center of Mass (page 69), Mass moment
(Page 69), Origin at C.M. equation (page 69), Center of gravity (page 69).

A3. Rolling Friction

Refer 11th textbook, chapter 6 Mechanical Properties of Solids (page 100). Topic: Friction in Solids (page
109), Origin of friction (page 109), Rolling Friction (Page 111), Types of Friction (109), Advantages and
disadvantages of friction (111)

A4. Coefficient of Restitution

Refer 11th textbook, chapter 4 Laws of Motion (page 47). Topic: Collisions (page 58), Elastic and Inelastic
collisions (Page 58), Coefficient of restitution e (page 59).

A7. Study of Resistor using Colour Code

Refer 11th textbook, chapter 11 Electric Current Through Conductors (page 207). Topic: Resistors (page
211), Carbon composition resistors (Page 211), Colour code (page 211-212).
 10. Viva/Oral Questions
Lab based questions:
1. State types of system of units
2. Which system of units are used in the lab?

Experiments
1. Use of Vernier Callipers
1. What is least count of an instrument?
2. How do you define least count in case of vernier calliper?
3. Why is the instrument called ‘vernier calliper’?
4. What is zero error?
5. Why should object be held tightly between jaw?
6. Why shouldn’t we press jaws too hard while taking measurements?
7. Why we measure diameter at different positions of the object?
8. Why eye should be exactly perpendicular to vernier scale while observing reading?
9. If given vernier calliper has 1 MSD = 0.2 mm and vernier scale having 10 divisions then, what will be
the least count of the given vernier scale?
10. If a scale has 20 divisions within 1 cm, then what is the least count of such a scale? And if such a
scale is assisted with vernier scale with 50 divisions, then what will be the least count of newly formed
vernier caliper?
11. What is the range of significant figures in the measurements made by vernier calliper, given its least
count as 0.01 cm?
12. Why do we take repeated measurements of same quantity and then use its mean?
13. State the application of vernier caliper
14. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

2. Use of Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. What is least count of an instrument?
2. How do you define least count in case of micrometer screw gauge?
3. What is zero error in case of micrometer screw gauge?
4 What is the pitch of the screw?
5. What is backlash error?
6. How will you reduce backlash error?
7. Suppose a given micrometer screw gauge has 0.5 mm as smallest division on main scale, and after 10
rotations it moves by 5 mm and the circular scale contains 100 division. Determine the pitch and the
least count of the screw.
8. What is the range of significant figures in the measurements made by micrometer screw gauge, given
its least count as 0.0001 cm?
9. Why is the instrument called micrometer screw gauge?
10. State the application of micrometer screw gauge
11. Why should one avoid applying undue pressure while turning micrometer screw?
12. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?
3. Use of Spherometer
1. What is least count of an instrument?
2. How do you define least count in case of spherometer?
3. Why is the instrument called ‘spherometer’?
4. What is zero error in case of spherometer?
5. Compare measurement methods using spherometer and micrometer screw gauge
6. What is backlash error?
7. How will you reduce backlash error?
8. What is pitch in case of spherometer?
9. Why do we check tip of screw and three legs touch the surface?
10. Why do we choose the lowest division on main scale as 0? Why the main scale shows zero in the
middle?
11. What is meaning of sagitta?
12. What is radius of curvature of a lens?
13. What is lens maker’s formula?
14. What is relationship between focal length and radius of curvature for biconvex lens made of glass
material?
15. If given spherometer has 1 MSD = 0.5 mm and circular scale having 200 divisions and pitch as 0.1 cm,
then what will be the least count of the given spherometer?
16. How do we visualise construction of biconvex lens?
17. State the application of spherometer
18. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

4. Parallelogram Law of Vectors

1. What is law of parallelogram of vectors?
2. What is triangle law of vectors?
3. State the formula of finding the magnitude of the resultant vector R
4. How will you determine the angle of R with respect to either vector?
5. What is the apparatus called?
6. Why pulleys must be frictionless?
7. Why should hanger and pulley not touch the board?
8. Why we close one of the eyes while marking points corresponding to thread on the sheet?
9. Why do we choose 10 gm = 1 cm? Can we use different scaling?
10. Force is a vector quantity with newton as a unit, and mass is scalar quantity with gram as unit.
Parallelogram law of force/vector is applicable to vector quantities only. Then why do we choose 1 cm =
1 gm instead of 1 cm = 1 N? Isn’t it contradictory?
11. What is the type of force acting on the unknown mass by thread?
12. Explain the parallelogram law of force experiment using the concept of free body diagram.
13. What is the relationship between tensions (𝑃⃗and 𝑄 ⃗ ) acting on unknown mass and angle between
these two tensions?
14. Can angle between 𝑃⃗ and 𝑄 ⃗ become 180O?
15. Can you apply law of parallelogram in case of displacement?
16. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?
5. Coefficient of Static Friction
1. What is friction?
2. What are types of friction?
3. What is origin of friction?
4. Explain static friction
5. Explain coefficient of static friction
6. Why should the two surfaces in contact be dry and clean?
7. Why should readings be taken for the weight for which block starts moving?
8. Why pan and string should not touch the table?
9. If the horizontal surface is made inclined to horizontal for angle 𝜃 for which block just start moving,
what will be the relationship between coefficient of friction and angle 𝜃?
10. What is effect of adding powder between two surfaces?
11. Why should we vary weights in the pan by small amounts?
12. Why do we tap on the surface on which block is placed?
13. What is the relationship between all forces acting on the block?
14. Why is friction called self adjusting force?
15. State factors affecting frictional force
16. What is range of coefficient of friction?
17. If coefficient of friction is greater than 1, what will be its implication?
18. State advantages of friction
19. State disadvantages of friction
20. How friction can be minimised?
21. How the experiment can be modified to determine coefficient of kinetic and rolling friction?
22. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

6.Travelling Microscope
1. What is least count of an instrument?
2. How do you define least count of travelling microscope?
3. Why is the instrument called ‘travelling microscope’?
4. Suppose given travelling microscope consists of main scale 1 MSD = 0.2 mm and is assisted with
vernier scale having 40 divisions then, what will be the least count of travelling microscope?
5. Can travelling microscope be used for measuring diameter of cylinder with extremely small radius?
6. Why eye should be exactly perpendicular to vernier scale while observing reading?
7. If given vernier calliper has 1 MSD = 0.2 mm and vernier scale having 10 divisions then, what will be
the least count of the given vernier scale?
8. Explain the basic construction of a microscope?
9. Why are there two different numbers corresponding to single marker line on vernier scale?
10. Why should the axis of microscope be vertical while making observations?
11. Why focusing screw should not be touched while raising microscope tube?
12. Which factors affect refractive index?
13. What is refraction?
14. Explain apparent depth phenomenon
15. Can you tell the role played by apparent depth phenomenon in real life?
16. Can we use the same experiment to determine the R.I. of liquid? Explain the difficulties if it’s not
possible.
17. Why do we make a mark on wooden block before placing it under microscope?
18. Why do we use saw dust in the experiment?
19. State the application of traveling microscope
20. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

8. Refractive Index of Liquid by Concave Mirror

1. What is focal length?
2. What is meant by focal power?
3. What is the relationship between focal length and radius of curvature of a mirror?
4. Can we replace liquid by some optical solid, for example a biconvex or plano-convex lens or glass?
5. Why should we avoid parallax between the pin and its image?
6. How will you avoid parallax between the pin and its image?
7. What will happen if the quantity of liquid added to the mirror is small and not evenly spread?
8. Why do we consider central part of liquid to determine R?
9. Why does this experiment work?
10. Which factors affect refractive index?
11. What is refraction?
12. Differentiate absolute and relative refractive index
13. State Snell’s law of refraction
14. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Activities
A2. Law of Moments
1. What is center of mass and center of gravity?
2. Differentiate C.M. and C.G.
3. What is mass moment?
4. What is law of moments?
5. What is unit of mass moment?
6. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

A3. Rolling Friction

1. What is rolling friction?
2. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

Refer “Coefficient of static friction” questions

A4. Coefficient of Restitution

1. State types of collisions?
2. What is difference between elastic and inelastic collisions?
3. Define coefficient of restitution
4. What is the range of coefficient of restitution?
5. What is the interpretation of coefficient of restitution?
6. What is meaning of restitution?
7. Can coefficient of restitution exceed 1? Justify
8. Which principle is foundation of derivation of coefficient of restitution?
9. What is unit and dimension of coefficient of restitution?
10. What is value of coefficient of restitution in case of elastic collision?
11. What is your conclusion of the activity performed?
12. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

A7. Study of Resistor using Colour Code

1. What is resistor?
2. State Ohm’s law?
3. Can value of resistance vary for given physical circuit?
4. State formula for resistors connected in series
5. State formula for resistors connected in parallel
6. What are common types of resistors that are available commercially?
7. What is mnemonic for colour code?
8. What is meant by tolerance of resistor?
9. What is specific resistance (resistivity) and how is it related to resistance?
10. What is multimeter?
11. State application of multimeter
12. What is use of resistor?
13. Explain how you use Multimeter
14. What is the meaning of 2, 2K, 20K, 200K, 2M readings on the resistance scale on the multimeter?
15. What are possible experimental errors in this experiment? How will you minimise it?

General Questions:
1. What is least count of an instrument
2. What is least count of watch?
3. What is least count of stopwatch?
4. What is the least count of thermometer?
5. Define absolute error, relative error, and percentage error
6. Define arithmetic mean
7. Why do we use mean of number of readings of the same quantity?
8. Mention common types of error found in lab experiments
9. Categorise those errors.
10. Which kind of errors you easily commit to?
11. Explain limitations in plotting data on a graph
 11. Practical Exam Question Slip
Long Experiments
1. Use of Vernier Callipers
L1 (A) Vernier Callipers

You are given a vernier calliper and a solid sphere.

Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the diameter of the sphere. Take three
independent readings. Calculate the volume of the sphere.

L1 (B) Vernier Callipers

You are given a vernier calliper and a hollow cylinder.

Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the inner diameter and depth of the cylinder.
Take three independent readings for each. Calculate the volume of the hollow cylinder.

2. Use of Micrometer Screw Gauge

L2 (A) Micrometer Screw Gauge

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a thin wire.

Determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge. Measure the diameter of the
given wire. Take three independent readings. Calculate the cross sectional area of wire.

L2 (B) Micrometer Screw Gauge

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a marble ball.

Determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge. Measure the diameter of
marble ball. Take three independent readings. Calculate surface area of the marble ball.

L2 (C) Micrometer Screw Gauge

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a glass plate.

Find the pitch and hence determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge.
Measure the thickness of glass plate. Take four independent readings.

3. Use of Spherometer
L3 (A) Spherometer

You are given a spherometer and a biconvex lens.

Determine the least count of the spherometer. Measure the radius of curvature of the given lens. Take
three independent readings.

4. Parallelogram Law of Vectors

L4 (A) Parallelogram Law of Forces

You are given two known weights and an unknown weight. Two applied forces P and Q corresponding to
each known weights forms two adjacent sides of a parallelogram.
Determine the unknown weight using Gravesand’s apparatus and parallelogram law of forces. Verify the
same by calculation of resultant force.

L4 (B) Parallelogram Law of Forces

You are given two known weights of equal magnitude and an unknown weight. Two applied forces P and
Q corresponding to each known weights forms two adjacent sides of a parallelogram.
Verify law of parallelogram of forces.

5. Coefficient of Static Friction

L5 (A) Static Friction

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take four independent readings.
𝑃
Calculate mean value of . Hence determine coefficient of static friction.
𝐿

L5 (B) Static Friction

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take four independent readings.

Plot the graph of P vs L. Hence determine coefficient of static friction.

L5 (C) Static Friction

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take four independent readings.

Plot the graph of P vs L. draw your conclusion from the graph.

6.Travelling Microscope
L6 (A) Travelling Microscope

You are given a glass slab. Using travelling microscope, determine real and apparent depth. Take one set
of reading.

Determine refractive index of the glass slab.

L6 (B) Travelling Microscope

You are given a glass slab. Determine least count of travelling microscope. Using travelling microscope,
determine real and apparent depth. Take one set of reading.

Determine refractive index of the glass slab.

8. Refractive Index of Liquid by Concave Mirror

L8 (A) R.I. of Liquid

You are given a concave mirror and some liquid. Determine distance between the pin and the mirror,
without and with given liquid. Take three sets of readings.
Determine refractive index of the liquid.

Short Experiments
1. Use of Vernier Callipers
S1 (A) Vernier Callipers

You are given a vernier calliper and a solid sphere.

Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the diameter of the sphere. Take two
independent readings.

S1 (B) Vernier Callipers

You are given a vernier calliper and a hollow cylinder.

Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the inner diameter of the cylinder. Take two
independent readings for each.

S1 (C) Vernier Callipers

You are given a vernier calliper and a hollow cylinder.

Determine the least count of the vernier calliper. Find the height of the cylinder. Take two independent
readings for each.

2. Use of Micrometer Screw Gauge

S2 (A) Micrometer Screw Gauge

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a thin wire.

Determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge. Measure the diameter of the
given wire. Take two independent readings.

S2 (B) Micrometer Screw Gauge

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a marble ball.

Determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge. Measure the diameter of
marble ball. Take two independent readings.

S2 (C) Micrometer Screw Gauge

You are given a micrometer screw gauge and a glass plate.

Find the pitch and hence determine the least count and zero error of the micrometer screw gauge.
Measure the thickness of glass plate. Take four independent readings.

3. Use of Spherometer
S3 (A) Spherometer

You are given a spherometer and a biconvex lens.

Determine the least count of the spherometer. Determine sagitta of any one surface of the given lens.
Take two independent readings.

4. Parallelogram Law of Vectors

S4 (A) Parallelogram Law of Forces

You are given two given two known weights and an unknown weight.
Construct parallelogram of applied forces P and Q using Gravesand’s apparatus and measure the
diagonal (R) and angle θ between P and Q.

S4 (B) Parallelogram Law of Forces

Draw vector diagram using given data of P, Q and θ. Measure the diagonal (R) and also determine R by
using formula.

Given: P = ………. gm-wt, Q = ………. gm-wt and θ = ………. .

5. Coefficient of Static Friction

S5 (A) Static Friction

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take three independent readings.
𝑃
Calculate mean value of 𝐿 . Hence determine coefficient of static friction.

S5 (B) Static Friction

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to just move the wooden box over the plane surface. Take three independent readings.

Plot the graph of P vs L. draw your conclusion from the graph.

6.Travelling Microscope
S6 (A) Travelling Microscope

You are given a glass slab. Using travelling microscope, determine thickness of glass slab.

Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm.

S6 (B) Travelling Microscope

You are given a glass slab. Determine least count of travelling microscope. Using travelling microscope,
determine real depth.

Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm.

S6 (C) Travelling Microscope

You are given a glass slab. Determine least count of travelling microscope. Using travelling microscope,
determine apparent depth.
Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm.

8. Refractive Index of Liquid by Concave Mirror

L8 (A) R.I. of Liquid

You are given a concave mirror. Determine distance between the index pin and the mirror by removing
parallax. Take two independent readings.

L8 (B) R.I. of Liquid

You are given a concave mirror and some liquid. Determine distance between the index pin and the
mirror by removing parallax with water. Take two independent readings.

Activities
A2. Law of Moments
A2 (A) Law of Moments

You are given a meter scale, a known weight, and a body of unknown mass. Keeping unknown mass at
fixed distance from C.G., adjust the distance of known mass on the other side of the C.G. so that the
meter scale remains perfectly horizontal.

Hence determine the mass of the given body.

A3. Rolling Friction

A3 (A) Rolling Friction

You are given a plane surface wooden box and a pan. For different values of load ‘L’ find the effort ‘P’
required to move trolley over the plane surface with uniform velocity. Take three independent readings.
𝑃
Calculate mean value of 𝐿 . Hence determine coefficient of rolling friction.

A4. Coefficient of Restitution

A4 (A) Rolling Friction

You are given a tennis ball. Measure the height at which the ball is dropped and the maximum rebounce
height. Take two independent readings.

Hence determine coefficient of restitution.

A7. Study of Resistor using Colour Code

A7 (A) Colour Code Resistor

You are given a carbon composition resistor. Determine resistance of the given resistor with tolerance
using colour code. Verify the same using multimeter.

Given: colour code of carbon composition resistor: ……….

 A7 (B) Colour Code Resistor

You are given a carbon composition resistor. Measure its resistance using multimeter.

Hence write its colour code and determine tolerance.