Worksheet 6 ANSWERS

Statistics – Data organization and Graphical representation.

a) 3.1, 3.0, 2.9, 2.9, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1
b) 3.1kg
c) 2.1kg
d) 3.1 – 2.1 = 1kg
e) 15 babies
f) 4 babies
g) 4 babies
h) 2 babies.
Q4.

a. Inclusive form 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59

b. Exclusive form 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Q5. Line graph, bar charts, pie charts, histogram, scatter plot, Venn chart.
category frequency Relative Cumulative Percentage
frequency frequency (%)
A 4 0.13 0.13 13
B 9 0.30 0.43 30
C 17 0.57 1.00 57
∑ 𝑓 = 30

c. 30% of elements in the sample belong to group B

d. 70% of elements in the sample belong to group A or C (13 + 57)

Sample Survey
20

10

0
A B C

Column1 Column2 Series 3

e.

Sample Survey

13
A
B
30
57
C

f.
 category Frequency Rel. Cumm Percentage
Frequency frequency
(%)
C 6 0.3 0.3 30
H 10 0.5 0.8 50
O 4 0.2 1.0 20
∑ 𝑓 = 20

c. category H with a percentage of 50% shows that they gave health as a major reason to
lose weight.

major reason people want to lose weight

20
30

50

C H O
d.
C.I Frequency Midpoint
3 304.5
310-319 2 314.5
320-329 1 324.5
330-339 8 334.5
340-349 5 344.5
350-359 1 354.5
360-369 3 364.5
370-379 1 374.5
380-389 2 384.5
390-399 4 395.0
Company Share (%) Degree
A 50 50/100 x 360 = 180
B 10 10/100 x 360 = 36
C 25 25/100 x 360 = 90
D 15 15/100 x 360 = 54
 Pet frequency
Bird 18
Cats 5
Dog 23
Fish 17
Rabbits 6
Horse 4
a. Bar chart.

b.
1. Multiple bar graph .

2.

a. Histogram

Category Frequency
20-29 2
30-39 4
40-49 4
50-59 3
60-69 1
70-79 1
 b.

Worksheet 7 ANSWERS
Measures of Central Tendency & Measures of Dispersion

Q1. Average: (25+48+25+33+57+50)/6 = 294/6 = 49.

Q2. Median: (56+78)/2 = 134/2 = 67

Q3. Mode: 19, 21 and 22 (they appear most frequently)

Q4. Mean: (24+31+27+25+35+33+26+40+25+28)/10 = 294/10 = 29.4

Median: 24 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 40

= (27+28)/2

= 27.5
 a. Mean: 76.57

Median: 68

Mode: 75

b. Mean: 20.875

Median: 22.5

Mode: 18 and 24

c. Mean: 5.44

Median: 1

Mode: 10

d. Mean: 0.65

Median: 0.85

e. Mode:0.9

Mean: 78.63

Median: 80

Mode: 74

Q7. 84.99
Joe: (300+412+207+283+601+114+319+299+403+317+354+x)/12 = 320

(3609+x)/12 = 320
3609+𝑥
= 320
12

3609 + x =7449

x = 231

Bill: (413+286+395+250+174+288+370+419+450+684+207+x)/12 = 340

(3936+x)/12 = 340
3936+𝑥
= 340
12

3936 +x = 340 x 12

x = 4080 – 3936

x = 144

11.

Earnings (𝑥) 𝑥2
88.5 7832.25
108.4 11750.56
65.5 4290.25
52.5 2756.56
79.8 6368.04
54.6 2981.16
∑ 𝑥 = 449.3 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 35978.82

(∑ 𝑥)2
∑ 𝑥2−
Variance = 𝑁
𝑁
 201870.49
35978.82−
6
6

(35978.82 – 33645.08)/6

= 2333.74/6

= 388.96.

Standard deviation = √388.96 = 19.72

12.

Number consumed 𝑥2
(𝑥)
21 441
17 289
32 1024
5 25
25 625
15 225
17 289
21 441
9 81
24 576
∑ 𝑥 = 186 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 4016

(∑ 𝑥)2
∑ 𝑥2−
Variance = 𝑁−1
𝑁

34596
4016−
= 9
10

= 61.82

Standard deviation = √61.82 = 7.86

Range = Maximum value- Minimum Value = 32 - 5 =27

13.
 Earnings (𝑥) 𝑥2
75 5625
107 11449
271 73441
138 19044
71 5041
∑ 𝑥 = 662 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 114600

(∑ 𝑥)2
∑ 𝑥2−
Variance = 𝑁−1
𝑁

438244
114600−
= 4
5

= 6737.8

=
Standard Deviation: √6737.8 = 82.08

14.

Time 𝑓 Midpoint 𝑚𝑓 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑓
(𝑚)
0-10 4 5 20 25 100
10-20 9 15 135 225 2025
20-30 6 25 150 625 3750
30-40 4 35 140 1225 4900
40-50 2 45 90 2025 4050
Total 25 535 ∑ 𝑓 = 14825

∑ 𝑚𝑓 535
Arithmetic mean = ∑𝑓
= = 21.4
25
 (∑ 𝑚𝑓)2
∑ 𝑚2 𝑓−
Variance = 𝑁
𝑁

286225
14825−
Variance = 25
25

= 135.04

Standard Deviation: √135.04 = 11.62

15.

Time 𝑓 Midpoint 𝑚𝑓 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑓
(𝑚)
10-12 4 11 44 121 484
13-15 12 14 168 196 2352
16-18 20 17 340 289 5780
19-21 14 20 280 400 5600
Total ∑ 𝑓 = 50 ∑ 𝑚𝑓 = 832
2
∑ 𝑚 𝑓 =14216

∑ 𝑚𝑓 832
Arithmetic mean = ∑𝑓
= = 16.64
50

(∑ 𝑚𝑓)2 692224
∑ 𝑚2 𝑓− 14216−
Variance = 𝑁−1
𝑁
= 49
50
= 7.58 SD: √7.58 = 2.75
16.

Time 𝑓 Midpoint 𝑚𝑓 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑓
(𝑚)
18-30 12 24 288 576 6912
31-43 19 37 703 1369 26011
44-56 14 50 700 2500 35000
57-69 5 63 315 3969 19845
Total ∑ 𝑓 = 50 ∑ 𝑚𝑓 =2006 2
∑ 𝑚 𝑓 =87768

∑ 𝑚𝑓 2006
Arithmetic Mean = ∑𝑓
= 50
= 40.12

(∑ 𝑚𝑓)2 4024036
∑ 𝑚2 𝑓− 87768−
Variance = 𝑁−1
𝑁
= 50
50
= 145.75 SD: √145.75 = 12.07

17.

Time 𝑓 Midpoint 𝑚𝑓 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑓
(𝑚)
2-4 5 3 15 9 45
5-7 9 6 54 36 324
8-10 14 9 126 81 1134
11-13 7 12 84 144 1008
14-16 5 15 75 225 1125
Total ∑ 𝑓 = 40 ∑ 𝑚𝑓 =354 ∑ 𝑚2 𝑓 =3636

∑ 𝑚𝑓 354
Mean = ∑𝑓
= 40
= 8.85

(∑ 𝑚𝑓)2 125316
∑ 𝑚2 𝑓− 3636−
Variance = 𝑁−1
𝑁
= 39
40
= 12.9 SD: √12.9 = 3.59
18.

Time 𝑓 Midpoint 𝑚𝑓 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑓
(𝑚)
40-70 9 55 495 3025 27225
70-100 11 85 935 7225 79475
100-130 16 115 1840 13225 211600
130-160 10 145 1450 21025 210250
160-190 4 175 700 30625 122500
Total ∑ 𝑓 = 50 ∑ 𝑚𝑓 =5420 ∑ 𝑚2 𝑓 = 651050
∑ 𝑚𝑓 5420
Mean = ∑𝑓
= = 108.4
50

(∑ 𝑚𝑓)2 29376400
∑ 𝑚2 𝑓− 651050−
Variance = 𝑁−1
𝑁
= 49
50
= 1296.37 SD: √1296.37 = 36.01

19.

Time 𝑓 Midpoint 𝑚𝑓 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑓
(𝑚)
3-5 3 4 12 16 48
5-7 35 6 210 36 1260
7-9 45 8 360 64 2880
9-11 15 10 150 100 1500
11-13 2 12 24 144 288
Total ∑ 𝑓 =100 ∑ 𝑚𝑓 =756 ∑ 𝑚2 𝑓 = 5976
 ∑ 𝑚𝑓 756
Mean = ∑𝑓
= 100 = 7.56

(∑ 𝑚𝑓)2 571536
∑ 𝑚2 𝑓− 5976−
Variance = 𝑁
= 100
= 260.24 SD: √260.24 = 16.13
𝑁 100

20.
Time 𝑓 Midpoint 𝑚𝑓 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑓
(𝑚)
0-5 5 2.5 12.5 6.25 31.25
5-10 8 7.5 60 56.25 450
10-15 14 12.5 175 156.25 2187.5
15-20 13 17.5 227.5 306.25 3981.25
20-25 8 22.5 180 506.25 4050
25-30 2 27.5 55 756.25 1512.5
Total ∑ 𝑓 = 50 ∑ 𝑚𝑓 =710 2
∑ 𝑚 𝑓 =12212.5

∑ 𝑚𝑓 710
Mean = ∑𝑓
= 50
= 14.2

(∑ 𝑚𝑓)2 504100
∑ 𝑚2 𝑓− 12212.5−
Variance = 𝑁
𝑁
= 50
50
= 2130.5 SD: √2130.5 = 46.16

Worksheet 8 ANSWERS
Introduction to Probability.
1. Define the terms: (i) Random experiment (ii) sample space (iii) Event.
Experiment: a process or procedure that can be repeated and that has a set of well-
defined possible results or outcomes. A typical example of an experiment is tossing a
coin that results in a Head or a Tail.
Sample space: the set of all possible outcome of a probability experiment is called the
sample space of that probability experiment.
 Event: A probability event can be defined as a set of outcomes of an experiment. In
other words, an event in probability is the subset of the respective sample space.
2. Give one example each for a simple event and a compound event.
A simple event is one that has a single outcome. Example is the event of getting a 2when
rolling a dice. A compound event involves the probability of more than one outcome. Example
is the event of getting a 2 or 4 when rolling a dice.
3. The probability of any event lies between 0 and 1.
4. The probability of an impossible event is 0 and probability of a sure event is 1.
5. The probability of getting 3 heads in tossing 3 coins is ______

Sample space: {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻. 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}

Sample space = 8

3 Heads = 1

P (3 Heads) = 1/8

6. How many different outcomes are possible for four rolls of a die?

The number of outcomes in the experiment of rolling a dice once is 6. When we roll a dice 4
times the possible outcomes = 64 .

7. A die is rolled once. What is the probability that:

a) a number less than 5 is obtained.

Total outcomes = {1,2,3,4,5,6} b) a number between 2 and 6 is obtained.

Event: number less than 5 Event: number between 2 and 6

E = {1,2,3,4} E = {3,4,5}

P(E) = 4/6 = 2/3 P(E) = 3/6 = ½

8. Find P (A or B) if P(A)= 0.58; P(B)=0.66 and P (A and B) = 0.57

P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P (A and B)
= 0.58 + 0.66 – 0.57 = 1.24 – 0.66 = 0.58

9. Find P (A and B) if P(A)= 0.44; P(B)=0.24 and P (A or B) = 0.60

P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P (A and B)
0.60 = 0.44 + 0.24 - P (A and B).
- P (A and B) = 0.6 – 0.68
- P (A and B) = -0.08 (cancel out negative on both sides)
P (A and B) = 0.08
10. What are mutually exclusive events?

Mutually exclusive events are those events that do not occur at the same time. For
example, when a coin is tossed then the result will be either head or tail, but we cannot
get both the results. In other words, mutually exclusive events are independent events.
11. Find P (A or B), if P(A) = 0.25 and P(B) = 0.27, given A and B are mutually exclusive
P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P (A and B) no intersection between two mutually exclusive events.
P (A or B) = 0.25 + 0.27 – 0
P (A or B) = 0.52
12. A statistical experiment has eight equally likely outcomes denoted by {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
Let event A= {2, 5, 7} and event B = {1, 5, 8}.
a) Are events A and B mutually exclusive? b) Are events A and B independent?
c) Write the complements of the events A and B and their probabilities.

a) Events A and B are non-mutually exclusive events because there is an intersection

between them. That is, (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 5
b) Events A and B are not independent. They are dependent events (since intersection
exists between them)
c) Compliment of event A is (1,3,4,6,8)
Compliment of event B is (2,3,4,6,7) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = (3,4,6) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3/8.
13. In a group of 2500 persons, 1400 are female, 600 are vegetarian, and 400 are female and
vegetarian. What is the probability that a randomly selected person from this group is a
male or vegetarian? (Hint: Use Addition Rule of Probability)
Vegetarian Non-vegetarian Total
male 200 900 1100
female 400 1000 1400
Total 600 1900 2500

𝑃(𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑔) = 𝑝(𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) + 𝑝(𝑣𝑒𝑔) − 𝑝(𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑔)

1100 600 200

+ − = 0.6
2500 2500 2500

14. Given that P(B) = 0.65 and P (A and B) = 0.45, find P(A|B).
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴ǀ𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐵)
0.45
= 0.69
0.65
15. Given that P(A) = 0.40 and P (A and B) = 0.31, find P (B│ A)

𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐴)
𝑃(𝐵ǀ𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴)
0.31
𝑃(𝐵ǀ𝐴) = = 0.78
0.40

16. Find the joint probability of A and B if P(B) = 0.40 and P(A│B) = 0.81
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴ǀ𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐵)
 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
0.81 =
0.40
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.40 × 0.81 = 0.324
17. Given that A and B are two independent events, find their joint probability if P(A)=0.20;
P(B)=0.76
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵ǀ𝐴)
= 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵)
= 0.20 x 0.76

= 0.152

18. The following table gives a two-way classification of all basketball players at a state
university, based on gender and whether they graduated.

Gender Graduated Did not graduate

Male 126 55
Female 133 32
If one of these players is selected at random, find the following probabilities. a) P (female and
graduated) b) P (male and did not graduate)

Gender Graduated Did not graduate Total

Male 126 55 181
Female 133 32 165
Total 259 87 346
133
a. 𝑃(𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 346
55
b. 𝑃(𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒) = 346

19. Two thousand randomly selected adults were asked whether they have ever shopped on the
internet. The responses are classified below.

Gender Have shopped Have never shopped

Male 500 700
Female 300 500
Find the following probabilities:

a) P (has never shopped on the internet or is a female)

b) P (is a male or has shopped on the internet)

Gender Have shopped Have never shopped Total

Male 500 700 1200
Female 300 500 800
Total 800 1200 2000

a. (𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) = 𝑝(𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑) + 𝑝(𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) −

𝑝(𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒)
1200 800 500
+ − = 0.75
2000 2000 2000

b. (𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑) = 𝑝(𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) + 𝑝(ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑) −

𝑝(𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑)
1200 800 500
+ − = 0.75
2000 2000 2000

20. Five hundred employees were selected from a city’s large private companies, and they were
asked whether they have any retirement benefits provided by their companies. The following
two-way classification table was prepared, based on the information.
Have retirement benefits
Yes No
Men 225 75
Women 150 50
If one employee is randomly selected from these 500 employees, find the probability
that this employee:
a) has retirement benefits?
b) is a man?
c) is a woman given that the employee has no retirement benefits?
d) is a man and has no retirement benefits?
e) has retirement benefits or is a woman?

Have retirement benefits

Yes No Total
Men 225 75 300
Women 150 50 200
Total 375 125 500
375 300
a. 500
b. 500
𝑃(𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡)
c. 𝑃(𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛ǀ𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡) = 𝑃(𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡)
50
125
75
d. 500
 e. (ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛) = 𝑝(ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡) + 𝑝(𝑎 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛) −
𝑝(ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛)
375 200 150
+ − = 0.85
500 500 500
21. A random sample of 250 adults was taken, and they were asked whether they prefer
watching sports or opera on television. The following table gives the two – way classification
of these adults.
Prefer watching sport Prefer watching opera Total
Male 104 18 122
Female 55 73 128
Total 159 91 250

a. If one adult is selected at random from this group, find the probability that this adult:
(i) Prefers watching opera
(ii) Is a male
(iii) Prefers watching sports given that the adult is a female
(iv) Is a male given that he prefers watching sports?
(v) Is a female and prefers watching opera?
(vi) Prefers watching sports or is a male
b. Are the events “female” and “prefers watching sports “independent”? Are they
mutually exclusive? why or why not?
a.
91
i. 250
122
ii.
250
𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) 55
iii. 𝑃(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡ǀ𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) = =
𝑝(𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) 128
𝑝(𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) 104
iv. 𝑃(𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒ǀ𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡)
= 159
73
v. 𝑝(𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎) =
250
vi. 𝑃(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) = 𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) +
𝑝(𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) − 𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒)
159 122 104
= 250 + 250 − 250 = 0.708 ×

b. The event female and prefer watching sport are not independent or mutually
exclusive. This is because the two events have an intersection = 55/250

22. A person owns a collection of 30 CD’s, of which 5 are country music. If 2 CDs are selected
at random, find the probability that both are country music.
5 5
30
× 30 = 0.03

23. A box containing 20 DVDs, 4 of which are defective. If two DVDs are selected at random
 (without replacement) from this box, what is the probability that both are defective?

4 3
20
× 19 = 0.03

24. Two balls are drawn in succession, without replacement, from a box containing 3 blue and 2
white balls. Draw a tree diagram and find the probability of
(a) Drawing two white balls.
(b) A white ball followed by a blue ball.
(c) one of the balls is white (d) At least one ball is blue.

25. Two fruits are drawn in succession, without replacement, from a box containing 20 apples
and 10 oranges. Draw a tree diagram and find the probability of:
a. Drawing two oranges
b. An apple followed by an orange.
26. An office building has two fire detectors. The probability that any fire detector of this type
will fail to go off during a fire is 0.02. Find the probability that both fire detectors will fail to go
off in case of a fire.

27. The probability that any given person is allergic to a certain drug is 0.03. What is the
probability that none of three randomly selected persons is allergic to this drug? Assume all
three people are independent.

28. In a group of 10 people, 4 have a Type A personality and 6 have Type B personality. If two
persons are selected at random from this group, what is the probability that the first of them
 has Type A personality and second has Type B personality? Draw a Tree diagram for this
problem.

Worksheet 9 ANSWERS
Permutations & Combinations
a) What is permutation? Permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a few objects
taken some or all at a time.
b) What is a combination? A combination is a selection of some or all of a number of different
objects. It is an unordered collection of unique sizes.
1. State the multiplication principle for counting in your own words.

A way of determining the total number of possible outcomes for two or more separate
choices. Example: rolling some dice; tossing a coin.

2.
3.

4. A particular new car model is available in five choices of color, three choices of
transmission, four types of interiors, and two types of engines. How many different
variations of this model car are possible?
Answer: 5 colors x 3 transmission x 2 engine x 4 interior
=5x3x2x4
= 120 variations of this car model can be made.

5. A deli serves sandwiches with the following options: three kinds of bread, five kinds of
meat, and lettuce or sprouts. How many different sandwiches are possible, assuming one
item is used out of each category.
Answer: 3 kinds of bread x 5 kinds of meat x 2 kinds of vegetables.
=3x5x2
= 30 different sanswiches are possible.

6. In a horse race, how many different finishes among the first three places are possible for a
10-horse race? Excluding ties.
7. In a long-distance foot race, how many different finishes among the first five places are
possible for a 50-person race? Excluding ties.

8. How many ways can a subcommittee of three people be selected from a committee of
seven people? How many ways can a president, vice-president, and secretary be chosen
from a committee of seven people?

9. Suppose nine cards are numbered with the nine digits from 1 to 9. A three-card hand is
dealt, one card at a time. How many hands are possible where:
A) Order is taken into consideration.
B) Order is not taken into consideration.
10. There are 10 teams in a league. If each team is to play every other team exactly once, how
many games must be scheduled.

11. Given seven points, no three of which are on a straight line, how many lines can be drawn
joining two points at a time?

12. How many four-letter code words are possible from the first six letters of the alphabet, with
no letter repeated? Allowing letters to repeat?
13. How many five-letter code words are possible from the first seven letters of the alphabet,
with no letter repeated? Allowing letters to repeat?

14. A combination lock has five wheels, each labelled with the 10 digits from 0 to 9. How many
opening combinations of five numbers are possible, assuming no digit is repeated?
Assuming digits can be repeated?

15. A small combination lock on a suitcase has three wheels, each labelled with digits from 0 to
9. How many different license plates are possible if each contains three letters followed by
three digits?

16. How many different licensed plates are possible if each contains different letters followed
by three digits? How many of these license plates contain no repeated letters and no
repeated digits?
17. How many five-digit zip codes are possible? How many of these codes contain no repeated
digits?

18. A catering service offers eight appetizers, ten main courses, and seven desserts. A banquet
chairperson is to select three appetizers, four main courses, and two desserts for a
banquet. How many ways can this be done?

19. Three research departments have 12, 15, and 18 members, respectively. If each department
is to select a delegate and an alternate to represent the department at a conference, how
many ways can this be done?
20. A sporting goods store has 12 pairs of ski gloves of 12 different brands thrown loosely in a
bin. The gloves are all the same size. In how many ways can a left-hand glove and a right-
hand glove be selected that do not match relative to brand?

21. A sporting goods store has six pairs of running shoes of six different styles thrown loosely in
a basket. The shoes are all the same size. In how many ways can a left shoe and a right shoe
be selected that do not match?

22. Eight distinct points are selected on the circumference of a circle. a. How many chords can
be drawn by joining the points in all possible ways? b. How many triangles can be drawn
using these eight points as vertices? c. How many quadrilaterals can be drawn using these
eight points as vertices?
 Worksheet 10 ANSWERS
Vectors.

1.

2.
3.
4.
i). Find ‖𝐮‖, ‖𝐯‖, ‖2𝐮‖, ‖ 1/2 𝐯‖, ‖𝐮 + 𝐯‖, ‖𝐮 − 𝐯‖, and ‖𝐮‖ − ‖𝐯‖
a. 𝐮 = 2𝐢 + 𝐣, 𝐯 = 3𝐢 − 2𝐣
b. 𝐮 = −2𝐢 + 3𝐣, 𝐯 = 𝐢 − 2𝐣
c. 𝐮 = 〈−6, 6〉, 𝐯 = 〈−2, −1〉
d. 𝐮 = 〈10, −1〉, 𝐯 = 〈−2, −2〉
ii). Find a unit vector in the direction of 𝐢 − 6j.
iii). What is a unit vector which has the same direction as r =〈−3,2〉?
5. Find the horizontal and vertical components of the vector with given length and direction,
and write the vector in terms of the vectors i and j
a. ‖𝐮‖ = 40, 𝜃 = 30°
b. ‖𝐮‖ = 50, 𝜃 = 120°
c. ‖𝐮‖ = ξ3, 𝜃 = 300°
d. ‖𝐮‖ = 4, 𝜃 = 10°

6. Find the magnitude and direction (in degrees) of the vector.

a. 𝐯 = 〈3, 4〉
√2 √2
b. 𝐯 = 〈− 2
,− 2 〉
c. 𝐯 = 〈40, 9〉
d. 𝐮 = 〈−12, 5〉
e. 𝐯 = 𝐢 + √3𝐣
f. 𝐯 = 𝐢 + 𝐣
7. Find: (i) u. v (ii) the angle between 𝐮 and 𝐯 to the nearest degree.
a. 𝐮 = 〈2, 0〉, 𝐯 = 〈1, 1〉
b. 𝐮 = 𝐢 + √3𝐣, 𝐯 = −√3𝐢 + 𝐣
c. 𝐮 = 〈−6, 6〉, 𝐯 = 〈1, −1〉
d. 𝐮 = 〈3, −2〉, 𝐯 = 〈1, 2〉
e. 𝐮 = 2𝐢 + 𝐣, 𝐯 = 3𝐢 − 2𝐣
f. 𝐮 = −5𝐣, 𝐯 = −𝐢 − √3𝐣
g. 𝐮 = 𝐢 + 𝐣, 𝐯 = 𝐢 − 𝐣
h. 𝐮 = 3𝐢 + 4𝐣, 𝐯 = −2𝐢 – 𝐣
8. Determine whether the given vectors are perpendicular.
a. 𝐮 = 〈0, −5〉, 𝐯 = 〈4, 0〉
b. 𝐮 = 〈6,4〉, 𝐯 = 〈−2, 3〉
c. 𝐮 = 〈−2, 6〉, 𝐯 = 〈4, 2〉
d. 𝐮 = 2𝐢, 𝐯 = −7𝐣
e. 𝐮 = 4𝐢, 𝐯 = −𝐢 + 3𝐣
f. 𝐮 = 2𝐢 − 8𝐣, 𝐯 = −12𝐢 − 3𝐣
Note: if u.v = 0, then u and v are perpendicular!

9. Given vectors: a = 2i + 5j and b = 4i – 3j.

Find:
a) a + b
 b) a − b
c) 3a – 2b
d) ‖𝐚‖, ‖𝐛‖
e) a. b
f) the angle between a and b

10. Fill in the blanks:

i) A vector in three dimensions can be written in either of the two forms: In coordinate form as
𝐚 = 〈𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3 〉 or in terms of the unit vectors 𝒊,𝒋, 𝒌 as a=______________ So 〈4, −2, 4〉 =
__________________ and 7𝐣 − 24𝐤 = 〈 , , 〉.

ii) The magnitude of the vector a is ‖𝐚‖ =____________________

Find the magnitude of the given vector:
a. 〈−2, 1, 2〉
b. 〈5, 0, −12〉
 c. 〈1, −6, 2√2
d. 〈3, 5, −4〉

11.Find the vectors 𝐮 + 𝐯, 𝐮 − 𝐯, and 3u – 1/2v.

a. 𝐮 = 〈2, −7, 3〉, 𝐯 = 〈0, 4, −1〉
b. 𝐮 = 〈0, 1, −3〉, 𝐯 = 〈4, 2, 0〉
c. 𝐮 = 〈a, 2b, 3c〉, 𝐯 = 〈−4a, b, −2c〉
d. 𝐮 = 𝐢 + 𝐣, 𝐯 = −𝐣 – 2k

12. a) Given that 𝒂 =i−2j+3k, find the unit vector

i) In the same direction to 𝒂
ii) In the opposite direction to 𝒂
b) Given that u =3i+2j−k and v =i−3j+2k, find the unit vector in the direction of u−2v.
c) Express the given vector in terms of the unit vectors i, j, and k.
a. 〈12, 0, 2〉
b. 〈0, −3, 5〉
c. 〈−a, 1/3a, 4〉
d. 〈3, −3, 0〉
13. Two vectors u and v are given. Find their dot product u. v.
a. 𝐮 = 〈−3, 0, 4〉, 𝐯 = 〈2, 4, 1/2 〉
b. 𝐮 = 〈2, 5, 0〉, 𝐯 = 〈 1/2, −1, 10〉
c. 𝐮 = 3𝐣 − 2𝐤, 𝐯 = 5/6 𝐢 + 3/2 𝐣 − 𝐤
d. 𝐮 = 6𝐢 − 4𝐣 − 2𝐤, 𝐯 = 5/6 𝐢 + 3/2 𝐣 – 𝐤
14. Determine whether the given vectors are perpendicular.
a. 〈4, −2, − 4〉, 〈1, −2, 2〉
b. 𝟒𝐣 − 𝐤, 𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 9𝐤
c. 〈0.3, 1.2, −0.9〉, 〈10, −5, 10〉
d. 〈x, −2x, 3x〉, 〈5, 7, 3〉

15.Two vectors u and v are given.

Find the angle (expressed in degrees) between u and v
a. 𝐮 = 〈4, 0, 2〉, 𝐯 = 〈2, −1, 0〉
b. 𝐮 = 〈2, −2, −1〉, 𝐯 = 〈1, 2, 2〉
c. 𝐮 = 𝐣 + 𝐤, 𝐯 = 𝐢 + 2𝐣 − 3𝐤
d. 𝐮 = 𝐢 + 2𝐣 − 2𝐤, 𝐯 = 4𝐢 − 3𝐤
16. For the given vectors a and b, find the cross product a x b:
a. 𝐚 = 〈1, 0, −3〉, 𝐛 = 〈2, 3, 0〉
b. 𝐚 = 〈0, −4, 1〉, 𝐛 = 〈1, 1, −2〉
c. 𝐚 = 〈−2, 3, 4〉, 𝐛 = 〈 1/6 , − 1/4 , − 1/3 〉
d. 𝐚 = 〈6, −2, 8〉, 𝐛 = 〈−9, 3, −12〉
e. 𝐚 = 3𝐢 − 𝐣, 𝐛 = −3𝐣 + 𝐤
f. 𝐚 = 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤, 𝐛 = 3𝐢 − 4𝐤
17. Two vectors, a and b, are given.
a) find the vector perpendicular to both a and b.
b) find a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b
a. 𝐚 = 〈1, 1, −1〉, 𝐛 = 〈−1, 1, −1〉
b. 𝐚 = 〈2, 5, 3〉, 𝐛 = 〈3, −2, −1〉
c. 𝐚 = 3𝐣 + 5𝐤, 𝐛 = −𝐢 + 2𝐤
d. 𝐚 = 1/2 𝐢 − 𝐣 + 2/3 𝐤, 𝐛 = 6𝐢 − 12𝐣 − 6𝐤
18. Given vectors: a = 3i – 2j + 5k and b = 4i – 3j + 2k.
Find
a) a + b
b) a − b
c) 3a – 2b
d) ‖𝐚‖, ‖𝐛‖
e) 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃
f) the angle between a and b
19. Find the parametric, symmetric and vector equation of the line passing through the given
point and parallel to the given vector.
a) P (1, −2, 4); a =2i + 4j − 4k
b) Q (5, −3, −4); b =2i − j + 3k
c) R (1, −2, 4); v =2i + 4j − 4k
20. Find the parametric and symmetric equations of the line passing through the given points:
a) P (3, 1, −2) and Q (−2, 7, −4)
b) A (5, −2, 4) and B (2, 6, 1)
c) R (2, 0, 5) and S (−6, 0, 3)