Physiological Parameters of Rabbit

Bone Marrow Aspiration in Rabbits

Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure used to collect a sample of bone marrow for diagnostic
purposes. In rabbits, this technique is performed under sterile conditions and requires specific steps
to ensure safety and efficacy. Below is a summary of the procedure based on the provided search
results.
Procedure Overview
1. Preparation:
Anesthesia: Rabbits are typically anesthetized using a combination of xylazine and ketamine
administered intramuscularly to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
Sterilization: The collection site, usually the proximal humerus or femur, is clipped and scrubbed
for sterility.
2. Aspiration Technique:
Needle Selection: An 18-gauge Rosenthal pediatric needle or a similar device is used for the
aspiration.
Insertion: A small incision is made at the selected site, and the needle is inserted through the skin
and into the bone, passing through cortical bone to reach the medullary cavity.
Collection: Once the needle is seated, a syringe is attached, and negative pressure is applied to
draw out marrow fluid. The aspirate may appear as small yellow specks in the syringe.
3. Sample Handling:
Samples should be processed quickly to prevent clotting, which can degrade hematopoietic cells.
If not using EDTA, immediate smears should be prepared.
The aspirated marrow can be used for various analyses, including cytological examination and
culture.
Considerations
Recovery: Post-procedure recovery is generally rapid, with no significant complications such as
infection or loss of limb function reported after multiple aspirations in studies.
Volume of Aspirate: Approximately 2 times 108 mononuclear cells can be obtained from a small
volume of aspirated marrow (0.5 ml) using this method.
Alternative Sites: Besides the humerus, other sites like the femur or tibia can also be used for
aspiration in larger animals like rabbits.
Conclusion
Bone marrow aspiration in rabbits is a valuable technique for obtaining samples for diagnostic
purposes. Proper anesthesia, sterile techniques, and prompt processing of samples are essential for
successful outcomes in clinical and research settings.

2.332% = 23.32 mg/ml

5% = 50 mg/ml

1% = 10 mg/ml
 To perform ultrasonography on a rabbit for evaluating the urinary bladder and intestines,
follow these steps
Preparation
1. Equipment: Use a 5-, 7.5-, or 10-MHz convex, linear, or vector transducer for optimal
imaging of the urinary bladder and intestines.
2. Anesthesia: Consider mild sedation or anesthesia to minimize movement and stress in the
rabbit during the procedure.
3. Patient Preparation:
- Clip any fur over the abdomen to improve contact with the transducer.
- Apply a generous amount of ultrasonic gel to the skin to enhance sound wave transmission.

Ultrasonography Technique
1. Examining the Urinary Bladder
Positioning: Place the rabbit in a dorsal recumbent position (on its back).
Transducer Position:
Start with the transducer positioned longitudinally (in long axis) over the bladder area, typically
located caudal to the last two mammary chains.
Scanning Procedure:
Move the transducer cranially and caudally to visualize the entire bladder.
Rotate the transducer to obtain transverse (short axis) views of the bladder.
Carefully examine the trigone region where the ureters enter and assess for any abnormalities
such as wall thickening or fluid accumulation.
2. Examining the Intestines
Transducer Position:
Position the transducer along different segments of the abdomen to visualize various intestinal
loops.
Scanning Procedure:
Use both longitudinal and transverse views to assess intestinal wall thickness, peristalsis, and any
potential obstructions or abnormalities (e.g., gas patterns).
Look for signs of fluid accumulation or abnormal masses.
Observations
Urinary Bladder: Assess bladder wall thickness, shape, and any presence of calculi or other
abnormalities.
Intestinal Assessment: Evaluate wall layering, motility, and any signs of obstruction or
inflammation.
Post-Procedure Care
Monitor the rabbit for recovery from sedation if used, ensuring it returns to normal behavior and
eating patterns.
 ECG Performance in Rabbits
Electrocardiography (ECG) is a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing the electrical activity of
the heart in rabbits. The following details outline the procedure, technique, and expected
outcomes when performing an ECG on rabbits.
Procedure Overview
1. Equipment Needed:
- ECG machine with appropriate leads.
- Electrodes (preferably toothless alligator clips or adhesive pads).
- Ultrasonic gel (if using adhesive electrodes).
- Alcohol wipes for skin preparation.
2. Preparation:
Anesthesia/Sedation: While many rabbits tolerate the procedure while awake, mild sedation
may be necessary for fractious animals to minimize movement and stress. Avoid drugs that can
affect heart rate, such as α2 agonists or ketamine.
Positioning: Place the rabbit in sternal recumbency on a padded surface to ensure comfort.
3. Electrode Placement:
- Clean the skin where electrodes will be placed using alcohol wipes to reduce impedance.
- Attach electrodes as follows:
- Left Arm (LA): Proximal to the elbow on the left forelimb.
- Right Arm (RA): Proximal to the elbow on the right forelimb.
- Left Leg (LL): Proximal to the stifle on the left hind limb.
- Right Leg (RL): Proximal to the stifle on the right hind limb.
- Optionally, a thoracic lead can be used for additional views.
4. ECG Recording:
- Set the ECG machine to a sweep speed of 50 mm/s and an amplitude of 2 cm/mV for optimal
interpretation.
- Begin recording and allow at least 5 minutes of data collection to ensure adequate tracing.
Expected ECG Parameters
According to studies, normal ECG parameters in rabbits include:
- Heart Rate: 198 to 330 beats per minute.
- P Wave Duration: 0.01 to 0.05 seconds; Amplitude: 0.04 to 0.12 mV.
- P-R Interval: 0.04 to 0.08 seconds.
- QRS Complex Duration: 0.02 to 0.06 seconds; Amplitude of R wave: 0.03 to 0.39 mV.
- Q-T Interval: 0.08 to 0.16 seconds; T wave Amplitude: 0.05 to 0.17 mV.
- Mean Electrical Axis: -43° to +80°.
Interpretation and Considerations
- The ECG can help diagnose arrhythmias, conduction disturbances, and monitor cardiac health
during anesthesia or in cases of unexplained bradycardia or tachycardia.
- Interpretation requires expertise, as variations in heart rate and rhythm can occur due to stress
or underlying health issues.
 Butterfly Needle Use in Rabbit Ear Vein
1. Site of Access:
- The marginal ear vein is commonly used for intravenous injections and catheter placements
in rabbits due to its accessibility and visibility.
2. Technique:
- Preparation: Restrain the rabbit securely, and clean the area over the marginal ear vein with
an alcohol swab.
- Insertion:
- Use a butterfly needle (typically 21G or 22G) for easier handling and to reduce trauma to the
vein.
- Insert the needle at a slight angle (approximately 20-30 degrees) with the bevel facing up.
- Observe for a flash of blood in the tubing, indicating proper placement within the vein.
- Administration: Once confirmed, administer medications or fluids slowly while monitoring
for any adverse reactions.
3. Advantages:
- The butterfly needle allows for better control during administration and is less likely to cause
damage to the small veins compared to standard needles.
- It is particularly useful for administering larger volumes or repeated doses.
4. Considerations:
- Care must be taken to avoid complications such as hematoma or necrosis of the ear pinna,
which can occur if the technique is not performed correctly.
- Continuous monitoring is essential during and after administration to ensure proper venous
access and animal welfare.
 Jugular Vein Blood Collection in Rabbits
Procedure Overview
1. Indications:
- Blood collection for diagnostic testing, research studies, or pharmacokinetic evaluations.
2. Equipment Needed:
- 25G or 22G needle (depending on the size of the rabbit).
- Blood collection tubes.
- Alcohol swabs for skin preparation.
- Cotton balls or gauze for post-collection pressure.
- Anesthetic agent (if necessary).
3. Preparation:
- Animal Restraint: The rabbit should be gently restrained. Sedation may be used to minimize
stress and movement, especially if multiple samples are needed.
- Site Preparation: The neck area should be shaved and cleaned with an alcohol swab to reduce
the risk of infection.
4. Anatomical Location:
- The external jugular vein is typically located 2 to 4 mm lateral to the sternoclavicular
junction. It appears blue due to its proximity to the skin surface.
5. Technique:
- Position the rabbit in a comfortable position with the neck hyperextended.
- Insert the needle in a caudocephalic direction (back to front) at a shallow angle
(approximately 20-30 degrees) into the jugular vein.
- Withdraw blood slowly to avoid collapsing the vein; collect the required volume into the
blood collection tubes.
- If unsuccessful after three attempts, apply pressure to prevent bleeding and monitor for any
complications.
6. Post-Collection Care:
- Apply gentle pressure with cotton or gauze to the puncture site to stop any bleeding.
- Monitor the rabbit for any signs of distress or complications following the procedure.
Considerations
- Number of Attempts: Limit attempts to three per session to minimize trauma and stress.
- Volume Limits: Be cautious not to exceed recommended blood volume limits based on the
rabbit's size.
- Monitoring: Continuous monitoring during and after the procedure is essential for ensuring
animal welfare.