MODULE I

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, it is “The science

and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot,
or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

History of Artificial Intelligence

The history of artificial intelligence (AI) is a journey of innovation and discovery,
marked by several key milestones:

1. Foundations (1940s-1950s)
2. Early Developments (1950s-1960s)
3. Expert Systems (1970s-1980s)
4. Neural Networks Resurgence (Late 1980s-1990s)
5. Machine Learning and Big Data (2000s-2010s)
6. Current Trends (2010s-Present)
The Importance of AI Knowledge
As we know that AI pursues creating the machines as intelligent as human beings.
There are numerous reasons for us to study AI.
The reasons are as follows:
1. AI can get knowledge from data.
2. Artificial Intelligence is self-learning.
3. AI can respond in real time
4. AI achieves accuracy
5. AI can organize data to get most out of it

1
What is Intelligence?
The capacity of a system to perform calculations, reason, recognize connections and
analogies, learn from mistakes, store and recall data from memory, solve issues,
understand complicated concepts, speak naturally, categorize, generalize, and adjust to
novel circumstances.

Types of Intelligence
According to American developmental psychologist Howard Gardner, intelligence has
several functions.
1. Intra-personal intelligence
2. Interpersonal intelligence
3. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
4. Spatial intelligence
5. Logical-mathematical intelligence
6. Linguistic intelligence
7. Musical intelligence
The Components of AI
Artificial intelligence is a vast area of study. This field of study helps in finding
solutions to real world problems.
Let us now see the different fields of study within AI:
1. Machine Learning It is among the most well-known areas in AI. The
fundamental principle underlying this discipline is to teach machines from data
in the same way that humans gain knowledge through experience.
2. Logic It is another important field of study in which mathematical logic is used
to execute the computer programs.
3. Searching This field of study is basically used in games like chess
2
 4. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) This is a network of efficient computing
systems the central theme of which is borrowed from the analogy of biological
neural networks.
5. Genetic Algorithm Help in solving problems with the assistance of more than
one program.
6. Knowledge Representation It is the field of study with the help of which we
can represent the facts in a way the machine that is understandable to the
machine.
Application of AI
In this part, we shall examine the various domains that AI supports:
1. Gaming AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker etc.
2. Natural Language Processing It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
3. Expert Systems There are some applications which integrate machine,
software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising.
4. Vision Systems These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual
input on the computer.
5. Speech Recognition Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a
human talks to it.
6. Handwriting Recognition The handwriting recognition software reads the text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus.
7. Intelligent Robots Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.

3
MODULE II
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an
intelligent system using a natural language such as English.

Applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP):

1. Spam Filters
2. Algorithmic Trading
3. Questions Answering
4. Summarizing Information
MODULE III
Knowledge Representation (KR) has long been considered one of the principal
elements of Artificial Intelligence, and a critical part of all problems solving.

Types of knowledge

Following are the various types of knowledge:

1. Declarative Knowledge
2. Procedural Knowledge
3. Meta-knowledge
4. Structural knowledge

MODULE IV
What is an Expert System?

It is a computer application that performs a task that would otherwise be performed by

a human expert. Some expert systems are designed to take the place of human experts,
while others are designed to aid them.

4
Components of Expert Systems

1. Knowledge Base
2. Inference Engine
3. User interface

What is Knowledge?

The data is collection of facts. The information is organized as data.

5
MODULE VI

LISP (List Processing Language) is a functional programming language that was

designed specifically for artificial intelligence research. LISP is known for its ability
to manipulate symbolic expressions and its support for recursion and higher-order
functions.

Areas of Application
Lisp totally dominated Artificial Intelligence applications for a quarter of a century,
and is still the most widely used language for AI. In addition to its success in AI, Lisp
pioneered the process of Functional Programming. Many programming language
researchers believe that functional programming is a much better approach to software
development, than the use of Imperative Languages (Pascal, C++, etc).
Below is a short list of the areas where Lisp has been used:
1. Artificial Intelligence
a. AI Robots
b. Computer Games (Craps, Connect-4, BlackJack)
c. Pattern Recognition
2. Air Defense Systems
3. Implementation of Real-Time, embedded Knowledge-Based Systems
4. List Handling and Processing
5. Tree Traversal (Breath/Depth First Search)
6. Educational Purposes (Functional Style Programming)

6
Prolog (Programming in Logic) is a logic programming language that was developed
in the 1970s. It is based on the principles of predicate calculus and is known for its
ability to handle complex symbolic computations.
Type Of Machine Learning

a. Neural network is a type of machine learning algorithm that is inspired by the

structure and function of the human brain.
b. Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm is trained
on a labeled dataset, meaning that the input data is paired with corresponding
output values.
c. Semi-supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm is
trained on a combination of labeled and unlabeled data.
d. Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm is
trained on unlabeled data, meaning that there are no corresponding output
values.