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SOURCES OF NOISE

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Sita Ram
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8 views3 pages

SOURCES OF NOISE

Uploaded by

Sita Ram
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOURCES OF NOISE IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

 In electrical terms, noise is defined as the unwanted form of energy which tends to interface
with the proper reception and the reproduction of transmitted signals.
 Electronic Devices unwanted random addition to the signal are considered as Noise.
 Noise is an unintentional fluctuation that tends to disturb transmission and reproduction of
transmitted signals.
 The presence of noise increases system complexity. Generally it present at all frequencies.
 Some of the examples of noise are
o Power supply fluctuations produce HUM noise
o In radio receivers, noise may produce a HISS in the loud speaker output
o In TV Receivers, noise appear as SNOW or CONFETTI (colored snow)
 The effects of noise are
o Noise may produce unwanted pulses or may cancel desired pulses in Pulse
Communication systems
o Noise may serious mathematical errors in computations
o Noise can limit the range of systems for a given transmitted power
 Noise sources be classified into two categories
o Internal noise sources- noise generated within the system. It is due to random
movement of electrons in electronic circuits. Major sources are resistors, diodes,
transistors etc.
 Shot noise
 Transit-time noise
 Flicker noise
 Thermal noise/ Johnson noise/ Resistor noise
o External noise sources- whose sources are external to system (i.e.) Man- made and
natural resources Sources over which we have no control
 Atmospheric Noise
 Extraterrestrial noise
 Solar noise
 Cosmic/galactic noise
 Industrial noise/ Man-made noise

EXTERNAL NOISE SOURCES

ATMOSPHERIC NOISE:

 Atmospheric noise is radio noise caused by natural atmospheric processes, primarily


lightning discharges in thunderstorms and other natural electric disturbances occur in atmosphere
 It propagates over the earth as same way as ordinary radio waves of the same frequencies
over the broad range of frequency spectrum
 It is less severe at frequencies above 30MHz
 Thus, it will interfere more with the reception of AM Radio than FM Radio
EXTRA TERRESTRIAL NOISE:
There are many types of noise sources available in space. The space noise is observable in
the frequency range of about 8MHz to 1.43GHz.This noise becomes significant in the range
of 20MHz to 120MHz.
(a) Solar noise
 Under normal conditions, there is a constant noise radiation from the SUN,
because it has a very high temperature (6000oc)
 So, it therefore radiates noise with a very wideband frequency spectrum which
includes all the frequencies that are used for communications
 In addition to this, during certain periods (like corona flares, sunspots….) the
noise produced is much greater than that during normal conditions. This kind of
disturbances repeats themselves for every 11 years.
(b) Cosmic noise
 Since distant stars are also SUNs and have high temperature, they also radiate
noise in same manner as that of SUN.
 This noise becomes significant, if this radiate from large number of stars
 We can also receive noise from our own galaxy, from other galaxies and some
other virtual noise sources.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE
 Noise sources that are responsible for Industrial noise are
o Disturbances in Industries
o Automobile and Aircraft ignition
o Sparks from Electric motors and Switching equipment
o Leakage from electric lines
o Cross talk between channels
o Fluorescent lights……..
 This noise is more intense in industrially densely populated areas.
 It obeys the principle that received noise increases as the receiver bandwidth
increases.
 This noise exists in the frequency range from 1MHz to 600MHz
 This noise is under human control and can be eliminated by removing the noise
sources

INTERNAL NOISE SOURCES


SHOT NOISE:
 Shot noise is a form of noise that arises because of the discrete nature of the charges
carried by charge carriers, electrons or holes.
 Shot noise fluctuations spread evenly over all the frequencies.
 It appears as a randomly varying noise current superimposed on the output current
 This noise follows Poisson’s distribution, since there is a randomness in the number
of particles arriving at the output
 Some examples are
o Emission of electrons from the cathode of a vacuum tube
o Flow and recombination of electrons and holes in semi-conductors
 In BJT, shot noise is mainly due to the random drift of current carriers across the
junctions and also due to random generation and recombination of electron-hole pairs

TRANSIT-TIME NOISE:

 At the frequencies of VHF and EHF, the time taken by an electron to travel from
emitter to the collector of a transistor becomes significant to the period the signal is
being amplified.
 Due to this, the electron reaches the collector at different time periods called Transit
time effect and produces Transit-time noise

FLICKER NOISE/ MODULATION NOISE:

 At low frequencies, a noise called flicker noise is formed in transistors. It is


proportional to Emitter current, Junction temperature and inversely proportional to
frequency
 This noise may be completely ignored above 500Hz.
 It is seen in CRO Screens and TV Screens
Eg. The picture is not clear and is obtained before the previous picture is gone (i.e)
picture blinks on the screen because of Flicker noise.

THERMAL NOISE:
 In any conducting material, the electron moves randomly, and the noise produced is
called Thermal noise.
 Each free electron inside a conducting medium is in motion due to temperature. When
the temperature increases, random motion of electron increases which in turn
increases the noise
 The thermal noise amplitude mainly depends on resistance. So more noise is
generated for a high resistive path.
 The thermal noise is proportional to Temparature and Bandwidth of the system
Thermal noise power, Pn =kTB
Where k is the Boltzmann’s constant

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