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Lesson 5 - Earth and Life Science -G11-Q1

Earth and life science lesson 5 for senior high student module

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4 views

Lesson 5 - Earth and Life Science -G11-Q1

Earth and life science lesson 5 for senior high student module

Uploaded by

143hihello
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 5

Minerals and rocks


At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

As we had discussed in the previous lesson, a rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. Such aggregates
constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed and typically form recognizable and mappable
volumes. Common rocks include granite, basalt, limestone, and sandstone.

Rock Classifications

Rocks are classified based on the mode of formation.


The three rock types are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

1. Igneous Rocks - formed from the solidification of molten rock material (magma or lava). Molten rock material
can solidify below the surface of the earth (plutonic igneous rocks) or at the surface of the Earth (volcanic igneous
rocks). Minerals are formed during the crystallization of the magma. Note that the rate of cooling is one of the
most important factors that control crystal size and the texture of the rock in general.

How is Magma different from Lava?


Magma is a molten rock material beneath the surface of the earth
while Lava is molten rock material extruded to the surface of the
earth through volcanic or fissure eruptions.

Plutonic or Intrusive Rocks Volcanic or Extrusive Rocks


When magma never reaches the When magma reaches the surface
surface and cools to form during a volcanic eruption,
intrusions, the resulting rocks are solidified lava forms into volcanic
called plutonic. rocks.
These rocks are formed from the These rocks are formed from the
gradual lowering of the fast rate of cooling/crystallization
temperature gradient at depth due to huge variance in the
towards the surface would cause temperature between Earth’s
slow cooling/crystallization. surface and underneath.
These rocks are Phaneritic in Common textures are aphanitic,
texture. porphyritic and vesicular.
Examples are Granite, Diorite, Examples are Rhyolite, Andesite
and Gabbro. and Basalt.

MCC-SHS / Module in Earth and Life Science / G11 / Q1 1


Classification of Igneous Rocks According to Silica Content.
• Felsic or Granitic - more than 65% Silica and generally light-colored
• Intermediate or Andesitic – between 55-65% Silica and generally medium colored (medium gray)
• Mafic or Basaltic – between 45-55% Silica and generally dark colored
• Ultramafic: less than 45% Silica and generally, very dark colored; composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene
which are the major constituents of the upper mantle

2. Sedimentary rocks - formed through the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments and from
fragments of pre-existing rocks and cover 75% of the Earth's surface. Common types are chalk, limestone,
sandstone, clay, and shale.
Processes that produced the Sedimentary Rocks:
1. weathering of pre-existing rocks
2. sediment transport of weathering products
3. deposition of the material
4. compaction and cementation of sediment or otherwise called as lithification

Factors in sedimentary processes


1. weathering (erosion)
2. transport agents (water, wind, ice, or gravity)

Common Sedimentary Features


1. Strata: >1cm is called bedding and anything less is called lamination.
Layering is the result of a change in grain size and composition.
Each layer represents a distinct period of deposition.
2. Fossils: remains and traces of plants and animals that are preserved in rocks

Types of Sedimentary Rocks


1. Non-clastic /Chemical/Biochemical – derived from sediments that precipitated from concentrated solutions
(e.g. seawater) or from the accumulation of biologic or organic material
(e.g. shells, plant material). They are further classified based on chemical
composition.
2. Clastic/terrigenous - form from the accumulation and lithification of sediments derived from the breakdown of
pre-existing rocks. They are further classified according to dominant grain size.

3. Metamorphic rocks - formed from the transformation of pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rocks) through the process of Metamorphism which involves changes in the physical and chemical
properties of rocks in response to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids happening underneath the Earth.

Types of Metamorphic Rocks


s

1. Contact Metamorphism
o Main factor is HEAT
o occurs when pre-existing rocks get in contact with a heat source (magma)
o Occurs on a relatively Small Scale: around the vicinity of intruding magma
o Creates Non-Foliated metamorphic rocks are such as hornfels

MCC-SHS / Module in Earth and Life Science / G11 / Q1 2


2. Regional Metamorphism
o Main factor is PRESSURE
o occurs in areas that have undergone deformation during orogenic event
o Occurs in a Regional/Large Scale
o Creates Foliated metamorphic rocks such as schist and gneiss

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3olYeNUVM0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFEBPD3JEOM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbHB7xUjMIk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOTwBLKZCBI

These supplementary lecture videos will aid you in this lesson about the classification of rocks.

Multiple choice. Choose the best answer.The choices are:(A) Igneous (B) Sedimentary (C) Metamorphic
Click here to answer Lesson 5 Activity 1 (This link will be accessible from October 2 @ 8am– Oct. 9 @ 5pm)
6. shale
1. any rock changed by heat and pressure 7. gneiss
2. formed by cooling and hardening of magma 8. gabbro
3. pebbles and fossils are common structures 9. pumice
4. may be organic, clastic or chemical 10. quartzite
5. distinguished by crystals formed

Provide short descriptions of these rocks including the specific type of igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rock category. (Ex. Igneous – plutonic or volcanic). Click here to answer Lesson 5 Activity 2
(This link will be accessible from October 2 at 8 am – October 9 at 5 pm)
1. Granite 6. hornfels
2. Clay 7. Andesite
3. schist 8. Shale
4. Gabbro 9. Diorite
5. Rhyolite 10. Basalt

The concept of the rock cycle was first developed by


James Hutton, an 18th Century scientist often called
the “Father of Geology”. Hutton recognized that
geologic processes have “no [sign] of a beginning,
and no prospect of an end.” The processes involved in
the rock cycle often take place over millions of years.
So, on the scale of a human lifetime, rocks appear to
be “rock solid” and unchanging, but in the longer
term, change is always taking place.

MCC-SHS / Module in Earth and Life Science / G11 / Q1 3

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