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Class12 Physics Answers Cleaned

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Class12 Physics Answers Cleaned

Uploaded by

gj2372594
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

Potential Gradient

The rate of change of potential with respect to distance is called the potential gradient.

Mathematically:

K=V/d

where V = potential difference, d = distance.

2. Work Function

The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a material is called the

work function. Its unit is electron-volt (eV).

3. Boolean Expression for NOR Gate

The Boolean expression for a NOR gate is:

Y = (A + B)'

4. Total Energy in Linear S.H.M. Purely Potential

Total energy is purely potential when the particle is at its extreme position, i.e., at maximum

displacement.

5. Radius of Gyration

Radius of gyration (K) is defined as the distance from the axis of rotation at which the entire mass of

a body can be assumed to be concentrated.

Mathematically:

K = sqrt(I / M)

where I = moment of inertia, M = mass of the body.

Physical significance: Helps simplify the calculation of moment of inertia.


6. Free Expansion in Thermodynamics

In free expansion, a gas expands into a vacuum without external work and no heat transfer. It is an

irreversible adiabatic process where the internal energy remains constant.

7. Half-life of Radioactive Decay

The half-life (T_1/2) is given by:

T_1/2 = ln(2) / lambda

where lambda = decay constant.

8. Distinction Between Harmonics and Overtones

| Harmonics | Overtones |

|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|

| Integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. | Any frequency higher than the fundamental. |

| Includes fundamental frequency. | Does not include the fundamental frequency. |

| Counted from 1st harmonic onward. | Counted from the 1st overtone onward. |

| Produced by vibrating objects. | A subset of harmonics. |

9. p-V Diagram and Work Done

Positive work done: Area under the curve when the system expands.

Negative work done: Area under the curve when the system compresses.

10. Magnetic Moment of a Circular Coil

M=N*I*A

Given N = 250, I = 12 A, R = 18 cm = 0.18 m:

A = pi * R^2 = pi * (0.18)^2 = 0.102 m^2

M = 250 * 12 * 0.102 = 306 A·m^2


11. Parallel Plate Capacitor with Dielectric

Draw a neat diagram showing two parallel plates, dielectric filled completely between them, and

connect with a battery.

12. Work Done on Soap Bubble

Work done:

W = 8 * pi * r^2 * T

Given r = 0.1 cm, T = 30 dyne/cm = 0.03 N/m:

W = 8 * pi * (0.001)^2 * 0.03 = 7.54 x 10^-6 J

13. Pressure in Kinetic Theory

P = (1/3) * rho * v_rms^2

where rho = density, v_rms = root mean square velocity of gas molecules.

14. Second's Pendulum

(a) The time period of a second's pendulum is T = 2 s:

L = g * T^2 / (4 * pi^2)

(b) Use the formula for period: T = 2 * pi * sqrt(L / g).

15. (a) Biot-Savart Law

Magnetic field at a point due to a small current element:

dB = (mu_0 / 4 * pi) * (I * dl * sin theta / r^2)

(b) For adiabatic compression:

P2 / P1 = (T2 / T1)^(gamma / (gamma - 1))

16. Rectifier & de-Broglie Hypothesis


(a) Full-wave rectifier: Converts AC to DC. Diagram includes two diodes in a center-tap circuit.

(b) de-Broglie wavelength:

lambda = h / mv

17. Bohr Magneton

mu_B = e * h_bar / (2 * m_e)

18. Harmonics on Stretched String

All harmonics exist due to the boundary condition n * lambda / 2 = L, where n is an integer.

19. Define Inductive Reactance, Capacitive Reactance, Impedance

- Inductive Reactance: X_L = omega * L

- Capacitive Reactance: X_C = 1 / (omega * C)

- Impedance: Z = sqrt(R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2)

20. Torque Acting on Rotating Body

tau = I * alpha

where I = moment of inertia, alpha = angular acceleration.

21. Terminal Velocity

v_t = (2 * r^2 * (rho_s - rho) * g) / (9 * eta)

where r = radius, rho_s = sphere density, rho = fluid density, eta = viscosity.

22. Mutual Inductance & Potentiometer

(a)

M = E / (dI/dt) = (91 x 10^-3) / 1.20 = 75.83 mH

(b) Solve using proportionality of balancing length with resistance.

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