Organization Behavior Final Revision 2024

CHAPTER 2
MCQ
1) ________ refers to evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events.
A) Attitude B) Behavior C) Appearance D) Performance
2) Which of the following statements represents the cognitive component of attitude?
A) I have decided to inform my supervisor that I will be quitting my job.
B) I intend to work during the weekend to meet the month's deadline.
C) I feel upset about having to work during Christmas.
D) It is disappointing to know that I did not get a good evaluation.
E) This job is not giving me an opportunity to explore my skills.
3) Abigail Jones is a sales executive at Orbit Bank in Brussels. She is the best performer on her team
and often gets the highest number of corporate accounts for the company. However, she feels that
she does not get sufficient credit for her hard work. During lunch, she says to her colleague, "I have
been getting the largest accounts for the bank for the past eight months. Yet, my manager never
acknowledges the kind of effort I put in to get these accounts." Which component of attitude is
being demonstrated by Jones?
A) Positive component
B) Cognitive component
C) Affective component
D) Behavioral component
E) Reflective component
4) Which of the following is an example of the affective component of an attitude?
A) Believing that one achieved all objectives of a project
B) Relying on the information of a company's annual report
C) Perceiving whistle-blowing as the right thing to do
D) Feeling hurt at being unfairly accused of a wrongdoing

5) Sonia works as a lab research assistant at Frost Labs, which conducts trials for cosmetic products
such as sprays, dyes, ointments, soaps, and the like. She joined the firm right out of college and has
been working there for almost two years now.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Sonia is experiencing
cognitive dissonance?
A) She believes that cosmetics help boost women's self-confidence.
B) She believes that testing products on animals is an unethical practice.
C) She majored in pharmacology as part of her master's degree program in college.

Page 1 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

D) She recently received a positive performance review from her supervisor.
E) She is confounded by the fact that the cosmetic industry rakes in almost $7billion annually.
6) Which of the following is most likely to be related to reduced absences?
A) High job involvement
B) High cognitive dissonance
C) Low psychological empowerment
D) Low organizational commitment
7) ________ refers to a positive feeling about one's job resulting from an evaluation of its
characteristics.
A) Job satisfaction
B) Job design
C) Positivity offset
D) Constructive dismissal
E) Picketing
8) The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and
considers his or her performance as being important to self-worth is referred to as ________.
A) Emotional contagion
B) Job involvement
C) Job stability
D) Emotional dissonance
E) Direct action
9) ________ is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and
cares about their well-being.
A) Psychological empowerment
B) Employee engagement
C) Perceived organizational support
D) Organizational commitment
E) Job involvement

10) An individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work he/she
performs is known as ________.
A) Employee engagement
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Emotional contagion
D) Positivity offset
E) self-concordance

Page 2 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

 CHAPTER 3
1) ________ is the process by which individuals organize and interprettheir sensory impressions in
order to give meaning to their environment.
A) Sensation B) Impression C) Apprehension D) Perception
2) When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it
differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.
A) perceivers
B) target
C) timing
D) context
E) situation
3) Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception?
A) interest
B) similarity
C) sound
D) proximity
E) background
4) Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to
determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends
largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?
A) traceability
B) consistency
C) verifiability
D) Relatedness
5) Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives?
A) inquiry
B) decision
C) perception
D) intuition
E) rationalization
6) The ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for
subsequent information.
A) hindsight
B) overconfidence
C) anchoring
D) availability

Page 3 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

E) self-serving
7) The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that
contradicts past judgments is known as a(n) ________ bias.
A) distinction
B) omission
C) impact
D) confirmation
E) anchoring
8) A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to
behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n)
________ bias.
A) self-serving bias
B) availability
C) impact
D) distinction
E) hindsight
9) ________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.
A) Escalation of commitment
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Randomness error
D) Risk aversion
E) Availability bias
CHAPTER 4
1) According to Gordon Allport, ________ is defined as the dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her
environment.
A) cognitive dissonance
B) heredity
C) personality
D) descent
E) genealogy
2. Esther Lugo has gone for an interview at an advertising firm in Manhattan and has been asked to
complete a self-report survey to help interviewers understand if she is the right candidate for the
job. From the interview, they have found that she is extroverted, empathic, scrupulous (accurate),
and cooperative in nature, which are key characteristics needed for the job. These characteristics
about Lugo indicate her ________.
A) talent B) skill C) knowledge D) genealogy E) personality

Page 4 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

3. The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100 questionswhere respondents are
classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing orintuitive, thinking or feeling, and judging or
perceiving.
A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
B) Birkman Method
C) Karolinska Scales of Personality
D) Keirsey Temperament Sorter
E) Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis
CHAPTER 5
1) ________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and
persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
A) Leadership
B) Management
C) Learning
D) Emotional labor
E) Motivation
2) The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.
A) direction
B) persistence
C) intensity
D) knowledge
E) experience
3) The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.
A) intelligence
B) experience
C) direction
D) intensity
E) persistence
4) Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other
bodily needs?
A) safety
B) physiological
C) social
D) esteem
E) psychological

Page 5 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

5) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need?
A) social
B) safety
C) esteem
D) self-actualization
E) recognition
6) Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is
capable of becoming?
A) social
B) self-actualization
C) physiological
D) esteem
E) safety
7) According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________.
A) need to be directed
B) prefer to be controlled
C) learn to accept responsibility
D) need to be micromanaged
E) attempt to avoid work
8) If Alberta is a categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most
likely to exhibit?
A) She will empower her subordinates.
B) She will trust her employees to use their discretion in most matters.
C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing .
D) She will delegate authority extensively to junior managers.
E) She will let her employees choose their own goals.
9) The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory.
A) hierarchy of needs
B) goal-setting
C) self-determination
D) cognitive evaluation
E) two-factor
10) Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?
A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
B) self-determination theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive evaluation theory

Page 6 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

E) McClelland's theory of needs

11) Which of the following is a motivational factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?
A) quality of supervision
B) recognition
C) pay
D) relationships with others
E) company policies
12) According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered
ahygiene factor?
A) promotional opportunities
B) quality of supervision
C) achievement
D) recognition
E) responsibility
13) According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will
alsonot be satisfied.
A) achievement needs
B) affiliation needs
C) motivational factors
D) power needs
E) hygiene factors

14) McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs?

A) stability, growth, and security
B) achievement, power, and affiliation
C) self-actualization, stability, and safety
D) hygiene, control, and security
E) control, status, and self-actualization

15) Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, bestcorresponds to

McClelland's need for affiliation?
A) safety B) social C) esteem D) self-actualization E) physiological

16) Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their
actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely
chosen activity will undermine motivation?
A) self-serving theory
B) motivation-hygiene theory
C) two-factor theory
D) self-determination theory
E) goal setting theory

Page 7 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

17) Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy,
people seek ways to achieve ________.
A) competence and positive connections
B) high rewards
C) recognition and status
D) career growth
E) power and control
18) The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job
performance is called ________.
A) vicarious modeling
B) self-determination
C) job engagement
D) management by objectives
E) job analysis
19) Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?
A) Externally generated feedback is more powerful than self-generated feedback.
B) Generalized goals produce a higher level of output than specific goals.
C) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.
D) Assigned goals generate greater goal commitment in low rather than high power-distance cultures.
20) According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance
when ________.
A) goals have long time frames for completion
B) tasks are complex rather than simple
C) tasks are novel rather than well learned
D) goals are easy rather than difficult
E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent
21) MBO provides individual employees with ________.
A) personal performance objectives
B) greater work supervision
C) predefined targets
D) generalized feedback
E) clear-cut growth paths
22) The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory
A) two-factor
B) self-determination
C) goal-setting
D) self-efficacy
E) reinforcement
23) ________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
A) Emotional contagion
B) Affect intensity
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-determination

Page 8 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

E) Reinforcement
24) Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience
with a particular task or job?
A) verbal persuasion
B) enactive mastery
C) vicarious modeling
D) arousal
E) cognitive learning
25) One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see
someone else doing the task.
A) arousal
B) enactive mastery
C) visualization
D) vicarious modeling
E) verbal persuasion
26) With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal
persuasion involves becoming more confident ________.
A) because you have gained relevant experience with the particular task or job
B) because you see someone else doing the particular task or job
C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful
D) because you are rewarded for performing a similar task well
E) because you get energized or "psyched up" to perform the particular task or job
27) A(n) ________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the
probability that the behavior will be repeated.
A) conclusion B) reinforcer C) goal D) objective E) referent
28) To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.
A) small and given only once
B) large and given at irregular intervals
C) given prior to the desired behavior response
D) given immediately following the desired behavior
E) presented publicly with a large number of witnesses
29) According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an
individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?
A) attentional process
B) retention process
C) motor reproduction process
D) reinforcement process
E) motivation process
30) In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.
A) cost-benefit ratio
B) efficiency-effectiveness trade-off
C) quantity-quality trade-off
D) outcome-input ratio

Page 9 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf

E) quality of outcome
31) Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since.
She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently
found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher
than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation?
A) reinforcement
B) goal setting
C) equity
D) expectancy
E) operant conditioning
32) Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online web sites. He discovers that
he is paid substantially more than his colleagues even though their jobs and levels of performance
are very similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery most likely to have on
his behavior and performance?
A) He will reduce the amount of work that he does on a daily basis.
B) He will compare his earnings to those of another group of employees.
C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.
D) He will seek a position within the company commensurate with his pay.
E) He will begin to look for a position outside of the company.
33) Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship,
performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?
A) goal-setting theory
B) self-efficacy theory
C) equity theory
D) expectancy theory
E) self-determination theory

I wanna thank me for believing in me

Page 10 O.B Final Revision 2024 – Islam Ashraf