Physics

Academic Year: 2014-2015 Marks: 70

Date & Time: 3rd October 2015, 4:00 pm
Duration: 3h

Section 1
Question 1 | Attempt any one of the following : [7]

Question 1.1: [7]

State an expression for the moment of intertia of a solid uniform disc, rotating about an
axis passing through its centre, perpendicular to its plane. Hence derive an expression
for the moment of inertia and radius of gyration:
i. about a tangent in the plane of the disc, and
ii. about a tangent perpendicular to the plane of the disc.
Solution: The M. I of a thin uniform disc about an axis passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its plane is given by,
IC = (1/2)MR2
i. According to theorem of parallel axis,
IT = Id + Mh2 = Id + MR2 [∵ h = R]
But Id = MR2/4
Question 1.1:
In a set, 21 turning forks are arranged in a series of decreasing frequencies. Each tuning
fork produces 4 beats per second with the preceding fork. If the first fork is an octave of
the last fork, find the frequencies of the first and tenth fork.
Solution: Given: N = 21, x = 4, nF = 2 nL
To find:
i. Frequency of first fork (nF)
ii. Frequency of tenth fork (n10)
Formula: nL = nF - (N – 1)x
Calculation:-
i. When tuning forks are arranged in the decreasing order of frequencies, the frequency
of the pth tuning fork is,
nL = nF - (N - 1)x = n1 - (21 - 1) 4
∴ nL = nF - 80 ............(1)
As frequency of first fork is an octave of last,
∴ nF = 2nL
∴ nL = nF/2
From equation (1),
nF/2 = nF - 80
∴ nF - (nF/2) = 80
∴ nF/2 = 80
∴ nF = 160 Hz
The frequency of the first fork is 160 Hz.
ii. For 10th fork,
n10 = n1 - (10 - 1)x
= 160 - 9 * 4 = 160 - 36
n10 = 124Hz
The frequency of the tenth fork is 124 Hz.
OR
Question 1.2: Discuss the composition of two S.H.M.s along the same path having
same period. Find the resultant amplitude and initial phase. [7]
Solution: Analytical treatment:
i. Let the two linear S.H.M’s be given by equations,
x1 = A1 sin (ωt + α1) …(1)
x2 = A2 sin (ωt + α2) …(2)
Where A1, A2 are amplitudes; α1, α2 are initial phase angles and x1, x2 are the
displacement of two S.H.M’s in time ‘t’. ω is same for both S.H.M’s.
ii. The resultant displacement of the two S.H.M’s is given by,
x = x1 + x2 ....(3)
iii. Using equations (1) and (2) , equation (3) can be written as,
x = A1 sin (ωt + α1) + A2 sin (ωt + α2)
= A1 [sin ωt cos α1 + cos ωt sin α1] + A2 [sin ωt cos α2 + cos ωt sin α2]
= A1 sin ωt cos α1 + A1 cos ωt sin α1 + A2 sin ωt cos α2 + A2 cos ωt sin α2
= [A1 sin ωt cos α1 + A2 sin ωt cos α2] + [A1 cos ωt sin α1 + A2 cos ωt sinα2]
∴ x = sin ωt [A1 cos α1 + A2 cos α2] + cos ωt [A1 sin α1 + A2 sin
α2] …(4)
iv. Let A1 cos α1+ A2 cos α2 = R cos δ …(5)
and A1 sin α1 + A2 sin α2 = R sin δ …(6)
v. Using equations (5) and (6), equation (4) can be written as,
x = sin ωt. R cos δ + cos ωt.R sin δ
 = R [sin ωt cos δ + cos ωt sin δ]
∴ x = R sin (ωt + δ) ....(7)
Equation (7) represents linear S.H.M. of amplitude R and initial phase angle δ with same
period.
Resultant amplitude (R):
Squaring and adding equations (v) and (vi) we get,
(A1 cos α1 + A2 cos α2)2 + (A1 sin α1 + A2 sin α2)2 = R2cos2δ + R2sin2δ
∴ A12cos2 α1+ A22 cos2 α2 + 2A1 A2 cosα1 cosα2 +A12 sin2 α1 + A22sin2 α2 +
2A1A2 sinα1 sinα2 = R2 (cos2 δ + sin2 δ)
∴ A12 (cos2 α1 + sin2 α1) + A22 (cos2 α2 + sin2 α2) + 2A1 A2 (cosα1 cosα2 + sinα1 sinα2)
=R 2

∴ A12 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cos (α1 - α2) = R2

Question 1.2: A sonometer wire is in unison with a tuning fork of frequency 125 Hz
when it is stretched by a weight. When the weight is completely immersed in water, 8
beats are heard per second. Find the specific gravity of the material of the weight. [7]
Solution: n1 = 125 Hz, n2 = n1 - 8 = 125 - 8 = 117 Hz
Question 2: Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives
for each sub-question : [7]

Question 2.1: Which of the following substances is ductile? [1]

Glass
High carbon steel
Steel
Copper

Solution: Copper
Question 2.2: Angle of contact for the pair of pure water with clean glass is _______. [1]
acute
obtuse
90o
0o

Solution: 0o
Question 2.3: A seconds pendulum is suspended in an elevator moving with constant
speed in downward direction. The periodic time (T) of that pendulum is _______. [1]
less than two seconds
equal to two seconds
greater than two seconds
very much greater than two seconds

Solution: Equal to two seconds

Question 2.4: The equation of a progressive wave is y = 7 sin (4t - 0.02x), where x and y
are in cms and time t in seconds. The maximum velocity of a particle is _______. [1]
28 cm/s
32 cm/s
49 cm/s
112 cm/s
Solution: 28 cm/s
Question 2.5: The dimensions of emissive power are [1]
[M1 L-2 T-3 ]
[M1 L2 T-3 ]
[M1 L0 T-3 ]
[M1 L0 T-2 ]

Solution: (C) [M1 L0 T-3 ]

Question 2.6: The pressure (P) of an ideal gas having volume (V) is 2E/3V, then the
energy E is _______. [1]

translational kinetic
rotational kinetic
vibrational kinetic
inversely proportional to pressure

Solution: translational kinetic

Question 2.7: The fundamental frequency of transverse vibration of a stretched string
of radius r is proportional to _______. [1]

r-2
r-1
r-1/2
r2

Solution: r-1
Question 3: Attempt any SIX: [12]

Question 3.1: Draw a neat labelled diagram of conical pendulum. State the expression
for its periodic time in terms of length. [2]

Solution:
Where, S: rigid support
T : tension in the string
l : length of string
h : height of support from bob
v : velocity of bob
r : radius of horizontal circle
θ: semi-vertical angle
mg : weight of bob
i) Consider a bob of mass m tied to one
end of a string of length ‘l’ and other
the end is fixed to a rigid support.
ii) Let the bob be displaced from its mean
position and whirled around a
horizontal circle of radius ‘r’ with
constant angular velocity ω, then the
bob performs U.C.M.
iii) During the motion, a string is inclined to
the vertical at an angle θ as shown in
the above figure.
iv) In the displaced position P, there are two
forces acting on the bob.
a. The weight mg acting vertically
downwards.
b. The tension T acting upward
along the string.
v) The tension (T) acting in the string can
be resolved into two components:
a. T cos θ acting vertically upwards.
b. T sin θ acting horizontally towards
centre of the circle.
vi) Vertical component T cos θ balances the
weight and horizontal component T sin θ
provides the necessary centripetal force.
∴ T cos θ = mg . ........(1)

Question 3.2: A raindrop of diameter 4 mm is about to fall on the ground. Calculate the
pressure inside the raindrop. [Surface tension of water T = 0.072 N/m, atmospheric
pressure = 1.013 x 105 N/m2] [2]

Solution: Given:
T = 0.072 N/m,
d = 4mm ∴ r = 2 * 10-3 m,
Po = 1.013 * 105 N/m2
To find: Pressure inside the raindrop (Pi)
Formula: Pi = Po + 2T/r
Calculation: From formula,

Question 3.3: Explain why an astronaut in an orbiting satellite has a feeling of

weightlessness. [2]

Solution: When an astronaut is in an orbiting satellite, the astronaut and satellite are
attracted towards the centre of the Earth and both will fall towards the Earth with the
same acceleration. This acceleration is the same as ‘g’ at the satellite. Thus, the
astronaut is unable to exert weight on the floor of the satellite. Because of this, the
satellite does not provide a normal reaction on the astronaut, and hence, the astronaut
feels weightlessness.
Question 3.4: The periodic time of a linear harmonic oscillator is 2π second, with
maximum displacement of 1 cm. If the particle starts from extreme position, find the
displacement of the particle after π/3 seconds. [2]

Solution: Given:-
The displacement of the particle after π/3 seconds is 0.5 cm.
Question 3.5: State and prove : Law of conservation of angular momentum. [2]

Solution 1: Statement:-
The angular momentum of a body remains constant, if resultant external torque acting
on the body is zero.
Proof:-
a. Consider a particle of mass m, rotating about an axis with torque ‘τ’.
Solution 2: Principle (or law) of conservation of a body is conserved if the resultant
external torque on the body is zero.
Proof: Consider a particle of mass m whose position vector with respect to the origin at
any instant is

Then, at this instant, the linear velocity of this particle is its linear momentum
is and its angular momentum about an axis through the origin is

Its angular momentum may change with time due to a torque on the particle.

This proves the principle (or law) of conservation of

angular momentum.
Question 3.6: A pinhole is made in a hollow sphere of radius 5 cm whose inner wall is at
temperature 727oC. Find the power radiated per unit area. [Stefan’s constant σ = 5.7
x 10-8 J/m2 s K4, emissivity (e) = 0.2] [2]
Solution: Given:-
T = 727 + 273 = 1000 K,
σ = 5.7 x 10-8 J/m2sK4, e = 0.2
To find:- Power radiated (E)
Formula:-

Calculation:- From formula,

E = 0.2 x 5.7 x 10-8 x (1000)4
= 11400
∴ E = 1.14 x 104 watt/m2
The power radiated per unit area is 1.14 x 104 watt/m2.
Question 3.7: Draw a neat labelled diagram showing forces acting on the meniscus of
water in a capillary tube. [2]
Solution:

r = radius of capillary tube

h = height of liquid level in the tube
T = surface tension of liquid
ρ = density of liquid
g = acceleration due to gravity
Question 3.8: Compute the temperature at which the r.m.s. speed of nitrogen molecules
is 832 m/s. [Universal gas constant, R = 8320 J/k mole K, molecular weight of nitrogen
= 28.] [2]

Solution: Given:-
crms = 832 m/s,
R = 8320 J/k mole K,
M = 28
To find:
R.M.S velocity (crms)
Formula:-

The r.m.s. speed of nitrogen molecules is 832 m/s at 776.5 K or 503.5° C

Question 4 | Attempt any THREE : [9]

Question 4.1: Discuss the behaviour of wire under increasing load. [3]
Solution: Stress v/s strain graph:-
The behaviour of wire under increasing load can be explained with the help of stress v/s
strain graph.
a. Proportional limit: The initial portion OP of the graph is a straight line indicating stress
is directly proportional to strain. Thus Hooke’s law is completely obeyed in the region
OP. Point P is called point of proportional limit.
b. Elastic limit: Beyond the point P, the stress-strain variation is not a straight line as
indicated by the part PE of the graph.
If the wire is unloaded at point E, the graph between stress and strain follows the
reverse path EPO, then the point E is called elastic limit. The portion between O and E is
called elastic region.
c. Permanent set: If the load is increased so that stress becomes greater than that
corresponding to the point E, the graph is no longer a straight line and the wire does not
obey Hooke's law. If the wire is strained upto E beyond point E and then the load is
removed, the wire does not regain its original length and there is a permanent increase
in length. A small strain corresponding to OO' is set up permanently in the wire, called
permanent set. However, the wire is still elastic and if loaded again, gives a linear
relation shown by the dotted line O'E'.
d. Yield point: As the stress is increased beyond the elastic limit the graph is a curve and
reaches a point Y where the tangent to the curve is parallel to the strain axis. This
shows that for the stress corresponding to point Y the strain increases even without any
increase in the stress. This is known
as plastic flow.
Point Y on the curve is called yield point.
The value of stress corresponding to yield point is called yield stress.
e. Breaking stress: When the wire begins to flow, its cross-section decreases uniformly
and hence, the stress increases steadily. Later a neck or constriction begins to form at a
weak point. The maximum stress corresponding to the point B is breaking stress.
f. Breaking point: Once the neck is formed, the wire goes on stretching even if the load
is reduced, until the breaking point C is reached when the wire breaks.
Elastic limit:-
The maximum stress to which an elastic body can be subjected without causing
permanent deformation is called as elastic limit.
Yield point:-
The point on stress-strain curve at which the strain begins to increase without any
increase in the stress is called yield point.
Breaking point:-
The point on stress-strain curve at which the wire breaks, is known as the breaking
point.
Solution 2:

a) Elastic limit: The initial portion OE of the graph is a straight line, which indicates that
upto the point E stress is directly proportional to strain. Hence, Hooke’s law is obeyed
upto point E. In this region, wire is perfectly elastic and it completely regains its original
length when the load is removed. Point E represents limit of proportionality between
stress and strain.
b) Permanent set: If the load is increased so that stress becomes greater than that
corresponding to the point E, the graph is no longer a straight line and the wire does not
obey Hooke's law.
If the wire is strained upto E′ beyond point E and then the load is removed, the wire does
not regain its original length and there is a permanent increase in length. A small strain
corresponding to OO' is set up permanently in the wire, called permanent set. However,
the wire is still elastic and if loaded again, gives a linear relation shown by the dotted
line O'E′.
c) Yield point: As the stress is increased beyond the elastic limit the graph is a
curve and reaches a point Y where the tangent to the curve is parallel to the strain
axis. This shows that for the stress corresponding to point Y the strain increases
even without any increase in the stress. This is known as plastic flow.
Point Y on the curve is called yield point.
The value of stress corresponding to yield point is called yield stress
e) Breaking point: Once the neck is formed, the wire goes on stretching even if the load
is reduced, until the breaking point C is reached when the wire breaks.
Question 4.2: Determine the binding energy of satellite of mass 1000 kg revolving in a
circular orbit around the Earth when it is close to the surface of Earth. Hence find kinetic
energy and potential energy of the satellite. [Mass of Earth = 6 x 1024 kg, radius of Earth
= 6400 km; gravitational constant G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 /kg2] [3]

Solution: Given:- m = 1000 kg, M = 6 x 1024 kg, R = 6400 km, G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2
To find:-
i. Binding Energy (B.E.)
ii. Kinetic Energy (K.E.)
iii. Potential Energy (P.E.)
Formulae:- For satellite very close to earth,
i. B.E. =(1/2)*(GMm/R)
ii. K.E. = B.E.
iii. P.E. = -2K.E.
Calculation: From formula (i),
From formula (ii),
K.E. = 3.1265 x 1010
∴ K.E. = 3.1265 x 1010 J
The kinetic energy of the satellite is 3.1265 x 1010 J.
From formula (iii),
P.E. = -2(3.1265 x 1010)
∴ P.E. = -6.2530 x 1010 J
The potential energy of the satellite is -6.2530 x 1010 J.
Question 4.3: Show that all harmonics are present on a stretched string between two
rigid supports. [3]

Solution:
Vibration of string for different mode
Modes of vibrations in stretched string:-
a. Consider a string stretched between two rigid supports and plucked. Due to plucking,
string vibrates and loops are formed in the string. Vibrations of string are as shown in
figure.
b. Let,
p = number of loops
l = length of string
∴ Length of one loop = l /p ......(1)
c. Two successive nodes form a loop. Distance between two successive nodes is λ/2.
∴ Length of one loop = λ/2 .......(2)
From equations (1) and (2),
λ/2 = l/p
∴ λ = 2l/p ...........(3)
d. Velocity of transverse wave is given by,

f. Fundamental mode or first harmonic:-

In this case, p = 1
∴ From equation (4),
j. Thus, in the vibration of stretched string, frequencies of vibrations are n, 2n, 3n,…..so
on.
Hence, all harmonics (even as well as odd) are present in the vibrations of stretched
string.
Question 4.4: A stone of mass 100 g attached to a string of length 50 cm is whirled in a
vertical circle by giving velocity at lowest point as 7 m/s. Find the velocity at the highest
point. [Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2] [3]

Solution: Given:-
m = 100 g = 0.1 kg,
r = 50 cm = 0.5m,
g = 9.8 m/s2,
v2 = 7 m/s
To find:- Velocity at the highest point (vH)
 Section II
Question 5 | Attempt any one of the following : [7]

Question 5.1: Obtain an expression for average power dissipated in a purely resistive
A.C. circuit. Define power factor of the circuit and state its value for purely resistive A.C.
circuit. [7]

Solution: Expression for average power in purely resistive circuit:-

i. Let, e = e0 sin ωt be applied e.m.f across a resistor of resistance ‘R’ as shown in figure.
At certain instant, current I = I0 sin ωt is flowing through the resistor. In this case both ‘e’
and ‘I’ are in phase.
ii. Instantaneous power in circuit is given by,
P = eI = (e0 sinωt) (I0 sin ωt)
∴ P = e0I0 sin2 ωt ..........................(1)
iii. Average power for a complete cycle can be obtained by integrating equation (1).
Power factor:-
Power factor of an a.c circuit is defined as the cosine of the phase difference between
the applied voltage and the circuit current.
For purely resistive circuit, power factor = 1
Question 5.1: A rectangular coil of a moving coil galvanometer contains 50 turns each
having area 12 cm2 . It is suspended in radial magnetic field 0.025 Wb/m2 by a fibre of
twist constant 15 x10-10 Nm/degree. Calculate the sensitivity of the moving coil
galvanometer.
Solution: Given:-
N = 50, A = 12 cm2 = 12 x 10-4 m2,
B = 0.025 Wb/m2,
C = 15 x 10-10 Nm/degree
To find:- Sensitivity (Si)
Formula: Si = NAB/C
Calculation: From formula,

OR
Question 5.2: State Bohr’s third postulate for hydrogen (H2) atom. Derive Bohr’s
formula for the wave number. Obtain expressions for longest and shortest wavelength
of spectral lines in ultraviolet region for hydrogen atom [7]

Solution: Third postulate (Transition and frequency condition):-

As long as electron remains in one of the stationary orbits, it does not radiate energy.
Whenever an electron jumps from higher stationary orbit to lower stationary orbit, it
radiates energy equal to the difference in energies of the electron in the two orbits.
Bohr’s formula for spectral lines in hydrogen spectrum:-
i. Let, En = Energy of electron in nth higher orbit
 Ep = Energy of electron in pth lower orbit
ii. According to Bohr’s third postulate,
En - Ep = hv
∴ v = (Ea - Ep)/h ...........(1)
Question 5.2: The photoelectric current in a photoelectric cell can be reduced to zero by
a stopping potential of 1.8 volt. Monochromatic light of wavelength 2200Å is incident
on the cathode. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons in joules.
[Charge on electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C]
Solution: Given:- V0 = 1.8 V, e = 1.6 x 10-19 C, λ = 2200 Å
To find:- Maximum kinetic energy (K.E.)max
Formula:- (K.E.)max = eV0
Calculation: Using formula,
(K.E.)max = 1.6 x 10-19 x 1.8
∴ (K.E)max = 2.88 x 10-19 J
Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron is 2.88 x 10-19 J.
Question 6 | Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives
for each sub-question : [7]

Question 6.1: Which one of the following particles cannot be accelerated by a

cyclotron? [1]

(A) Electrons
(B) Protons
(C) Deuterons
(D) α- particles
Solution: A cyclotron cannot accelerate the following particles
Electrons
Neutrons
Question 6.2: In biprism experiment two interfering waves are produced due to division
of _______. [1]

amplitude
wavefront
amplitude and wavefront
neither wavefront nor amplitude

Solution: wavefront
Question 6.3: The output of NOR gate is high, when _______. [1]

all inputs are high

all inputs are low
only one of its inputs is high
only one of its inputs is low

Solution: all inputs are low

Question 6.4: Light of a certain wavelength has a wave number in vacuum. Its wave
number in a medium of refractive index n is _______. [1]

Solution:
Question 6.5: If the radius of a sphere is doubled without changing the charge on it,
then electric flux originating from the sphere is ______. [1]

double
half
same
zero

Solution: Same
Question 6.6: The momentum of a photon of de Broglie wavelength 5000Å is _______.
[1]

[Planck’s constant = 6.63 x10-34 J.s.]

1.326 x10-28 kg-m/s
7.54 x10-28 kg-m/s
1.326 x10-27 kg-m/s
7.54 x10-27 kg-m/s

Solution: 1.326 x10-27 kg-m/s

Question 6.7: Ionosphere mainly consists of _______. [1]

positive ions and electrons

water vapour and smoke
ozone layer
dust particles

Solution: Positive ions and electrons

Question 7 | Attempt any SIX: [12]

Question 7.1: State any ‘two’ possible sources of errors in meter-bridge experiment.
How can they be minimised? [2]

Solution: Two possible sources of errors in meter- bridge experiment are:-

a. Error due to sliding of jockey on the wire:- Due to sliding of the jockey, heat is
produced due to friction. Thus the area of wire can be deformed and resistance of the
wire may change.
To minimise this error, jockey is tapped on the wire.
b. Error due to heating effect of the cell current:- Heating effect of the wire leads to
thermal expansion in the wire. Due to thermal expansion, resistance of wire increases.
To minimise this error, circuit is switched off after every reading.
Question 7.2: A potentiometer wire has resistance of per unit length of 0.1 Ω/m. A cell
of e.m.f. 1.5V balances against 300 cm length of the wire. Find the current in the
potentiometer wire. [2]

Solution: Given:- σ = 0.1 Ω/m, E = 1.5 V,

L = 300 cm = 3 m.
To find:- Current through potentiometer (I).
Formulae: i. σ = R/L ii. I = E/R
Calculation:- From formula (i),
R = σL
= 0.1 x 3 = 0.3 Ω
From formula (ii),
I = 1.5/0.3 = 5 A
Current through the potentiometer wire is 5 A.
Question 7.3: Give any ‘two’ points of differences between diamagnetic and
ferromagnetic substances. [2]
Solution:

Diamagnetic Substance Ferromagnetic Substance

1 Weakly repelled by a magnet 1 Strongly attracted by a magnet
2 When kept in a non-uniform magnetic 2 When kept in a non-uniform magnetic
field, it shows moderate tendency to field, it shows strong tendency to move
move from stronger to the weaker part from weaker to the stronger part of the
of the field. field.

Question 7.4: An iron rod of area of cross-section 0.1m2 is subjected to a magnetising

field of 1000 A/m. Calculate the magnetic permeability of the iron rod. [Magnetic
susceptibility of iron = 59.9, magnetic permeability of vacuum = 4π x 10-7 S. I. unit] [2]
Solution: Given:- H= 1000 A/m, χ = 59.9, μ0 = 4π x 10-7 S.I. unit
To find:- Permeability (μ)
Formula:- μ = μ0 (1 + χ)
Calculation:- From formula,
μ = 4π x 10-7 (1 + 59.9)
= 4 x 3.142 x 10-7 x 60.9
= antilog [log(4) + log(3.142) + log(60.9)] x 10-7
= antilog [0.6021 + 0.4972 + 1.7846] x 10-7
= antilog [2.8839] x 10-7
= 765.4 x 10-7
∴ μ = 7.654 x 10-5 Wb/A-m
The magnetic permeability of the iron rod is 7.654 x 10-5 Wb/A-m.
Question 7.5: Draw a neat labelled circuit diagram of experimental arrangement for
study of photoelectric effect. [2]

Solution:
Experimental arrangement for study of photoelectric effect.
S : monochromatic source
E : emitter electrode
C : collector electrode
G : evacuated glass tube
W : quartz window
μA : micrometer
Rh : rheostat
V : voltmeter
B : Battery
Question 7.6: A coil of 100 turns, each of area 0.02m2 is kept in a uniform field of
induction 3.5 x10-5 T. If the coil rotates with a speed of 6000 r.p.m. about an axis in the
plane of the coil and perpendicular to the magnetic induction, calculate peak value of
e.m.f. induced in the coil. [2]

Solution: Given: f = 6000 r.p.m = 100 Hz, N = 100, A = 0.02 m2, B = 3.5  10-5 T
To find: peak e.m.f (e0)
Formula: e0 = 2πf BNA
Calculation: From formula,
e0 = 2 x 3.14 x 100 x 100 x 0.02 x 3.5 x 10-5
∴ e0 = 43.99 x 10-3 V
The peak value of e.m.f. induced in the coil is 43.99 x 10-3 V.
Question 7.7: Define modulation and transducer [2]
Solution: Modulation:-
The process of superimposing a low frequency signal on a high frequency wave, which
acts as a carrier wave for long distance transmission is known as modulation.
Transducer:-
A transducer is a device, which converts one form of energy into another.
Question 7.8: In a biprism experiment, when a convex lens was placed between the
biprism and eyepiece at a distance of 30 cm from the slit, the virtual images of the slits
are found to be separated by 7 mm. If the distance between the slit and biprism is 10
cm and between the biprism and eyepiece is 80cm, find the linear magnification of the
image. [2]
Solution: Given : D = 10 + 80 = 90 cm, d = 30 cm, d1 = 90 - 30 = 60 cm
To find : Linear magnification (m)

Question 8 | Attempt any THREE: [9]

Question 8.1: With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of a
photodiode. [3]

Solution:
a. A photodiode is a special purpose P-N junction diode fabricated with a transparent
window to allow light to fall on the diode.
b. When the photodiode is illuminated with light (photons) with energy h greater than
the energy gap Eg of the semiconductor, then electron-hole pairs are generated due to
the absorption of photons.
c. The diode is fabricated such that the generation of electron-hole pairs takes place in
or near the depletion region of the diode.
d. Due to electric field of the junction, electrons and holes are separated before they
recombine.
e. The direction of the electric field is such that electrons reach N-side and holes reach
P side. Electrons are collected on N-side and holes are collected on P-side giving rise to
an e.m.f.
f. When an external load is connected, current flows. The magnitude of the photocurrent
depends on the intensity of incident light.
g. It is easier to observe the change in the current with change in the light intensity, if a
reverse bias is applied. Thus, photodiode can be used as a photodetector to detect
optical signals.
Question 8.1: State its any ‘two’ uses of photodiode.
Solution: Uses Of Photodiode:-
i. Photodiode is used in opt couplers which are used to couple isolated circuits.
ii. Photodiodes are widely used to detect optical signals.
Question 8.2: A parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on a glass slab at an
angle of incidence 60o. Find the ratio of width of the beam in the glass to that in the air if
refractive index of glass is 3/2. [3]
Solution: Given: i = 60°, μg = 1.5,
Let dg = width of beam in glass slab,
da = width of beam in air

Question 8.3: With the help of neat diagram, explain how non-polar dielectric material is
polarised in external electric field of increasing intensity. Define polarisation in
dielectrics. [3]
Solution:
If a dielectric (non-polar) molecule is placed in an external electric field, a small induced
dipole moment is created because the positive charge in each atom is pushed in the
direction of the field and negative charge is pushed in the opposite direction as shown
in the figure.
Polarization is the amount of induced surface charge per unit area or the surface
density of polarization charges appearing at right angles to applied external electric
field.
Question 8.4: In a single slit diffraction pattern, the distance between first minima on
the right and first minima on the left of central maximum is 4 mm. The screen on which
the pattern is displaced, is 2m from the slit and wavelength of light used is 6000Å.
Calculate width of the slit and width of the central maximum. [3]
Solution: Given:- λ = 6000 Å = 6 x 10-7 m,
D = 2 m,
X1 + X2 = 4 mm = 4 x 10-3 m
To find:- Width of slit (a)
Width of central maximum (W)
Formula:-