Earth Science- Grade 11

I. Introductory Concept

Rocks and minerals are all around us. Rocks are defined as solid mass of
geological materials which include mineral crystals, organic and inorganic materials.
Rocks are made up of different types of minerals. Minerals are everywhere, from
gemstones in jewelry, to marbles in buildings, to microprocessors in computers.
Every single item going into our house nowadays is a product of mining rocks and
minerals. Rocks and minerals play a valuable role in natural systems as well as it
contributes to the beauty and wonderment of the surroundings.

In this Simplified Module Intended for Learning Encounters (SMILE) Learner’s

Packet, you will learn more about classification of rocks and minerals important to
society.

II. Learning Competencies

 Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
 Identify the minerals important to society. (S11ES-Ic-7)

III. Activities
ACTIVITY 1 YOU ROCK MY WORLD!
Directions. Study the rock samples below. Determine the rock being described in
the statements below. Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number (For items 1-5 only).

A B C

_______ 1. It is made out of sand, shells, pebbles and other materials such as coal.
_______ 2. It has ribbon-like layer caused by the heat or pressure.
_______ 3. Fossils are usually found in this rock.
_______ 4. It forms when magma cools and hardens.
_______ 5. It has bands of minerals over their surfaces known better as foliations.

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 6. Which picture illustrates igneous rock? Sedimentary rock? Metamorphic rock?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. Differentiate igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Take your answers

from the descriptions above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2 LET ME KNOW THE DIFFERENCE!

Directions. Differentiate igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks using the

Venn diagram.

Igneous Sedimentary

Metamorphic

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 Analysis
Directions. Create a concept map on Rocks and Its Classifications by completing
the
concept map below. Choose your answers from the box below.

Concept Mapping: Rocks & Its Classifications

Rocks

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Pressure Biological matter Lava cools quickly

Clastic Maybe vesicular Compacted sediments

Extrusive Classified by size Contains air bubbles

Rocks Large crystals form Small or no crystals form

heat Evaporates Magma cools slowly

Contact Building blocks of Classified on how they

are formed
Intrusive Non-clastic

Mineral Regional Precipitates

Forms from cooling and Rocks change due to Generally forms from the
solidification of lava or temperature and/or compaction and
magma pressure change cementation of sediments

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 Abstraction

A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. It can be monomineralic or

polymineralic. A monomineralic rock is composed of one type of mineral only.
Examples are marble (made up of calcite) and quartzite (made up of silicon dioxide).
While a polymineralic rock is composed of more than one type of mineral. Example is
granite (made up of quartz and feldspar). Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary are
the three types of rocks.

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS - are formed when magma have cooled down. There are
two types of igneous rocks: intrusive or plutonic and extrusive or volcanic.
 Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface, and the slow
cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form. Examples of
intrusive igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and
peridotite.
 Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to
form small crystals. Examples include basalt, rhyolite, andesite, dacite,
pumice, scoria, komatiite and obsidian.

2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - are formed by the accumulation of other eroded

substances. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks.
 Clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone,
mudstone, siltstone, and shale are formed from mechanical weathering
debris.
 Chemical sedimentary rocks, such as halite, iron ore, chert, flint,
some dolomites, gypsum, and some limestones, form when dissolved
materials precipitate from solution.
 Organic sedimentary rocks such as coal, some dolomites, and
some limestones, form from the accumulation of plant or animal debris.

3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS - are formed when rocks change their original

shape and form due to intense heat or pressure. There are two basic types of
metamorphic rocks.
 Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist,
and slate have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed pressure.
 Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels, marble, quartzite, and
novaculite do not have a layered or banded appearance.

Application
Directions. Classify the sample rocks according to its sub-type. For Igneous rocks:
intrusive or extrusive, for sedimentary: clastic, chemical or organic and
for
metamorphic: foliated or non-foliated. Write your answers on the space
provided for each type of rock.

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 Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks

___________
___________ __________

___________

___________ __________
___________

___________ __________ ___________

ACTIVITY 3 ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Directions. Read the information below. Then, fill up the table with the needed
information.

Do you know that the Philippines has large reserves of various kinds of
minerals? In fact, it is the fifth richest country in the world in terms of minerals, such
as gold, nickel, copper, and chromite. The reason for this abundance is its location
along the circum-Pacific Rim, where the processes of volcanism and plate
convergence caused the deposition of both metallic and non-metallic

The country’s mineral resources were estimated and valued around USD1.32
trillion worth of untapped mineral wealth from metallic and nonmetallic minerals
(Australian Trade and Investment Commision, 2021).

The metallic minerals include gold, copper, nickel, chromite and iron.
Benguet, Masbate, Camarines Norte, Compostela Valley, Agusan del Sur, and
Surigao del Norte have large deposits of gold and silver, Copper with gold and silver
deposits are found in Benguet, Cebu, Zamboanga del Norte and Nueva Viscaya,
Chromite deposits are located in Surigao del Norte and Samar. Large deposits of
nickel are found in Palawan, Zambales, Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur, as
well as Dinagat Island. Iron deposits are located in Leyte, Bulacan, Camarines Sur,
and Zamboanga.

The nonmetallic minerals include limestone, marble, gravel and sand, and
other quarry materials. Limestone deposits are found in Guimaras Island, La Union,

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 and Pangasinan and largest marble deposits is found in Romblon-the marble capital
of the Philippines. Cobrador Island has deposits of rare black gold and green
marbles.

Places in the Philippines

MINERALS Uses
abundant of these deposits
a. Metallic

b. Non-Metallic

Analysis
Directions: Answer the questions that follow.

1. What is the economic importance of these minerals?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Other than as jewelry, why is gold important to society?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

The earth’s crust is composed of many kinds of rocks, each of which is an

aggregate of one or more minerals. In geology, the term mineral describes any
naturally-occurring solid substance with a specific composition and crystal structure.
It is a pure inorganic substance that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust.

TYPES OF MINERALS & ITS ECONOMIC VALUE

Minerals that are of economic value can be classified as metallic or

nonmetallic. Metallic minerals are those from which valuable metals (e.g. iron,
copper) can be extracted for commercial use. Some important metallic minerals are:
hematite (a source of iron), bauxite (a source of aluminum), sphalerite (a source of
zinc) and galena (a source of lead). Metallic minerals occasionally but rarely occur as
a single element (e.g. native gold or copper).

Nonmetallic minerals are valuable, not for the metals they contain, but for
their properties as chemical compounds. Because they are commonly used in
industry, they are also often referred to as industrial minerals. They are classified

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 according to their use. Some industrial minerals are used as sources of important
chemicals (e.g. halite for sodium chloride and borax for borates). Some are used for
building materials (e.g. gypsum for plaster and kaolin for bricks). Others are used for
making fertilizers (e.g. apatite for phosphate and sylvite for potassium). Still others
are used as abrasives (e.g. diamond and corrundum).

TOP 10 MINERALS THAT HOLD THE KEYS TO LIFE IN THE 21st CENTURY

1. COPPER is the most vital mineral to modern life, used in everything from
electrical wiring in households and cars to the saucepans in our kitchens.
2. PLATINUM serves a critical role in the circuit boards of medical apparatus,
electrical and household gadgets, including fiber optic cables for
telecommunication devices. The metal is also critical in keeping people alive,
serving a huge role in pacemakers to transmit electrical impulses to stabilize
heartbeats.
3. IRON ORE is fundamental in creating railway tracks, which have long been a
central part of daily life. Not only do they connect families and communities
together, but they serve business by transporting products, services and freight
needed to power the world.
4. SILVER known for its rarity and value, silver has many uses in our modern day
lives. Traditionally, used for jewelry and silverware, the precious metal is also
resistant to corrosion and oxidation. Making it extremely useful for other
industries. In addition, silver is the best thermal and electrical conductor of all the
metals. Beat that, Gold!
5. GOLD is the clear breadwinner when it comes to value. The precious metal,
which is basically worshipped across the global, is primarily used for luxury
purposes such as jewelry.
6. COBALT is estimated to become the commodity of the future as it is widely
expected to be used in the company’s new Powerwall innovation. This lustrous,
silvery blue metal is magnetic and is often alloyed with aluminum and nickel to
make powerful magnets.
7. BAUXITE is formed from a laterite soil that has been severely leached of silica
and other soluble materials in a wet tropical or subtropical climate. It is widely
used to make modern life work. It is primarily used to create aluminum.
8. LITHIUM a soft silvery metal, the lowest density of all metals and is often alloys
with aluminum and magnesium to improve their strength, including making them
lighter. Used in everything from mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras and
electric vehicles. It is one of the most popular metals used in today’s modern life.
In fact, with the rise in popularity for electric cars, the global consumption for
lithium has more than doubled since 2012.
9. ZINC along with health reasons, zinc is vital for modern life because of its
resistance to corrosion. It is used to make many useful alloys including lead, tin,
brass and copper. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof
cladding and die castings.
10. POTASH plays a central role in helping feed the ever-growing population. About
95% of the world’s potash production is used as fertilizers, with the remaining
amount used for various chemicals. Derived from “pot ash”, which refers to plant
ashes soaked in water in a pot.

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 Application

Directions. Identify the kitchen materials labelled 1-14. Give the minerals present
on it.
Figure 1. Mineral Use in the Kitchen

(Source: https://prd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/
s3fs public/thumbnails/image/kitchen.png)

Materials Mineral Content/Composition

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
IV. Answer Key

Activity 1 YOU ROCK MY WORLD!

1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B
6. Igneous rock – Picture C
Sedimentary – Picture A
Metamorphic – Picture B

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 7. Igneous rock – forms when magma cools and hardens.
Sedimentary rock - made out of sand, shells, pebbles and other material.
Fossils are usually found in this rock.
Metamorphic rock - has bands of minerals over their surfaces known better
as foliations.
Activity 2 LET ME KNOW THE DIFFERENCE!
Answers may vary.

Analysis

Application
Igneous rock – Intrusive, Extrusive, Extrusive
Sedimentary rock – Chemical, Organic, Clastic
Metamorphic rock – Non-foliated, Foliated, Foliated, Non-foliated

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 Activity 3 ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Places in the Philippines
MINERALS Uses
abundance of this deposits
a. Metallic
Benguet, Masbate, Camarines
Norte, Compostela Valley, Jewelries
Gold and Silver
Agusan del Sur, and Surigao del Electrical conductor
Norte
Electrical conductor
Copper with Gold Benguet, Cebu, Zamboanga del
Jewelries
and Silver Norte and Nueva Viscaya

used in manufacturing stainless

Chromite Surigao del Norte and Samar
steel
Palawan, Zambales, Surigao del used in batteries
Norte and Surigao del Sur, as used in boat propeller shafts
Nickel well as Dinagat Island and turbine blades
Leyte, Bulacan, Camarines Sur,
Iron used to manufacture steel
and Zamboanga
b. Non-Metallic
Guimaras Island, La Union, and used as building materials
Limestone
Pangasinan major ingredient in toothpaste
used principally for buildings
and monuments, interior
Romblon
Marble decoration, statuary, table tops,
and novelties

Analysis
1. Minerals are important sources of energy for humans. Various metals are
produced with minerals. They are the raw materials for the manufacturing of
many chemicals.
2. Statistically worldwide, approximately 50% of produced gold is used in jewelry.
The remaining 40% is used for financial investments and the remaining 10% in
industry. Due to its limited supply and high value, gold has been long used as a
medium of exchange or money. Many governments use gold bars or bullion as a
financial backing for currencies. A country’s gold bullion reserve is equated to the
wealth of the country. Several properties of gold including its malleability, good
conductivity and general resistance to corrosion and oxidation made it very
important in the electronics industry, primarily as connectors, switch and relay
contacts, soldered joints and connecting strips. These can be found in almost
every sophisticated electronic device.
Application
1. RADIO: Includes aluminum, copper, gold, iron, and petroleum products.
2. TOASTER: Includes copper, iron, nickel, mica, chromium, and petroleum
products
3. ELECTRICAL WIRING: Includes copper, aluminum and petroleum
products

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 4. MICROWAVE: Includes copper, gold, iron, nickel and silica
5. STOVE: Includes aluminum, copper, iron, nickel, and silica
6. REFRIGERATOR: Includes aluminum, copper, iron, nickel, and petroleum
products.
7. TABLE SALT: Includes Halite; light salt can be made from sylvite. Most
salt has added iodine.
8. PLATES: Include clays, silica and feldspar.
9. CUTLERY: Includes iron, nickel, silver and chromium.
10. CLOCK: Includes iron, nickel, petroleum products and silica.
11. STAINLESS STEEL SINK: Includes iron and nickel
12. BLACKBOARD: Includes clays. Chalk includes limestone or petroleum
products.
13. MAGNET: Includes cobalt
14. DISH RACK: Made of petroleum products

V. Reflection
Directions. Give your insights by completing the following sentence prompts.

I have learned that ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
I wish to ask my teacher about _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________

VI. References
Bayagosa, J.C. 2020. Minerals Important to Society. Legazpi City: Department of
Education- Region V
Povadora, M.B.2020.Rocks and Minerals. Legazpi City: Department of Education-
Region V
Australians, For, For Exporters, Export markets, and Countries economies. "Mining -
Philippines - For Australian Exporters". Austrade.Gov.Au, 2021.
https://www.austrade.gov.au/australian/export/export-markets/countries/philippines/
industries/mining.
https://prd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs
public/thumbnails/image/kitchen.png

Development Team of the SMILE Learner’s Packet

Writers/ Layout Artists: Nikki Faith A. Bantillo

Madilyn B. Povadora
Validators: Manuel F. Teodoro
Elenita P. Fabella
Filomena R. Dela Peṅa

QA Teams: Helen Z. Cornelio

Antonio G. Belmonte Jr.
Athina L. Camila
Hector M. Panti

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 (Science) Iriga City

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