ASSIGNMENT 01.

Q N 01; Define and write notes of supply voltage.

ANSWER.

Supply voltage refers to the voltage level at which a device or circuit is designed to operate. In electronic
circuits, supply voltage is often a critical factor that must be carefully controlled and monitored to ensure
proper device operation.

Here are some key points to note about voltage:

 Importance of supply voltage: The supply voltage is essential for powering devices and
determining their performance characteristics. The proper supply voltage level is critical for
devices to function correctly and reliably.
 Voltage regulation: In many cases the supply voltage needs to be regulated to maintain a constant
level regardless of the input voltage or load variations. This is typically achieved using voltage
regulators.
 Overvoltage and undervoltage protection: Devices may be damaged or malfunction if the supply
voltage exceeds or falls below a certain threshold. Therefore, overvoltage and undervoltage
protection circuits are ofte included in electronic systems to prevent damage to the device.
 Voltage drop; Voltage drop can occur across wires and other components in the circuit, resulting
in a decrease in the supply voltage at the device. This can affect the device’ performance and
cause issues such as reduced speed or accuracy.
 Voltage tolerance: The supply voltage tolerance specifies the allowable range of voltages that a
deice can operate within. It is important to ensure that the supply voltage is within this range to
prevent damage to the device and proper operation.

Overall, understanding and managing supply voltage is crucial for the proper functioning and
reliability of electronic devices and circuits.

QN 02: Define and write notes on electrical circuits.

ANSWER

An electrical circuit is a closed path though which electricity can flow. It consists of various
components, such as wires, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage sources, connected together in
a specific way to achieve a desired function.

Electrical circuits can be classified into two types: series and parallel circuits. In a series circuit, the
component are connected one after the other and the current flow through all the components is the
same in a parallel circuit, the components are connected in parallel to each other, and the current flow
through each component is different.

One of the most important components in electrical circuits is Ohm’s law, which states that the
current flowing through a component is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely
proportional to its resistance. This law helps to understand the behavior of various components in a
circuit.

Another important concept is Kirchoff’s laws, which are used to analyze complex circuits. Kirchoff’s
current law states that the total current flowing into a junction is equal to the total current flowing out
of it. Kirchoff’s voltage law states that the total voltage around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to
the sum of the voltage drops across the components in that loop.

Electrical circuits are used in many applications. Such as power generation, distribution and
consumption as well as in electronic devices such as computers, smartphones and TVs.
Understanding the principles behind electrical circuits is essential for designing and troubleshooting
electrical systems.

QN 03: Define and write notes on electrical tests.

ANSWER

Electrical tests refer to the process of measuring various electrical parameters of an electrical system
or component to ensure it is properly functioning an safety. The testing shall be carried out for the
completed installations in the presence of and to the the satisfaction of the engineer-in-charge and test
results shall be recorded. the following are test involved:

a) Continuity test.
It is the test used to check if a circuit is complete or not. It is done by passing a small current
through the circuit and measuring the resistance. If the resistance is low then circuit is
complete. The earth continuity conductor, including metallic envelopes of cables and metal
conduits, shall be tested for electric continuity.

b) Polarity test.
It is used to determine the polarity of a DC voltage source or a DC electric circuit. In DC
electric circuit electrons flows in one direction only so it is important to know which end of
electric circuit is positive or negative. It is done by digital multi meter which can measure
voltage, current and resistance. Multi meter is connected to the circuit and voltage is
measured, if voltage is(+) the red probe is connected to the positive terminal circuit and
black probe to the negative terminal.
If voltage is (-) the voltage is reversed. It ensure electronic devices are connected correctly
and do not damaged due to a reverse polarity connection.
c) Short circuit test.
It is used to check the intergrity of an electric circuit by intentionally creating a short circuit.
Short circuit can be caused by damaged wiring, loose connections or faulty components. Low
resistance wire or a jumper wire is connected across the terminals of the circuit being tested
then the current flowing through the circuit is measured using a multi meter or an ammeter.
If the current is high, it indicate that there is a short circuit in the circuit being tested,
It is important as it prevent help to identify potential safety and prevent damage to electrical
equipments.

QN 04: Design and draw circuits that show extension of application of one way switch.
ANSWER.
One way switch circuit is the kind of switch which are applicable in a single room.

FIG 1: INSTALLATION DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.

QN 05: Design and draw circuits that implement Master – Slave Circuits.

ANSWER.

FIG 3: MASTER SLAVE CIRCUITS DIAGRAM.