Chapter 1 CLOZE TEST / READING “Think Before you Speak Read. befomne you Think.” -Fran Lebowitz 1.1. INTRODUCTION aiso known as a reading comprehension test) is a versatile assessment tool used to evaluate derstanding of a passage or written text.” < filling gaps in a sentence or paragraph, often with words or phrases that have been remo se helps assess a persons understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and overall comprefrensi 1.2. TYPES OF CLOZE TEST There are several types of Cloze Tests that vary in termsof complexity and Jength. Some common types ze Tests indude: 1. Word Completion Test: In this type of test, the blank spaces in a passage are filled with a specific word or set of words, The task is to identify the correct words based on the context and sentence structure, 2 Word Association Test: This test involves providing a list of words and then asking individuals to complete the missing word or words from a sentence or paragraph. It measures the ability to connect words in a meaningful way. 3, Sentence Completion Test: This test requires individuals to complete the missing parts: of asentence or passage. It provides a meacure of vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension skills 4. Paragraph Completion Test: This test consists of a short passage with missing sentences or Paragraphs. Individuals have to read the passage and fil in the blank spaces with appropriate content. 5. Paragraph Completion Test with Constraints: This test adds additional constraints, such 33 be included in the missing sentences or Providing a specific word or set of words that must Paragraphs. It requires individuals to think creatively and strategically. 8HARAT-- English Language and Communication Skils-Il (Semester 3%)1.3. USES s, including: Joze tests can be used for various purposes, inc oe 2 commonly used to assess students’ comprehension skills in Cone tests a assessment Clo 5 “ ; subjects, such as English, Literature and History. e i ficieng , 1 They are used to evaluate an individuals language proficiency, bys 2. Langunge refine: They ae eto colt an ial nage Ete aig them gaps in sentences or para D : Cloze Tests can be used to develop language skills, including . Skill Development: Cloz F pemenan snd erical inking sil aba, 4. Background Knowledge: Cloze Tests can also access an individuals background ken 4 i ing questions related to specific topics or subjects. ledge 1.4. IMPORTANCE OF CLOZE TEST The importance of Cloze Tests in education are as follows: 1. Assessment Cloze Tests provide a reliable measure ofan individual's comprehension sil pg teachers evaluate students’ progress and identify areas for improvement. 2. Skill Development: Cloze Tests help develop vocabulary, grammar, and critical thinking sly providing individuals with opportunities to practice and apply their knowledge. 3. Background Knowledge: By including questions related to specific topics or subjects, claze tes an assess individuals background knowledge, helping educators tailor their instruction to meg! individual needs 1.5. CLOZE TEST / READING EXERCISES This Cloze Test / Reading exercise is designed to help improve our reading comprehension skills and test our ability to identity the missing words or phrases in a sentence. Each question will ask us to select the most suitable word or phrase from a list of options, Make sure to read the sentence carefully and select the most appropriate answer. ee Solved Exercises "(implementation of Cloze Test) cise 1 - Based on Word Completion Test The correct answer to each question should be selected from the given options. Take your time carefully consider the sentence and the information provided. The correct answer to each question can found below the list of options: 1, The cat gently the mouse and the mouse ran away. a. pounced on b chased snuck upon 4, cuddted 2, The young man the old lady's dog and the dog barked excitedly. a hugged petted c kicked 3. The scientist the experiment and the results were a.conducted b.executed performed 4. The bird ‘the nest and the baby birds chirped a. built b.constructed cmade 5. The sun the sky and the air was filled with a illuminated bi shone brightly clitup [BHARAT=- English Language an‘a beautiful metody on the piano, captivating the audience, c executed d.created hard during practice and they won the championship. d. prepared 6. The pianist 7. The baseball team Bitrained c. practiced the students on how to write a persuasive essay and they excelled. ed d.trained worked 8, The teacher truce Bitutored a delicious meal and everyone praised her culinary skitts. c. prepared r 9. The chef repared . cooked the story and sent it for publication in the newspaper. 10, The journalist d-crafted compose’ «compiled { Answers The cat gently cuddled the mouse and the mouse ran away. ‘The young man hugged the old tady’s dog and the dog barked excitedly. The scientist conducted the experiment and the results were surprising The bird buite the nest and the baby birds chirped happily. 5, The sun tit up the sky and the air was filled with a warm glow. 6. The pianist played a beautiful metody on the piano, captivating the audience. 7. The basebalt team practiced hard during practice and they won the championship, 8 9 ‘The teacher instructed the students on how to write a persuasive essay and they excelled, The chef prepared a delicious meal and everyone praised her culinary skills 410, The journalist wrote the story and sent it for publication in the newspaper. Exercise 2 ~ Based on Word Association Test 1. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear "table"? 2. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear “apple"? 3. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear "book"? 4. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear "house"? 5. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear “pen”? 6. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear "dog"? 7. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear “tree”? 8. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear “flower”? 9. What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear "sun"? 10, What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear ‘moon?0) litelong (6) narrow (a) rigueous th) enatess {eo} Chelunlwe (6) restricred: (b) academic (@) educational a cialtasrat 0) hoerogpereaus 49 inclusive (i) stratified 3.10) Financial 4 (einclusive t 1. lifelong: Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks in the following passage: Aneaithy litestyleis(1). woverallwelbheing.ftincludesa balanced (2). regular exercise, and stress management. Making healthy choices can help (3) the risk af chronic diseases and lenprove quality of life. (4) itis never toa late to start living @ healthier life. 1. (a} urreiated (6) ineorsequentiat 2 ay dier el chute Sah decrease (a) imensify 44a) Consequently (@) Therefore devices and enjoy quality (6) " the benefits of technology and real-world (8) =e 1. (a) evolution 2 (jean 5.) prevalence 4 (a) newfound 5.{a) easy 6.(3} solitude 7a) batance & (a) isolation 4.) unbalanced3 (a) prevalence 4.(@) newfound ask eet a) Balance ‘8:(t) connections Eg aticut 0) ncract 1 3 im Fill inthe blanks inthe following passage: aa anguage isa powerful tool for (1) thoughts and ideas Itallowsusto(2) 4 ¥ with others, share knowledge, and express our (3) and emotions. Efe 5 communication is (4) —Inboth personal and professional elationships, and it equ, not only speaking but alo ()____ ister Lisciemsing Benen (@ destroying (@ cotta 2) etconnect to) engage (@ isolate (@ forget 3 (a) ambitions (b) opinions (abilities (O) insights 4) optional ©) ielovane (0 essential (@ secondary S.(a) active (d) passive (Q setective (0) distracted Arse eee ‘1L() conveying 2. (©) engage 3.(b) opinions 4. (J essential 5. (a) active } Fill in the blanks in the following passage: Life's full of (1) and unexpected challenges, Whilesome people might (2) these challenges with fear and hesitation, others (3) them as opportunities for growth. (4) itis our response to adversity that shapes our character and defines our (5) 1.(@) difficutties (©) triumphs (© secrets (@) predictions 2. (a) embrace (b) avoid (© ignore (@) endure 3.(@ perceive (0) ignore (© confront (d) escape 4.(@) Nevertheless (0) Furthermore (©) Consequently @) Likewise 5.(@) destiny (0) journey (©) destination (@ past "| Answers ). Lea) dificutties —_2.(a)embrace 3,(a) perceive 4, (a)ne Reve Quetlor4 4 What is a Cloze Test? What is the purpose of a Cloze Test? What are the different types of Cloze Tests? pat are the uses of Cloze Tests? What roles do Cloze Tests play in language assessment?SUMMARIZATION ronany waiting i te an of cating the etence oa toy ina feu werds” ~ Edgar Allan Poe 2.1, INTRODUCTION a pmiarizing inolvescondensing or reducing a text or documentintaa shorter version without losing the main points and ideas. "tis a technique used to ‘present information in a concise. and catrerent manner” ‘The burhose of summarizing isto commuicate the essence of the oni ginal text in a more manageable ad understandable way There isa process that writers shguld use while dia ting 2 summary in order for it to be most helpful to ‘he reader. This chanter wil provide us handful formation sy ‘write.a summary. 2.2, IMPORTANCE OF SUMMARIZING 1 Saves time for both the reader and write 2 Enables: readers to navigate ‘through large amounts: of information efficiently: By reducing the Fale a esantil lemerts, readers ean priontize which pare they want to read or comprehend fully. This can be particularly useful when faced with large volumes oftext, such as acaclemic articles I research papers, or technical Feponts. 3. Useful tool for enhanci By focusing on the main icleas and the overall structure and content a ‘t easier to apply or build upon the) 2.3. STEPS OF SUMMARIZING Summarizing requires careful selection and tGanization of information, Following are some steps that, help to achieve effective summarizing: 8 Brana 3.1. Identify the Seapine di Srur Process oF SUMMARIZATION key points somes 3, Start with the 2. Break it down | Introduction } 4, Summarize the main 5. Include supporting points details 6. Conclude the 7. Check for summary clarity 7. Check for clarit interes to ensure that it isconcise, accurate, and easy to understand. a = Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 1, Original Text 1. "The Northern Lights" 2. ele eer ire colean. The-banda may begin as cloud shapes ant them > oe eee wri es The) 4 eset ges then suddenly dim. Time the sky glows wath een, vial g and) red Peer le call them. Mth fig Fok Scientists 7 yeans. They ane not Magee ites Wher. bse cctoe tes Le Bech iy it rene el Thy igi hath a in chen the ip Summary: ‘The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, are bands of colour in the night sky. Ancient that these lights were dragon on fire, and even modem scientists ata gecpe thous 2, Original Text; equipment is the just difenence felt at cet cee! 10 BHARAT™~Chapter 3.4. CC Aner systern te anther.” “Email is the method of exchanging messages from one syst is 3.1. INTRODUCTION Email or electronic mail is the method of sending messages/ emails saved on a computer/ mobile device from one userto one or more users via the Internet, Emails travel across different time zones within a snap of a finger and hence are considered an effective mode of communication for both personal and professional purposes. 3.2. WHAT DO YOU NEED TO SEND/RECEIVE AN EMAIL? To send an email, all you need is a valid email address, a computer or mobile device, an active internet connection, and the destination email address, 3.3. TYPES OF EMAIL ADDRESSES Emails can be used for personal and business purposes and the email usage. Professional email addresses can fall under two different categories: + User email address: For example, [email protected]. ‘+ Group email address: This is a common email address share organization. For example, the marketing team of an org iss the email address of a user/member in your organization > + Mme for "hh EMAIL Ay DRAFTING ANEMA, 1 ' EMAIL) “ i \ - > 3.5 address will vary based ont re in thei t 1 d between multiple members of #2. 3 janization may have many users and sending anemall 4 the team can be achieved by creating a gr One can create an email account easily Personal and professional services, However, to set up aj pr should buy a domain and then enable email hosting for th BHARAT™~ foup email address such as [email protected] by signing up with an email service provi. 33.4. COMPONENTS OF AN EMAIL An email comprises the be message envel e sending s fh the mail server decide fal information about the Jnown in the table omponents ails necessary sender and Jow ¢ sthede the 5 called ermal! metadata, cont iving server, It contains to deliver the emall sender and recipients, ope, als + Message envelope: for conimunication bel addresses with whic tween thi ver and recel where recipient's email mail contains vit email heade Description Lspdeearet : ; that follows: smmon informal The most co tion present Inv Information field Subject provides a quick glimpse of the emall content From Displays the senders email address Displays the recipient's emall address. rhe date and time that the email was received are a5 PEF the recipient's oases time zone. Displays therecipient’s name. Recipient ‘When the recipient clicks the Reply button in the received email, the To Reply-to field gets filed automatically based on the email ID available in the Reply: tofeld. “This eld is used whenever the sender wants tosend acopy af the emallto See other users. The email adress entered in the Bc field will not be visible to those users Blind carbon copy (BE®) | who were added in the Toand Ce fields Contains those files which the sender attaches in support of the content pp contentin eri the body ofthe email. +. Message body: The actual content ofthe email can be viewed in the message body. This can include text neues or videos. Based on the email client, the content in the body of the email can either Be plain text or HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). Signatures and organization disclaimers can be included at the footer of the email body based on email policies. .5. HOW DOES EMAIL WORK? As an end-user, all we know is that an individual com a poses a message, enters the recipient's emall jeddress in, the To field and then clicks the Send Mail button. The recipient a that the Ie iol in their inbox. However in the background, there are multiple steps involved in sending an ema: 1. Ausersends the email. ‘The outgoing SMTP server validates the authenticity of the sender. SMTP server checks the domain details in the recipient's email SMTP server sends the email to the ai ina ° ee recipient server basedon the MX3.6 DRAFTING AN EMAIL When drafting an email, it is important to consider the recipient, purpose, and tone. Following some general guidelines to consider when writing an email: 1 a, 1 Subject: Start the email with a clear and concise subject line that reflects the content of theeme Greeting: Begin with a polite and professional greeting, such as “Dear [Recipient]? unless you kn the recipient well, Body: Clearly state the purpose or objective of the email in the introduction. Use concise sentent and paragraphs to convey your message. Supporting Information: If necessary, provide supporting information or context to supportye message. Use bullet points or numbered lists to make the content organized and easy to read. Closing: End the email with a concise and polite closing, such as “Best regards,’ “Thank youl!) “Looking forward to hearing from you’ Signature: Include your name and any relevant contact information in the signature section applicable. To draft an e-mailin summary, you can follow these general steps: Use| Bullet Points: If your summary contains multiple points or ideas, use bullet points to present! information in a organized and concise manner, This will make it easier for the recipient to quit scan and understand the main points. Avoid Using Long Paragraphs: Break down your summary into shorter para graphs or sentent This will help maintain readability and prevent the email from becoming overwhelming fort recipient, Use Italics or Underline for Emphasized Points: If there are certain are Particularly significant or require immediate attention, use italic them. This will help draw the reader's attention to these key points. End with Action Items: Explicitly state any actio Points in your summary! 'S or underline to empl ite This will help ensure that the email is actionable ne Re eaies fiat appropriate action,Exhibit 9: Sample E-Mail 9 of ABC Pvt, Ltd about the change in ie ings Draft email to inform employe conditions in the city. Sign yourself as Manage, yeavy tral monsoon season, due to h = From [email protected] To [email protected] i n Subject Change in office timings for monsoon seaso Hello Everyone ad to revise the office timings dy is to inform you that the Management has decide - is celyaeidl eh in consideration of all the empl een made monsoon season. This decision has been m traveling from farther distance for office daily. The city has bad traffic conditions in m which makes it difficult for employees to reach office on time. Thus, the office timings wile from 10:30 am to 6:30 pm with effect from tomorrow, le, 25th July 2024 till further orders. We look forward to your cooperation and support to other staff members, Thanks & Regards Manager Exhibit 10: Sample E-Mail 10 10. Write an email to the Principal of a College, asking about the information on the admis _ Process, fees, hostel facility, and eligibility criteria for your course. From: ‘XYZ123@gmailcom aa To: [email protected] Subject: Request for information on the admission process for B.A. Respected Sir {amuriting to request information on the admission process of your college. |am interested ne a oa your. es institution, Currently, lam in-Class 10+2 but | aspire to join er completing my school, Please provide me the followi lowir “ + Admission Process all + Eligibility Criteria for B.A, + Fees Structure for the B.A, * Hostel Faciity and charges (including mess, sports charges). Any information regarding these would be a great help from you.Summarization: farebhrasing can be used effectively to summarize complex or lengthy Information. By restating the main points in our own words, we can provide a eanelse overview of the original text. THs can be particularly useful in presentations, re amounts of information into a more Avoiding Plagi: Ports, or discussions where itis necessary to condense large manageable format isi Paraphrasing is an essential skill for avoiding plagiarism When you paraphrase, you express someone elses ideas in our own words, acknowledging the original author's work. This demonstrates an unclesstanding of the original text and ensures that proper credit is given, Paraphrasing allows us to Present someone else's ideas without direetly copying their words. 6) B claifestion Avoiding Plesiarem Expressing Deseere © Enhancing o—@ Creativity Fg 42 Expressing Disagreement: ; Paraphrasing canalso be used to express disagreement or differing viewpoints. By restating someone else's argument in our own words, we can demonstrate comprehension while still expressing our own perspective. This can be effective in academic discussions, debates, or professional settings where itisimportant to respectfully express alternative viewpoints. Flexibility in Writing: Paraphrasing allows us to be more flexible in our writing style, By rewording sentences or passages, We Se eae al ba to sult cferen auctenceso purposes This cayie Patna in academic assignments or professional writing where it is important to tailor the content ‘specific guidelines or preferences.43. itferent words understanding the original text, analy maintaining the same general idea. a: sTICS OF A PARAPHRASE ‘a sentence or passage t0 Convey the same CHARACTERI * paraphrase is a rewording Ws. DIFFER restatement of and academic writing. Paraphraga, The differenc sing the meaning in differen fective communication it fs an essential skill for ett sure, and exp yzing its struc a Definition |S ining: mec same meaning a5 the original text. The paraphraseq Paraphrasing should convey the should express the same idea as the original sentence conveying the same informatin, the same context. It should not change the meaning or alter the intended message. Different Words: 1 text ’ One of the key characteristics of a paraphrase b object 1 is the use of different words, The paraphraser ! shoul strive to avoid using the exact same words as the original text, as this may lead i readers to believe that there has been no 4 change. Instead, the paraphraser should rephrase the sentence using synonyms, alternative phrasing, or different sentence Characteristics structures while stil maintaining the overall of a Paraphrase 4 Unde T = ofthe I Uses esnit include meaning, 5. THE Logical Structure: . ! When paraphrasing, the paraphrased Breront word sentence should have a logical structure that is easy to follow and understand. The araphraser should restructure the sentence If necessary to make its meaning clear and avoid any potential confusion, However, harectersts O09 Fergani + De the overall structu eee re and organization of the original sentence should be maintained as much# +0 However, it is important to stril balance between clarity and complexity, o paraphrase itil understandable rate r ai —" a Avoiding Plagiarism: EXé Paraphrasing is @ important skill when avoiding plagiarism in academic writing. It involves sia understanding and expressing someone else's ideas or information in our own words, without ie directly quoting or copying the original text. Fy Paraphrasing, students can show that they MeN AOI DDT TT e} co have understood and absorbed the material PLAGIARISN while avoiding the issue of plagiarism,s jow self-esteem a fe who have low thless or wicked e peopl ee ne themselves. as Wor : ay do not necessarily see : ae J things about themselves. msay good things abe pene sry, see, worthless, wicked, but, seldom, say, goog self-esteem, low, necesse + self-esteem: self-respect eC ve, bad + low: poor, unfavorable, negative, bad + necessarily: certainly, definitely + see:view | + worthless: unworthy, useless, no-good wicked: evil, sinful, bad, immoral, corrupt + + but: however, although, though + seldom: rarely, hardly ever + say: talk, speak + good: positive, nice respect don't necessarily view themselves as evil on worthless: however, Yh, themselves, !tisnotllegal in some cultures to be married to more than one woman, but the monoge relationship is the most commen, Process: + Itisnot illegal: is legal, is allowed, is accepted, is not against the law + Insome cultures: in some countries, in some places + to be married to more than one woman: polygamy, having more than one wife + but: however, although, even though, + the monogamous relationship: monogamy, being married to one wife, marry only one wt + isthe most common: ‘most cultures, is the norm, is more widely practiced Paraphrase: ne sore cabtares polygamy is legal however being married te one wife is the nore. In some countries the average weight of people is increasin ni ir f heal asi Ih ce ge peop! ig and their levels of heal Paraphra People in verius countries have declining health and fas level as well as am inenease in thei The internet is a great source of informati tearn all around the world, eaters Phepporturites Paraphrase: Tinea which sw huge ounce of tnwledge, has BHARAT*—13, 16 7. 18. huge harm to the: 1 OverUSINg Such, tely exhausts them. This cal a { discourage peaple The overuse of natura eres id ascou environment, Therefore, the # ro This causes environmental damege. Thag, ee seats a thes chao This conte nt i a manage people t tale cone net Tr he ae should be fixed punishments for each type of rime, Onhers sore ceane baler ane creamstances of an inddual crime, and the motvati ane auld always be taken into account when deciding eee that situational cineumstances should be considered before pomishing, hile sve pene one of the opinion tha pe sxchime, thins believe each hind of oxime shuld have je vd skill Soe polit ait el a as oe ee eee cee Paraphrase: (sentence order and structure Is changed) Some think theit the the function fe university should be te give acces te hnowedge fon ABs quo, oakeg acgesdless of whether the courte i useful te an employer bien pele Tih thatlanensias seal provide graduates arth the hawledge andl shils needed in the worhplece Nowadays, more and more foreign students are going to English. speaking countries to {221m the international language ~ English. tis undoubtedly true that studying English in an English-speaking country is the best way, butt is not the only way to learn it. Paraphrase: An necent ime, » groving- number of énfernatianal studenb ene marving tr English-speaking, counties te beat Eaglsh Ji benetallann English in country whene i is wetavely Spoken: however, thene are tome other fective ways to learn it: ss Mohan could not find the butter in his fridge. He went to buy some from coming back, he saw his cat sitting on the et smacking its lps. There was ae Stuff smeared all around its face. Thus, Mohan solved the Mystery of the missing butter, _ Paraphrase: “Wehan could ncblocate the butter inthe Seth, he ober his eat siting onthe. all ansund its ce, Hence, Mohan, solved the dell eee ein in Stratford-on-Avon in April {probably April 23), 1564, iam Prominence who became an alderman and bailiff, but reverses, Shakespeare Presumably att a where he could have acquired @ respectable Somes co proceed to Oxford or Cambridge. There are legends about Shakespearre vue, documented facts. ut ‘espeare’s youth but 9 Paraphrase: Willa Srakespuare wes born in 1564 i . mee fa een BHARAT™ Engich 21. 2225. 24, What is the purpose of paraphrasing? What ihat is the difference between Paraphrasing and Summarizing? How do you paraphrase effectively? 3, Apples are domesticated trees and frultof the rose family which is one gf , try are predominantly grown for sale as fresh fruit, 4 cultivated tree ra i for vinegar, juice, jelly, applesauce, and appie ai ither eater raw oF cooked. Cooked apt a pastry filing. apple pie being wa are also used commercially for vine canned as pie stock. Fresh apples an avariety of ways. They are frequently used as american dessert, Paraphrase: Apples ore domesticated thees ana janit of the rose family, and they = ne. of the mast thee, prac. jes ane primary grown ah sales, though they arc alse reseed & jadces jelly. sey taller as weil as canned pie. filing asa at 0 50859 a-omaiely of recipes call for cooked omales. Appl pie. a American desseat where apples are frequently used as « filling for pastries, ‘The word paper originated from the reedy plant papyrus. Papyrus plants grow along the Nile River in Egypt. Prior to the invention of the paper machine, be traced to about 10SAD, when Ts‘ail Lun—an official in the Imperial court of Chis, asheet of paper by mulberry, old rags, and other bast fibers-along with fi hemp waste. By the 1 6 I, : constructed a moving screen belt that 1798 Nicolas-Louis Robert in continuous flow of stock and deliver an unbroken sheet of liver 3 ‘wet paper. In 1800 published ? fe pulpe, Practical methods for manufacturing paper from ae fers to the lence is a widely r ie especially inchided i teyou ensure that your para text maintains the original meaning? hat are some strategies for avoiding plag while paraphrasing? When should you consider using a plagiarism checker? paraphrasing techniques to consic examples of paraphrasing in different writing the benefits of paraphrasing in your own writing?TST pro . INTERVIEW SKIL showcase your skills, but alse your passion jon the jab Mason Coy, An intenview is an opportunity te not 9 5.1. INTRODUCTION “Aninterview is aformalmeeting or conversation between two or more individuals, often for the purpose ofgathering information or evaluating qualifications. Itserves asa means foremployers, educational institutions, or other organizations to gather information about an individual's skills, experience, and personality. 5.2. MEANING OF INTERVIEW The purpose of an interview is to assess a candidates suitability for a particular role or opportunity. Employers use interviews as a way to evaluate a candidate's skills, experience, and fit within the organization.By engaging in conversation, interviewers can gain insights into the candidate's communication style, problem-solving abilities, and knowledge in certain areas 5.3. PURPOSE OF AN INTERVIEW The purpose of an interview Is various depending on the context and purpose of the interview. Generally, interviews are used to: DT ad ga 1. Gather Information: Interviews provide an opportunity for the interviewer to ask questions and gather information about a candidate’s background, skills, experience, or any other relevant aspects. This allows the interviewer to gain a comprehensive understanding of a candidate's suitability for a particular job or opportunity, 2. Assessment of Qualifications: Interviews are often used to assess a candidate's qualifications for a job or opportunity. By asking questions and observinghow the candidateresponds, the interviewer can determine if the candidate meets the necessary criteria for the position. 3. Hiring Decision: Interviews are often the final stage in the hiring decision-making process. By conducting interviews, employers can evaluate multiple candidates and narrow down their selection to the most suitable one, 5.4. TYPES OF INTERVIEWS There are several different types of interviews that are commonly used in different contexts: 1. Panel Interview: Ina panel interview, multiple interviewers, often from different organizations or departments, come together to ask questions and evaluate the candidate. This adds complexity to the interview process as the candidate needs to impress multiple individuals simultaneously.jlowing the interviewer andthe cangy view: Shon ina ; 2. Phoneinter wisconducted over the ph It allows the interviewer to gai Per tiling 4 ne interview is c 5 distance a : bei intervie hile still ma ae onversation W sn de and determine ifthe candidat t ¥ : interview: * oe ducted face-to-face, allowing the interviewer end the candy An in-person interview is conducted face-to-fac establish a more interpersonal connection. !tallows the interviewer to observe body language, facial expressions, and overall der can provide valuable insight into the candidate's suitability for the job. MeANar why mi in 4. Video interview: A video interview is conducted remotely, using video conferencing technology. it allows! Interviewer and the candidate to have a conversation while maintaining distance. Video intervie have become increasingly popular due to the Convenience and flexibility they offer.5. mindset, you can increase your chances o| Group Interview: A group interview involves multiple candidates being brought tagether and interviewed imultaneously Itallows the interviewer to observe candidates’ interactions with one another and evaluates thelr teamwork and collaboration skills, PREPARATION FOR INTERVIEWS / TIPS FOR SUCCESS INTERVIEW / ATTENDING A JOB INTERVIEW the right preparation and I tips to help you succeed Attending a job interview can be a nerve-wracking experience, but with landing the job. Here are some essential in an interview: Research the Company: Before the interview, take the time to research the company thi reports, and any other relevant materials, This will demonstrate your genuine int and show that you have done your homework Prepare for Standard Questions: Prepare answers to common. interview questions such as "What are your strengths and weaknesses?” “Why do you want to work here?” and “IVhat are your salary expectations?” Practice your responses and tailor them to the company and role you are applying for. Dress Professionally: Dress professionally for the interview. This not only shows your respect for the position but also demonstrates your attention to detail, Opt for a polished and professional appearance to create a good impression, Arrive on Time: Being punctual is essential in an interview. Arrive a few minutes early to allow yourself time to settle down and gather your roughly, Read their website, annual terest in the position me Research the Companyr ske.a bad first impre = thoughts: Areivi! gh t eriences, and dor 3 - ce your skillsand exPe a > 5. Be Confid eyinaninterview.Embra “se ;pany, and speak clearly and coherengy ee jonand compa al : Gone rusasfote aston a them, Show & confidence is contagious aM ee estions. This sht ee x your interviewer thoughtful uae i shows tat | Duss te cra Prepare a list of questions beforehand 50 YOU Can demaga in the role and the: curiosity and engagement. terview: 7. _ Follow-up After the Int ni : After the interview,send athankyou note oF email to exp! a his demon: rofessionalism and demonstrates your intere t in the positi ‘demonstrates professionalism and di trates a position. is: 8 StayCalm and Positive: Even if things dontt go exactly as planned during the interview, it's oe to temaingy positive. Show resilience and professionalism, and don’t let minor setbacks derail your ents, 9. Be Yourself: While i's important to prepare, it's also important to be yourself in the interview. Dont) someone you're net. Authenticity will shine through and help you stand out from the croyd 10. Practice, Practice, Practice: Finally, practice makes perfect. Conduct mock interviews with friends, family, or a careercas to get feedback and refine your responses. The more you practice, the more confident yaus during the interview. 5.6. COMMON INTERVIEW QUESTIONS During an interview, you can expect to be asked a variety of questions designed to assess d= aspects of your qualifications, Some common interview questions include: Tell me about a time when you had to overcome a difficult situation 2. Whatare your greatest strengths and weaknesses? i 3. Whydo youwant to work here? What are your salary expectations? ‘Tell e about a time when you had to collaborate with others to achieve a common goal 6. What are your career goals? Describe a time when you had to make a difficult decision TRADITIONAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Traditional interview questions been used i hhave been used for many years asses candidates. These decd asa common method for emplol® ardfittoratee, ‘Questions are designed to evaluate various aspects of a candidate's skills xpe™ In this topic, we will explore some tips on how to answer them effectively, 5.7.1, Behavioral Questions of the most common traditional interview questions and |Tell me about a time when you had to think quickly on your fuet to solve a problem. Describe a time when you had to adapt to a new technology or system. Tell me abouta time wi ad to handle a challenging customer, Situational Questions What steps Would you take f you were assigned with a large project with limited time and resources? Give an example of a time when you faced a setback and how you overcame it Describe a time when you had to make a difficult decision, What are the key qualities you look for in aleader? Tell me about a time when you had to adapt to changing circumstances oe q 03 Knowledge: Based Questions 5.7.3. Knowledge-Based Questions 1. What do you know about our company? 2. What are your strengths and weaknesses? 3. What is your experience with [specific skill or technology)? 4, Explain the concept of [specific topic] and its impact on the industry. 5, What is your approach to problem-solving? General Questions 1. Why do you want to work here? 2. What are your career goals? 3. Why doyou believe you area good fit for this position? 4, Describe a time when you had to make a difficult decision and how you arrived at your decision. What are your hobbies and interests outside of work? ARAT- Enlist anguage and Communication Sis-a (Semester 3")DITIONAL INTERVIEW QUES? 3 TRAI WERING ps FOR ANS 5,8. TI d concise: it Is important to Provide contigs 2 : oa Jitional interview questions, oe samy ae ni « When answering tradition 1 : structured responses. Avoid ra : eriences: < “ah arabetats estion by highlighting th bling or going off ont 2. Highlight rel Tailor your answers to the specific qu a strong candidate for the role. v Kills: *) elena ae n focus on problem-solving, 50 be ready to provide agg, often focus ¢ box and finda solution, ils and exmeriences thet ¢ ' ee Traditional interview questions 5.10.2 times when you had to think outside the + 4. Be prepared with examples: a | Take the time to prepare specific examples that demonstrate your skills and experiences ij, | 2 be powerful tools to support your answers. 5. Stay professional: Avoid engaging in controversial or personal topics, and keep your answers focused ay» 5 professional experiences, 5.9. EVALUATION | After conducting an interview, the interviewer will evaluate the candidate based on their perfome . qualifications, and overall fit for the position. They may consider the following factors: Me 1. Knowledge and Skills: Assess the candidate's knowledge and understanding of the required skills or expertise. n 2. Communication Skills: Evaluate the candidate's verbal and non-verbal communication skills, including their abit articulate ideas, listen actively, and provide concise responses, 3. Cultural Fit: 5.10.3 Evaluate the candidate's compatibility with the compan with. Consider their attitude, values, a 4. Work Ethic: Assess thecandidate’s work. ethic, reliability,, t y's culture and the team they will be wo! nd ability to workeffectively in a collaborative environmét 4. and motivation, Consider theirability to handle pres? meet deadlines, and contribute Positively to the team. CE IN AN INTERVIEW In a job interview, the way we present ourself and ou Confidence can be judged through our body lanqua Provide practical tips on exhibiting coy oe 5.10.1. Body Language 1 Maintain eye contact; jhe speaking, make eye contact with the¥s ~ROY R Way 7 to discuss apart in the field, follows tion amor en conductes 1¢ educational cu ‘crnledge any irticulumy oF ins ional Setting TYPES OF SEMINARS ide Participants wit interests, h specific knowledge e3t8 and fy ‘ lds of study. in this topic‘ Academic Seminars: Academic seminars encourage students to: keep learning aft course, These seminars aim to give more knowledge to students as things change in thei work area or as they learn new things, Speakers at these seminars give meucational inf can use in their work oF study areas. Most often, schools and callege Professional Semina y have completed their degree oF on that stude vost these semninars Professional seminars are for the top Ff le bt an industry. They are aimed at professionats and entrepreneurs, business sieminars cover manager finan Kf other aspects of punning a successful business. The main goal of these sen to give out new information or studies and get idews from the snartest people tm the ine These seminars have times for debates to make sure everyone unidlerstarids tive new subject ard information. An example (s a business veminar that talks about 4 detailed budget Public Seminars: lcs related to lender t, marketing, public seminars are for everyone. These seminars usually talk about issues with the erwironeent le and arourid a community. The seminar talks about these problems and gives clear solutions thet are true and can help the community grow. Public seminars are often free to attend, They aim to help people who don't know a bat about 8 subject to understand how they can be important in the future: Examples of theve kinds of ser are ones about personal finance or marketing. | a iliac 1 7... ae EMINARS a - 2. Professional 3. Public ‘Seminars Seminars Fig. 6.2, Types of Seminars Technica worshops ave serinars that lve nto spect techie topic They are GPICRY AT at professionals or enthusiasts who are looking to aespen tt Somer technology | Participants in these seminars “learn about programming language tscinlony. or il arpa ted ot ld ee5. Industry-Specific Semina Industry-specific seminars are designed to cater to profession : Cover a wide range of topics that are relevant ti Practices, and technological advancements Connected to their peers in the industry Motivational Seminars: Motivational seminars aim to inspire and motivate individ They are often conducted by motivational spea ‘these seminars leam strat: 7. Leadership Seminars: Leadership seminars focus are often conducted by pr working in a specific industry e industry, such as market wars help profess improv eve their goals and aspirat nit experts. Participants) als, and overcoming obstatles. £5 OF ies for personal growth, settin fe learn about leadership styles, of techniques. developing leadership skills and capabilities of individuals al coaches Participants in these semi tive communica mn, team management, and problem-sohigy 6.3. PURPOSE OF A SEMINAR ‘Aseminar is an event whe ane interactive experienc: Gather to discuss a spec along a delinested path, ified topic. Generally, these meati enters whose role focuses on guiding the conversatig There are many different types of Seminars, and each one ty #5 Its purpase, including: Education Motivation NetworkingFORMAT OF A SEMINAR ymat of a format seminar ine format ot al seminars primarily professional and aout 4 eee al and organized to ensure a smooth and planation of the typical for Ce sa rypleal format: jhe seminar organizer must ensure a warn welcon eats, Providing 2 frlendly and inviting atmosphe iivamiecn ae jatroduction and Background: la axthe beginning of the seminar; there shoul! be an introduction to the event and the purpove tehind it. The organizer may also share background infornvation about the compeny, cueorihe cangainvaluablek sae background information, featuring expert guest speakers vrurctivediscussions, the seminar becomes a val 65. % Attending a seminar can be a valuable opportuni nonledge. To make the most of our experience, y gh anguage and Communication Skis-M(Semeste-3”) topicof the seminar, This: heips participants understand the context and relevance of the discussion that will follow Guest Speakers: qhemain part of the seminar involves guest speakers sharing their knowledge arid expertise on the Mpject matter. These speakers are usually experts in their respective felds and areinvited to present “aiuable insights, tips, orsolutions related to the seminar’s theme: Breaks: Throughor svemation, and maintain consistent focus. Breaks also provide opportunities informal discussions. Questions and Debates: Towards the end of the seminar or after specific sessions, there should De dedicated time for questions and debates. This interactive segment alloves attendees ‘0 ‘seek clarification, share their thouahts, and engage in meaningful discussions with the speakers and other participants. The overall goal of this format is to ensure a wellstructured and engaging event where participants mowledge, insights, and connections. By' maintaining a professional atmosphere, providing incorporating breaks, and encouraging Juable platform for learning and collaboration. ut the seminar, there will be scheduled breaks to allow attendees to relresti collect for networking and WHAT TO DO IN A SEMINAR? ty to Jeamn from experts in the field and expand your here isa list of things to do: Prepare: Before attending the seminar, provided, This will helps us to gain a ofour time in the seminar. Listen actively: During presentations, take notes and actively listen to the speaker. Pay close attention to key points, ideas, and examples. Engage the mind by ‘asking questions ard seeking darification when necessary. Participate: Encourage interactive participation by asking questions, sharing our own experiences, € in discussions with other participants. This will not ‘only contribute t0 our own fearning but also facilitate a more inclusive and engaging learning environment ‘Take breaks: Seminars can be intense, so it is portant 0 tke equa breaks to seth hae. and Ba" Short breaks will help us to stay focused ‘and avoid mental fatigue. take the time to review any materials or pre-seminar assign mer deeper understanding of the subject mattes anc make the most ‘or engaginga? ye: 5. Network: feminers provide an excellent your field. Engage in conve lationships that may 6. Reflect; After each seminar session, take some can be applied in your daily work or pe that emerge from the seminar Follow up: ‘SpPortunity to connect with other like-minded profes ations with other participants, exchange business cards, Pen doors to future opportunities time to reflect on what you've just learned. Consider howit sonal endeavors. Write down any thoughts, ideas. or insights Zeek Out additional resources ot materials related to the seminar topi¢s Attend any post-seming events or discussions to continue the conversation and deepen your understanding of the subjee matter. 8. Thankthe speaker: After the seminar, take 4 moment to send a thank-you note or email gratitude for their time, expertise, and commitment to providing val 6.6. BENEFITS OF SEMINARS Seminars offer a multitude of benefits, including knowledge enrichment, networking opportuntties business growth, and personal development. By attending and Patticipating in seminars, indivicuals ond Fig, 6.5. Renelits of Seminars 6 Stay Up-to-Date on the Latest Tren Seminars keep participants informed about the latest trends and devefopments in their fields. Experts share valuable infarmation and practical steps for skill improvement, ensuring professionals stay current 1. Network with Other Professionals: minded individuals, Participants can share Serinas provide a platform for networking with like- ideas, ind solutions to challenges, and expand their professional network fostering collaboration 3nd support. & Gotinspi Atencing a seminar inepites new Ideas and creat eo ‘and be motivated to implement positive chi *€55 Unreleased Information: ae ies, Nars may offer exclusive insights and knowledg attendees a competitive advantage and access May vity, Participants may discover innovative anges in their lives or work. pple in public sousces. THIS ye that is not yet availat to cutting-edge informChapter PRESENTATION SKILLS “Our wonk is the presentation of our capabilities -Edward Gibbon 1. INTRODUCTION ‘A presentation is a structured way of communicating information to an audience. It Involves conveying a essage or sharing knowledge, usually using visual aids such as slicles, charts, images, or multimedia elements." Presentations can be delivered in various settings, including business meetings, educational settings, inferences, or public events” The purpose of a presentation can vary depending on the context. It could be to inform, persuade, ertain, or educate the audience. Presentations often include a speaker who delivers the content and ngages with the audience, although some presentations can be self-guided or pre-recorded. Fig, 7.1. Presentation PHanar> ‘English Language and Communication Skills-IIl (Semester-3")KILLS NTATION 7.2, TYPES OF ERpee ie cceeintiito posses sioussilstoeftectivelyengege hones When delivering presentation, ‘ommunication, including 2 some of the key type; The maintaining eye contact, of presentation skills that are-es ous aspects of of ad se skills encompass various asp ato ‘and using op ential for succes presentation. It involves the ability ve verbal communication involves itch, tone, and volume toemphasize and adapting the content to suit Verbal Communication: hs d persuasively. Effecti Verbal communication forms thi to articulate thoughts clearly proper gramymarand pronunciation, as we key points. Additional their needs is crucial. Non-Verbal Communication: nether tan veying messages effectively. It includes bal communication plays a important role in conveying messagi lees expressions. Understanding the significance of factors such as body language, gesture, and facial e onverbal cues, such as maintaining eye contact, using hand gestures to emphasize key points, and smiling to project confidence, can enhance the effectiveness of a presentation. Additionally, dressing professionally and being mindful of personal space can also contribute to @ positive non-verbal impression. lias the ability to vary pl ience engagement y, being mindful of aud 3. Organization and Structure: 4 5 4B Organization and structure are key elements of any successful presentation. A well-structured presentation ensures that information flows logically and smoothly, making it easier for the audience to follow and understand. This includes creating an outline, dividing content into logical sections, and using appropriate headings and subheadings. Additionally, using visual aids such as slides, charts, and graphs can help convey information in a more engaging manner. iN ee? wy, )_ Gap 3 72. Types Of Presentation Shits Clarity and Conciseness: Clarity and conciseness are essential when deliverin communication allows the audience to grasp key pain. 9 4 presentation. Clear and concise the chances of retention. It is essential to use simple aie Teducing confusion and increasing ues }e and avoid unnecessary jargon of Additionally, using visual aids, such as by ina clear and concise manner, let Points or numbered lists, can help present informatio Audience Engagement: * Engaging the audience is a critical involving the audience, asking questions and =e storytelling, using real-life examples, and jn attention and keep them engaged.Additionally, being mindhil of nervy » further enhance pal Cutts, suich as nod e engagement Confidence and Adaptability: onfidence and adaptability areesser to project authority and credibitity, ’ of changes ih audi pen to feedback a ntial for developing these skills. Adelit to think o waits for of while ad tive presenters. Confidence plubilily enable hee dynamics. wing come them to adljust fe with public spe nally, betnvg wall 1 their feet can help presenters 73, IMPORTANCE OF PRESENTATION SKILLS esentation skills are important for several reasons: Effective Communication: 1 presentations provide an opportunity for individuals to communicate with their audience. whethe its colleagues, clients, of students. Presentation skills enable individuals to clearly articulate the ideas thoughts, and arguments, ensuring that their message is received and understood. 2 Credibility: Good presentation skills can enhance an individual's credibility and professions waividuals can effectively present their ideas, they are more likely to gain trust and vespe vrais audience. This can have a postive impact an the overall success of # presentation & dj the individual's reputation, F cetgnce ul Presentation Si proved noe eT to ee : presentation skills allow individuals tation. Engaging the audience x key 1.9 success DO a ior t and ensue that their Key Pomts SF le ir intere: y capture the atepton of cal a eet ating techniques, and icorpersins understoad. This can be achieves interactive elements into the presentation ‘Time Management: logically, ensuring that th a concise and coherent manner. Time oe ea that presentations are well-structured wience ‘spent efficiently. Maar at sna conmuneaoa suet semester tS ON 7.4. ELEMENTS OF A Goop PRESENTAT! A good presentation consist ke nt 1. Clear and Concise Message: oe ee ee ter commen ain then n od by their audience ao Cc fience Mm miliar with and concise in They should avo 2. Visual Aids: Visual aidssuch asslides, a However, individuals should rival message. Visual aid! onand make ropriately and complement their than distract the audience. presentation rather | | Body anguags 3. Body Language: Body language plays @ significant role in conveying a message during presentations. Individuals should be confident, make eye contact with their audience, and maintain good posture. Positive body language can help create a positive and engaging atmosphere. 4. Rehearsal: Practicing and preparing a presentation beforehand is essent their message, eliminate any mistakes, and gain confidence individuals to manage their time effectively during the actual 7.5. DEVELOPING PRESENTATION SKI Developing presentation skills requires practice, for improving presentation skills include: tial. It allows individuals to refine in their abilities. Rehearsing also hele | presentation. 7.6 D acaden effectiv practic; 7.6.1 4.Jaking Presentation Training Courses: attending presentation training courses can provide ind skills These COUrSes fer QUIaNES On efTecthea comme ch ca salute lnnights and practical techniques. communication, visual aids, and audience engagement Watching and Analyzing Other Presentations: observing and analyzing presentations b : ions by others ean provide 5 doesn't Individuals can learn from the strategies and tech slesarp iad aie and adapt them to thelr own presentations. ks practice, Practice, Practice: and vehvat nplayed by successful pre actice is i pee ek paid for improving presentation skill, Individuals should regularly p CAI ack from peers or colleagues, and make necessary Improvements. Practice helps individuals become more comfortable and confident in delivering presentation ' +, HOW TO DELIVERING A PRESENTATION petivering a presentation can be a daunting task, but it is an essential skill in many professional and seademe settings. Whether you are presenting an idea, research findings, or a proposal. being able to rectwely detiver your presentation can make a significant difference. In this topic, we will provide some srcical tips and strategies to help you deliver a successful presentation 76.1. Planning and Preparation 4, Choose a Relevant Topic: Before diving into the preparation process, itis important to choose a relevant and captivating topic focyour presentation. Consider your audience's interests and tallos your content accordingly. 2, DoResearch and Gather Data: Conduct thorough research on your topic to gather relevant content, statistics, and evidence to support your main points. This wll provide a solid foundation for your presentation. 3. Greatea Clear Outline: Craft logical and organized outline that will guide you through your Presentation. Ensure that your key points flow smoothly and that you have a clear beginning, middle, and end. 4. Visual Aids: Consider using visual aids such as charts, graphs, images, and videos to enhance audience understanding and engagement. Visual atds should be used sparingly and appropriately toenhance the flow of your presentation. 5. Practice: Practice presentation multiple times to ensure smoothness and coherence. Time yourself to gauge how long each section should take and adjust accordingly, Practice infront of a mirror or in front of a small group of trusted individuals to gather feedback. DELIVERY TIPS Start Strong: Begin your presentation with a strong opening to grab the audience's attention. Use a compelling introduction, a story, ara shocking statistic to set the stage for your content. Clear and Concise: Avoid using ja ot understand. Keep your language gon or technical terms that your audience may not ul Simple and concise, ensuring that your audience can easily follow ‘and comprehend your message FA ah anpnge an Communication Seth SomatTIPS FOR EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION fective pre some tips fo Practice: ntation are as follows: Practice the presentation multiple times to familiarize yourself with the pitch, tone, and voice we are using. Pay attention to how your voice sounds and adjust it as needed. Understand Your Audience: Research the audience beforehand to understand their preferences, expectations, and prior knowledge. This will help us to tailor our pitch, tone, and voice to effectively communicate with our audience. Effective Presentation Tips and Techniques Fig, 78 3. Create a Script: Writing a script or an outline for our and voice throughout. This can also hel 4 Use Visual Aids: Visual aids such as slides, charts, and graphs active and engaged. This allows us to vary yo 5. Smile and Engage: Smiling and engaging with our audience can help ¢ overall impact of our presentation. Use facial expression: Engage your audience. Use Pauses: Str 1 roughout our presentation can help em wena ie are anc changes in pitch to emphasize key presentation can help us to maintain a consistent pitch, tone, ipus to stay on trackand avoid going off on tangents. can help support our presentation and keep our voice ur pitch and tone while maintaining audience interest. reate a positive atmosphere and enhance the s and gestures to convey our points and phasize key points and create points and add variety to our Nal Ech Language and Communication Skil (Semester 3%)