Electric Motors

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Agenda:

Introduction
Types of electric motors
Assessment of electric motors
Energy efficiency opportunities
How to improve PF

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Introduction

What is an Electric Motor?

• Electromechanical device that converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy
• Mechanical energy used to e.g.
• Rotate pump impeller, fan, blower
• Drive compressors
• Lift materials

• Motors in industry: 70% of electrical

load
Dr. Marwa Taher 2022
 Introduction

The Forces That Cause The Rotation

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 3
1

2 4

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Introduction
Types of Motor Load
Load refers to the torque output and
corresponding speed required. Loads can
generally be categorized into four groups:

Constant Torque Loads

Constant Power Load
Variable Torque (proportional) Load
Variable Torque (square) Load
Dr. Marwa Taher 2022
 Introduction
Types of Motor Load
Constant Torque Loads
Typical for Conveyors, rotary kilns, constant-
displacement pumps, cranes, hoists etc. ( 90% of
applications )

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Introduction
Types of Motor Load
Constant Power Load
Torque changes inversely with speed.
Typical for Machine tools, extruders.

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Introduction
Types of Motor Load
Variable torque (proportional) load
Typical for laminating machines, some mixers,
often positive displacement pumps, etc.

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Introduction
Types of Motor Load
Variable torque (square) load
Typical for all machines using centrifugal force,
as centrifugal pumps , often fans, etc.

P(n) = n3

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Agenda:

Introduction
Types of electric motors
Assessment of electric motors
Energy efficiency opportunities
How to improve PF

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022
 Type of Electric Motors

Classification of Motors
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors
DC Motors – Components
Field pole (Stator)
• It has north pole and south pole which receive
electricity to form magnetic field.
• The interaction of two magnetic fields causes the
rotation in a DC motor.
• The magnetic lines of force extend across the
opening between the poles from north to south.
• For larger or more complex motors there are one or
more electromagnets.

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors
DC Motors – Components
Armature (rotator)
• Cylinder between the poles.
• Electromagnet when current goes through.
• The armature rotates in the magnetic field
established by the poles, until the north and south
poles of the magnets change location with respect
to the armature. Once this happens, the current is
reversed to switch the south and north poles of the
armature.
• Linked to drive shaft to drive the load.

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors
DC Motors – Components
Armature (rotator)
• The coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate
the strength of the electromagnetic field created.
• Different number of stator and armature fields as
well as how they are connected provide different
inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics.

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 17

Type of Electric Motors

Armature of a DC Motor

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors
DC Motors – Components
• Commutator
• Transmission of current between the armature and
the power source.
• Overturns current direction in armature.
• It is comprised of slip rings that are insulated from
each other and from shaft.
• Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics
that switch the DC current to each coil on and off
and have no brushes to wear out.

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors

Classification of Motors: based on the input

supply, construction and principle of operation.

Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

Type of Electric Motors
DC motors
• Separately excited DC motor: field current
supplied from a separate force

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors

Classification of Motors
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

Type of Electric Motors
DC motors
Self-excited DC motor series motor
Suited for high
starting torque: • Speed restricted to
cranes, hoists 5000 RPM
• Avoid running with
no load: speed
uncontrolled
• Field winding in series
with armature winding
• Field current =
armature current

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors

Classification of Motors
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

Type of Electric Motors
DC motors
• Self-excited DC motor shunt motor
Speed constant
independent of load
up to certain torque
• Field winding parallel suitable for low
with armature winding starting load, as
• Current = field current machine tools
+ armature current

Speed can be controlled by either inserting a resistance in series

with the armature (decreasing speed) or by inserting resistance in
the field current (increasing speed) Dr. Marwa Taher 2022
 Type of Electric Motors

Classification of Motors
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors

DC motors
DC compound motor
Suited for high Good torque and
starting torque if high stable speed
% compounding:
cranes, hoists
Higher %
compound in
Field winding in series = high
series and starting torque
parallel with
armature winding

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Type of Electric Motors
Advantages of DC motors
1. Speed control without impact power
supply quality
• Changing armature voltage α Speed
• Changing field current 1/α Speed

2. DC motors are available in a wide range

of sizes

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

Type of Electric Motors
DC motors
• Relationship between speed, field
flux and armature voltage

Back electromagnetic force: E = KN

Torque: T = KIa

E = electromagnetic force developed at armature terminal (volt)

 = field flux which is directly proportional to field current
(weber = volt . sec)
N = speed in RPM (1/s)
T = electromagnetic torque (Newton . meter)
Ia = armature current
K = an equation constant
Dr. Marwa Taher 2022
 Type of Electric Motors
DC motors

• Restricted use for:

• Few low/medium speed applications like machine
tools and rolling mills because of problems with
mechanical commutation at large sizes
• Clean, non-hazardous areas because of the risk of
sparking at the brushes.
• Expensive compared to AC motors

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 Answer the questions

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

• A current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences
a turning effect.

How can the turning effect be increased?

A increase the number of turns on the coil
B reduce the size of the current
C reverse the direction of the magnetic field
D use thinner wire for the coil
Dr. Marwa Taher 2022
• What are the directions of the force in the left and
right loop?

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 • A student sets up the apparatus shown in order to
make a relay.

Which metal should be used to make the core?

A aluminium B copper
C iron D steel

Dr. Marwa Taher 2022

 CONVEYORS

back
 ROTARY KILNS

back
 CONSTANT
DISPLACEMENT PUMP

back
 CRANES

back
 HOISTS

back
 EXTRUDERS

back
 LAMINATING MACHINES

back
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS

back
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

back