Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot,

or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks and how humans learn,
decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of
this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

History of Artificial Intelligence

The history of artificial intelligence (AI) is a journey of innovation and discovery,
marked by several key milestones:
1. Foundations (1940s-1950s): The groundwork for AI was laid down by
pioneers like Alan Turing, who proposed the concept of a universal
computing machine.
2. Early Developments (1950s-1960s): The 1950s and 1960s saw the creation
of early AI programs such as the Logic Theorist and the development of the
first chess-playing program.
3. Expert Systems (1970s-1980s): Despite setbacks in the 1970s and 1980s
known as the "AI winter," research continued, focusing on expert systems.
4. Neural Networks Resurgence (Late 1980s-1990s): Neural networks
experienced a resurgence with the development of backpropagation
algorithms and their applications in pattern recognition and machine learning
tasks.
5. Machine Learning and Big Data (2000s-2010s): The 2000s and 2010s saw
significant progress in machine learning fueled by large datasets, increased
computational power, and advances in algorithms like deep learning.
6. Current Trends (2010s-Present): AI has become ubiquitous, with
applications in healthcare, finance, transportation, and more.
The Importance of AI Knowledge
As we know that AI pursues creating the machines as intelligent as human beings.
There are numerous reasons for us to study AI.

The reasons are as follows:

1. AI can get knowledge from data.
2. Artificial Intelligence is self-learning.
3. AI can respond in real time
4. AI achieves accuracy
5. AI can organize data to get most out of it

What is Intelligence?
The capacity of a system to perform calculations, reason, recognize connections
and analogies, learn from mistakes, store and recall data from memory, solve
issues, understand complicated concepts, speak naturally, categorize, generalize,
and adjust to novel circumstances.
Types of Intelligence
According to American developmental psychologist Howard Gardner, intelligence
has several functions.
1. Intra-personal intelligence
2. Interpersonal intelligence
3. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
4. Spatial intelligence
5. Logical-mathematical intelligence
6. Linguistic intelligence
7. Musical intelligence
What Constitutes Intelligence?
Intelligence is intangible. It is composed of:
1. Reasoning
2. Learning
3. Problem Solving
4. Perception
5. Linguistic Intelligence

The Components of AI
Artificial intelligence is a vast area of study. This field of study helps in finding
solutions to real world problems.
Let us now see the different fields of study within AI:
1. Machine Learning It is among the most well-known areas in AI. The
fundamental principle underlying this discipline is to teach machines from
data in the same way that humans gain knowledge through experience.
2. Logic It is another important field of study in which mathematical logic is
used to execute the computer programs.
 3. Searching This field of study is basically used in games like chess, tic-tac-
toe. Search algorithms give the optimal solution after searching the whole
search space.
4. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) This is a network of efficient
computing systems the central theme of which is borrowed from the analogy
of biological neural networks.
5. Genetic Algorithm Help in solving problems with the assistance of more
than one program. The result would be based on selecting the fittest.
6. Knowledge Representation It is the field of study with the help of which
we can represent the facts in a way the machine that is understandable to the
machine.
Application of AI
In this part, we shall examine the various domains that AI supports:
1. Gaming AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-
tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions
based on heuristic knowledge.
2. Natural Language Processing It is possible to interact with the computer
that understands natural language spoken by humans.
3. Expert Systems There are some applications which integrate machine,
software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They
provide explanation and advice to the users.
4. Vision Systems These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual
input on the computer. For example:
• A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out
spatial information or map of the areas.
• Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
 • Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal
with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.
5. Speech Recognition Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while
a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
6. Handwriting Recognition The handwriting recognition software reads the
text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the
shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
7. Intelligent Robots Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light,
heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure.

Cognitive modelling is basically the field of study within computer science that
deals with the study and simulating the thinking process of human beings.

The graphic below illustrates the several stages of thought in the human brain:

Cognitive
Behavioral
Physical
Kinematic
Geometric