UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECH 232 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

MODULE 1: SIMPLE STRESS

UNIT 1: NORMAL STRESS

Prepared by:
Brian Jhay Guzman, CE, RMP, ME-1
 UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this unit, here are the following desired learning outcomes:
✘ Define simple stress.
✘ Compute for normal stress.

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 RECALL
COMPRESSIVE FORCE TENSILE FORCE
(COMPRESSION) (TENSION)
If a structure member is subjected When a pull is applied on a
to two equal and opposite pushes structural member, it tends to
and the member tends to elongate/increase in length, pull is
shorten/decrease in length, known as tensile force.
member is said to be in
compression.

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 RECALL
EXTERNAL FORCE INTERNAL FORCE
This force is applied to externally to This force is developed into the
a body. body to resist the deformation or
change of shape of the body

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 Discussion
A body subjected to external forces develops an
associated system of internal forces. To analyze the
strength of any structural element it is necessary to
describe the intensity of those internal forces, which
represents a particularly significant quantity.

Consider one of the isolated segments of a body in

equilibrium under the action of a system of forces,
as shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2. An element of area
ΔA, positioned on an interior surface passing
through a point O, is acted upon by force ΔF . Let
the origin of the coordinate axes be located at O,
with x normal and y, z tangent to ΔA. Generally ΔF
does not lie along x, y, or z. Components of ΔF
parallel to x, y, and z are also indicated in the
figure.

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 Simple Stress
The condition under which the stress is constant or uniform at a section within a body
is known as simple stress. In many load-carrying members, the internal actions on an
imaginary cutting plane consist of either only the axial force or only the shear force.
Examples of such elements include cables, simple truss members, centrally loaded
brace rods and bars, and bolts, pins, and rivets connecting two members. In these
bodies, the values of the simple normal stress and shearing stress associated with
each action can be approximated directly from the definition of stress and the
conditions of equilibrium.

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NORMAL STRESS

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EXAMPLE 1. 𝜎=
𝑃
𝐴

A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 1 400000 𝑁

mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine 𝜋 𝐷 − 10000 =
4 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎
the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is
limited to 120 MN/m2.
1 400000 𝑁
𝜋 𝐷 − 10000 =
4 120 𝑥10 𝑃𝑎
Given:
𝑃 = 400kN = 400,000N 1 400000 𝑁
𝜎 = 120MPa 𝜋 𝐷 − 10000 =
4 120 𝑥10 𝑃𝑎
Required:
Outside Diameter, D 400,000 + 300,000𝜋
𝐷 =
30𝜋

Solution:
𝐷 = 119.35mm

1 1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷 − 𝜋(100 )
4 4

1
𝐴 = 𝜋(𝐷 − 10000)
4 8
EXAMPLE 2. 𝜎=
𝑃
𝐴
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at
either end by a cable as shown in Fig. P-105. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒:
Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the
𝑃
stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 𝐴 =
MPa in steel. 𝜎
3924 𝑁
𝐴 =
90 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solution:
𝑃 𝑃 𝐴 = 43.6mm
𝐴 = ;𝐴 =
𝜎 𝜎 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒:
𝑃
Solve for 𝑃 and 𝑃 𝐴 =
𝜎
3924 𝑁
𝑊 = 800 9.81 = 7848 𝑁 𝐴 =
120 𝑀𝑃𝑎
By symmetry:
𝐴 = 32.7mm
1
𝑃 = 𝑃 = 7848
Given: 2
𝑚 = 800 kg
𝜎 = 120MPa 𝑃 = 3924 N
𝜎 = 120MPa
Required: 𝑃 = 3924 N
𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 9
EXAMPLE 3. Given: 𝜎=
𝑃
𝐴
𝜎 = 140MPa
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a 𝜎 = 90MPa
steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in Fig. P-108. 𝜎 = 100MPa
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a Required:
stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or 𝑃
in bronze of 100 MPa.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙: 𝐹 =0
𝑃 =𝐴 𝜎
𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑨𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒂𝒍 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒃𝒓 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑃 =𝐴 𝜎 𝑃 − 4𝑃 + 𝑃 − 2𝑃 = 0
𝑃 =𝐴 𝜎 𝑃 = 5𝑃 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝟒𝑷 𝑷 𝟐𝑷
𝟓𝑷 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠:
𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎 1. 𝟓 𝒎

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒: 𝐹 =0
𝑷𝒃𝒓 = 𝟐𝑷 𝟐𝑷
𝑃 − 2𝑃 = 0
𝑃 = 2𝑃 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑷𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷 𝑷 𝟐𝑷 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚: 𝐹 =0

𝑃 + 𝑃 − 2𝑃 = 0
𝑃 = 𝑃 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑷𝒔𝒕 = 𝟓𝑷 𝟒𝑷 𝑷 𝟐𝑷

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EXAMPLE 3. …continued 𝜎=
𝑃
𝐴
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒:
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a 𝑃 =𝐴 𝜎
steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in Fig. P-108. 2𝑃 = 200 𝑚𝑚 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. 𝑃 = 10,000 𝑁
Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a
stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or
in bronze of 100 MPa. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚:
𝑃 =𝐴 𝜎
𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑨𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 𝑃 = 400 𝑚𝑚 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒂𝒍 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒃𝒓 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑃 = 36,000 𝑁

𝟒𝑷 𝑷 𝟐𝑷 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙:
𝟓𝑷 𝑃 =𝐴 𝜎
𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎 1. 𝟓 𝒎
𝑃 = 500 𝑚𝑚 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 14,000 𝑁

𝑷𝒃𝒓 = 𝟐𝑷 𝟐𝑷
Since this is an analysis
problem, choose the
𝑷𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷 𝑷 𝟐𝑷 smallest of the values
for the system.
Therefore,

𝑷𝒔𝒕 = 𝟓𝑷 𝟒𝑷 𝑷 𝟐𝑷
𝑃 = 10,000 𝑁
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 Let’s review some concepts

“The internal “Simple stress can “For normal

resisting force is used only occur when stress, the force is
in the computation of the stress is
simple stress.”
always
constant or perpendicular to
uniform throughout
the cross
the body.”
sectional area.”

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 thanks!
Any questions?

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 Credits
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