MODULE 4

OBJECTIVES OF TREATMENT
 To avoid pollution of receiving water bodies and thus
preventing the health hazards
 To create sanitary and hygienic environment around the town
 To protect the fish and other aquatic life
 To avoid the sewage sickness of land on to which it is
disposed
 To derive the useful components after treatment of sewage in
the form of sludge cake (used as manure), liquid effluent
(useful for sewage farming) and biogas (as fuel)
 To prevent offensive odours and unsightly conditions of the
water bodies used for swimming, boating etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT

TREATMENT

PRELIMINARY PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Preliminary • Screening
• Grit chamber
Treatment • Skimming Tank

Primary • Primary sedimentation with or

without coagulation
Treatment

Secondary • Trickling Filters

• Sludge Digestion
Treatment • Drying beds

• Adsorption Electro dialysis

Tertiary • Ion exchange Disinfection etc.
Treatment • Air stripping
• Reverse osmosis
 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
SCREENS
 To remove all the floating debris like wood pieces, cloth and paper
pieces, decayed fruits, vegetables etc.
 If not, it may choke the pipe lines or it may cause damage to the
pumping system
 Constructed of M.S Bars/rods, gratings, wire meshes or perforated
plates
 The inclination of the screen varies from 30° to 60°
 The raw sewage is allowed to enter the chamber through the inlet pipe
– floating debris are obstructed by the screen and collected near it
 Debris may be disposed of by - Dumping or - Burning or -
Composting
 Screens

Fine Medium Coarse

screen screen screen

Screens

Fixed Movable Moving

screen screen screen
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
GRIT CHAMBER
 An oblong rectangular chamber and constructed with brick
masonry
 Floor of the chamber is made sloping for the collection of grits
at a particular zone. Inner surfaces are plastered and finished
with neat cement polish
 An agitator for agitating the deposited grits at the time of
cleaning
 Pipe line with valve is provided at the bottom of the chamber
for periodical removal of the grits
 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
Working :-
 Sewage from the screen chamber is entered the grit chamber and
flow at a low velocity (20cm/sec – 30 cm/sec)
 Due to the low velocity, the grits, sands, etc. are settled down at
the bottom of the grit chamber
 Cleaning is done by agitating the deposited grits and the muddy
water comes out through the removal pipe
 Otherwise using manual labour, we can remove grits
 Collected grits can be disposed by dumping in low lying areas
for the reclamation of land
Detritus tank:
 Similar to grit chamber
 Remove fine particles
 Velocity is reduced more than the grit chamber
 Detention period is longer compared to grit chamber
 The detritus is washed mechanically or sometimes compressed
air is blow through the chamber to lift the organic matter which is
lighter
SKIMMING TANK
 For oil and grease removal
 Otherwise these oily substances will cause disturbance in activated
sludge process & trickling filter
Construction:-
 rectangular tank constructed with brick masonry.
 Air diffusers are provided at the bottom of the tank through which
compressed air is sent to form bubbles in the sewage.
 Bent pipes are provided at the inlet and outlet sides.
 C.I covers are provided at the top for the removal of scum of grease
and oil
Working :-
 sewage from the detritus tank enters the skimming tank through bent
pipe
 Compressed air from diffusers form air bubbles and rises in upward
direction
 Thus grease &oil are collected at the surface
Cleaning :-
 By opening C.I covers the scum of the oily substances are removed
periodically
Disposal :-
 Oily substances are disposed of by burning
 PRIMARY TREATMENT

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

 To remove colloidal particles like silt and clay and some organic
substance
 It reduces the load on the secondary treatment
Construction :-
 Constructed with brick masonry. Baffle walls are provided in zig
zag way (to lengthen the path of the flow of sewage)
 Inlet and outlet pipes with valves are provided on opposite
corners
 Sludge removal pipe is provided at the bottom of the tank
Working :-
 Sewage enters through inlet pipe and flows along the zig zag path
and hence the velocity of flow is reduced. Sewage is detained for
a considerable period
 Colloidal particles and organic substances are settled down at at
the bottom of the tank
Cleaning :-
 Sludge is cleaned periodically through the removal pipe by
opening the valve
Disposal :-
 Disposed of by dumping in ditches or low lying areas/ dried in
sludge drying beds and can be used as manure
 Primary treatment to sewage consists of mainly the
sedimentation process to remove the suspended organic solid.
 Chemicals are sometimes added to remove the colloidal solids
or precipitate phosphorous.
 Sedimentation tank used for the treatment
 Main objectives:
1. To remove 80-90% of settleable solids
2. To reduce the strength of sewage 30-35%
 Sedimentation Tank
 The sedimentation tanks may be following type:
1. Primary sedimentation tank
2. Secondary sedimentation tank

 When a sedimentation tanks is used for settling suspended

solids before biological treatment i.e., soon after the grit
chamber is called Primary sedimentation tank

 When a sedimentation tanks is used for settling suspended

solids after biological treatment is called secondary
sedimentation tank
 The tank may be rectangular or circular or hopper bottom
tanks

 The sewage enters through inlet channel and flows slowly to the
outlet end

 During its movement, the suspended solids are deposited to the

bottom of the tank by gravity.

 The liquid waste coming out of the tank after the sedimentation
process is called effluent .

 The viscous liquid settled at the bottom is called sludge

 Primary clarifiers are generally designed for a detention period of
about 1-3 hours (avg 2hrs)
 Overflow rate is about 1000 to 2000 litres per hour per m2
 Scum baffles are provided near the outlet channel to prevent the
entry of floating substance into the outlet channel
 Provided with suitable scum removal devices. Floating substances
thus caught are sent either for further treatment or for final
disposal
 The sludge from the bottom is cleared by;
1. Hand cleaning( manual labour)
2. Mechanical cleaning(hopper placed at the bottom)
3. Hydraulic cleaning ( sludge mixed with water and conveyed to a
manhole)
SECONDARY TREATMENT or BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
 The suspended solid and part of the organic matter are removed by
preliminary and primary treatment.
 The effluent still contains 45-50% of unstable organic matter
 It remove finely divided suspended matter
 In this included process such as filtration or activated sludge
process
 Filtration done in
 1. Contact beds 2. Intermittent sand filters 3. TF 4. Miscellaneous
filters
Unit Operations in Wastewater
Treatment
 Activated Sludge Process
 Based on “Suspended Growth Process”
Activated sludge is that sludge which settles down after the
sewage has been freely aerated and agitated for a certain time
Working:
1. The raw sewage given treatment in the primary settling tank;
the detention period is 1-1.5 hours
2. The sewage is then mixed with the required quantity of
activated sludge
3. When activated sludge added to the sewage then
A. it oxidize the organic solids
B. To convert the colloidal and suspended solids into settleable
solids
4.The mixed liquor is sent to the aeration tank
 The mixed liquor is aerated for 4-10 hours according to the degree
of purification required
 The aerated mixed liquor is then sent to the final settling tank where
the sludge settles
 The effluent is disposed of
 A part of the settled sludge is returned to the aeration tanks to act as
activated sludge . It is biologically active and it contains a great
number of aerobic bacteria and other micro organisms which have
got an unusual property to oxidise the organic matter
 The rest of the sludge is disposed
 When activated sludge is mixed with sewage containing sufficient
quantity of oxygen, micro organisms present in the activated sludge
multiply rapidly and oxidation of organic solids carried out rapidly
Activated Sludge Plant
 Contact beds
 The sewage applied on the contact material is allowed to stand
undisturbed for some time
 During the 'contact period', when the filter is standing full, the fine
suspended particles of sewage are deposited on the contact
material and worked over by the anaerobic organisms
 During the 'empty period' that follows next, the deposited matter
is oxidized by the aerobic bacteria
 watertight tanks with masonry walls. The contact material is made
of broken stone called ballast and is of 2.5 - 7.5 cm gauge
 The tank is filled with the sewage over a period of an hour;
allowed to stand full over a period of two hours, then emptied
through underdrains. This process takes another hour.
 The tank is now left empty for 3 to 4 hours before admitting the
next charge. (Thus with a total working period in a shift of 8
hours, the contact bed can be worked in three shifts daily)
 Intermittent sand filters
 Land filtration
 Sewage effluent is applied on the specially prepared
bed of sand filters.
 sewage effluent is applied at regular intervals
 As it passes through the filtering media of sand, two
actions occur:
1. Mechanical straining action
2. Bacterial action in the voids of sand particles
 Sewage is issued in the form of spray through the nozzles
 The sewage uniformly applied on the top of the filter medium
 The sewage trickles over the surface of filter medium(broken
stone)finally collected by the under drain
 The activated aerobic bacteria present in the film over the
surface of broken stone
 The bacteria oxidize the organic substance
 The oxidizing sewage is withdrawn through the outlet
 After continuous working the thickness of bacterial film is
grown and anaerobic conditions are setup
 So the filter medium is washed and cleaned.
 Shapes – rectangular or circular
 The size of coarse material used for filtration ranges from 25 – 75
mm
 It is placed in layers, largest at bottom & smallest at top
 2 types : 1) low rate TF 2) High rate TF
Advantages
 Rate of filter loading is more
 They are self cleansing
 Cheap and simple in operation
 Mechanical wear and tear is small
 Nearly 75 – 80 % B.O.D is removed
Disadvantages
 Odour nuisance, fly nuisance near the filter
 More land required
 Pose sometimes operational troubles
 Activated sludge process or T.F ?
Activated sludge process T.F
 Bacterial film is contained in  The bacterial film is formed
the fine suspended matter of around the particles of contact
sewage and this film is kept material and it is stationary
moving by constant agitation

Selection of any on method depends on

1. Availability and cost of spare parts
2. Availability of land
3. Availability of suitable method of sludge disposal
4. Cost of operating the process
5. Cost of power
6. Quantity of sewage
Secondary sedimentation tank (SST)/
Secondary Clarifier
 Located after the units of secondary treatment such as filters
or activated sludge process units
 If the sewage is treated by high rate T.F, detention period is
kept about 2 hours
 If the sewage is treated by activated sludge process, detention
period will depend on the effectiveness of the aeration
provided during the process
 Overflow rate is taken as 1000 to 1500 litres per hour per m2
 Sludge collected at the bottom should be continuously
removed
 Sedimenattion can be assisted by adding certain chemicals,
known as coagulants such as alum, chlorinated copperas,
lime, ferric sulphate, ferric chloride, sodium silicate, sulphur
dioxide etc.
 Type of sludge:

1. Sludge produced by plain sedimentation

2. Chemical precipitation

3. Trickling filter

4. Activated sludge
 Sludge disposal
 Sewage after treatment is seperated into two distinct
parts – effluent and sludge
 Effluent : clear sparkling liquid
 Sludge: combination of sewage solids with different
proportions of water
 Effluent may be reused for street washing, fish culture,
watering of public parks, growing crops, industrial
supply etc.
 Method of sludge disposal
1. Disposal on land :
 Either by ploughing or trenching
 Ploughing method: The sludge mixed with lime and applied
in the cultivated land
 Trenching method: trenches of about 90 cm wide and 60 cm
deep are dug in parallel rows. Filled with sludge and a thin
layer of excavated earth is placed over it
 Good method but required plenty of land
2: distribution by pipe line:
 The sludge conveyed by pipe to the nearby farms and
discharged
 The sludge forms a good fertilizer
3: drying on drying bed:
• The sludge is discharged on a bed of earth which has
underdrains
• The underdrain of open jointed pipes over which are piled
gravel and sand
• The sludge is allowed to dry and the liquid enter the pipes
is drained away into a natural stream
4: discharge into sea
 Sludge is conveyed and discharged into the sea
 Useful when sea is near the locality
 Sludge should be taken sufficiently deep into the sea from the shore
5:Heat drying
 Sludge is actually heated so that it became dry
 Sludge can be converted into fertilizer
 Extremely costly
6:Lagooning or ponding
 A lagoon is a pit (depth about 60 cm to 120 cm )
 The sludge is conveyed and discharged into the lagoon
 The sludge dries in 2-6 months and then used as a manure
 This method is cheap but cause offensive odours and flying nuisance
 The lagoon may be covered with lime or fine soil to reduce such
odours
 The method is used for areas which are non habitated
Sludge Digestion:
 It consist of circular RCC tank with hopper at the bottom

 The top is covered with a floating steel drum to collect the gas

 The raw sludge from primary sedimentation tank and secondary

sedimentation tank is pumped into the sludge digestion tank

 Dia 5-35m and depth 3-12m

 30-50 days for digestion

 Maintain temperature and PH

 Objectives:
1. Breaks the organic matter of the sludge into simpler compound by
the action of anaerobic bacteria
2. Transform a portion of solids into liquid and gas
3. Reduces the impurities and water content to 95%
 The digestion is brought about by two bacteria
A. 1st group bacteria attack the carbohydrates, proteins, and
convert into organic compound
B. acids also formed
C. When acids formed large quantites , PH value lowered and
biological activity stops
I. 2nd type anaerobic bacteria convert the acid into alkaline
II. the bacteria survive when PH 6.5-8
 Products of sludge digestion:
1. Digested sludge: settles down to the bottom
2. Gas: the gas is rises to the top and can be collected in
cylinders
3. supernatant liquid: the liquid in the digested sludge
 MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENTS
 The following miscellaneous treatments are used
when the sewage in limited quantities

1. Septic tanks

2. Imhoff tank
Septic tank
 Septic tank may be defined As a primary sedimentation tank with a
longer detention time of 12 – 36 hours and with extra provision of
digestion of settled sludge

 Digestion of sludge is carried out by anaerobic decomposition

 Settling tank directly admits row sewage and removes about 60% –
70 % of organic matter

 The effluent will be foul in nature and hence it should be disposed

off by either subsurface irrigation,soak pit, or discharged to water
body after treating in T.F

 Septic tanks are provided in areas where sewers have not yet been
laid to cater for the sanitary requirements of the area
 The septic tank is widely used in semi urban area like small
group house , institutional building, hotels , etc.
 Where the treatment plant is not available
Working:
 Rectangular tank with masonry or concrete
 Water tight concrete floor at bottom
 Inside of tank is water tight plastering
 It consist of T shaped inlet and outlet pipe
 Baffles wall is provided to avoid scum enter in to the outlet
 The top of the tank closed with RCC slab and provided with
manhole
 Provided with a vent pipe for escape the gases into the
atmosphere
 Minimum width of the tank 1m ( allow man to enter for
cleaning)
 12-24 hr the matter sedimented into the tank
 The sedimented human excreta is further digested under
anaerobic conditions is about 30 -50 days
 Cleaning operation is very important otherwise tank is
completely filled with sludge
 The effluent in the septic tank treated in the soak pit
Soak pit:
 Circular or square pit
 Min dia – 1m and depth 1.5 m
 The pit is filled with brick bat or coarse aggregate
 Anaerobic bacteria on the surface of brick bat which oxidizes
the organic matter
 The waste water percolate into the ground and finally disposed
 Design considerations of septic tank
 Sewage flow : 40 – 70 lpcd (only w/c are connected to septic tank)
: 90 – 150 lpcd( w/c and sullage , both discharged into
the septic tank)
 Rate of accumulation of sludge : 30 L/person/year
 Minimum capacity for about
8 – 10 persons : 2250 L(when all liquid waste discharged into tank)
: 1400 L (when only water closet waste discharges)
 Freeboard : 0.3 m
 Detention period :12-36 hours (usually 24 hours for design)
 L/B = 2 to 3
 Width > 90 cm
 Depth of tank = 1.2 to 1.8 m
IMHOFF TANK
 Consists of two chambers arranged one below the other
 The upper chambers –sedimentation of solid
 The lower chambers- digestion and storage
 The bottom of the lower chamber is provided with hopper bottoms
 The sewage enters the sedimentation chamber and solids are
deposited in it
 Solids pass into the digestion chamber through the small slot in the
bottom of sedimentation chamber
 The effluent is with drawn from the outlet and send to the soak pit
 The sludge settled in the upper chamber slides down into the
digestion chamber
 The digested sludge settles into the hopper which is drawn by sludge
pipe under hydrostatic pressure
 Top of tank provided with floating steel dome to collect the gas
 Self purification of natural waters
 When sewage is discharged into natural waters, its
organic matter gets oxidized by the dissolved oxygen
content in the water
 Thus simple inoffensive substances produced
 Deficiency of DO thus created in natural waters is
filled up by the absorption of atmospheric oxygen
 This phenomena in which the oxygen is consumed by
sewage and at the same time it is replenished by the
atmosphere is known as self purification of natural
waters
 Disposal of Sewage

 Disposal on land
 Disposal in water
 Direct and indirect reuse of waste water
 Artificial methods
1) Disposal on land
 The effluent has to be treated and removed off the pollutants to
such an extent as to satisfy the standards of disposal
 Broad irrigation / subsurface irrigation/ridge and furrow method
 Sewage sickness :- continuous disposal of land may lead to
clogging of soil pores, thus preventing the free circulation of air.
This prevents aerobic biological action and thus the purifying
capacity of land is reduced. This can be stopped by 1) applying
pretreated sewage instead of raw sewage 2) stopping the
application of sewage on to those lands 3) by rotation of crops
2) Disposal in water
 Also called dilution technique
 Taking advantage of self purification capacity of natural body of
water
 Effluents should treated for the removal of pollutants below
tolerance limits before being discharged
3) Direct and indirect reuse of waste water
 Municipal reuse for park, lawn,golf course watering
 Industrial reuse (cooling tower water, boiler feed water and
process water)
 Agricultural reuse (for irrigation of certain crops, orchards,
forests, and leaching of soils)
 Recreational reuse (artificial lakes for boating )
 Ground water recharge
4) Artificial methods
1. Oxidation pond
2. Oxidation ditch
3. Aerated lagoon
4. Anaerobic lagoon
 Oxidation Pond
 Shallow basin either natural or artificially excavated in
the ground
 Bottom is level and compacted well to avoid seepage
 Slope of bunds may vary from 1:3 to 1:4
 Depth 1 to 1.5 m
 Detention period of about 7 days is generally adopted
 Oxidation ponds purify the sewage by dual action of
aerobic bacteria and algae
 Aerobic bacteria obtain oxygen from the atmosphere
and use it in the decomposition of organic matter in the
sewage
 CO2 produced during decomposition under aerobic conditions is
taken up by algae for the preparation of required carbohydrates by
photosynthesis
 During photosynthesis the algae liberates oxygen. Thus keeps the
DO content high
 The aerobic bacteria in turn use this O2 content for their further
growth and decomposition of sewage
 A “Symbiosis” relation exists between algae and aerobic bacteria
 BOD can be reduced upto 90%.
 This method is suitable for tropical countries like India
 Simple in operation, algae can be harvested and can be used as
chicken feed
 But large area is required
 Odour nuisance, mosquito breading etc. have to be taken care
 Oxidation Ditch
• The oxidation ditch is a modified form of "extended aeration"
of activated sludge process.
• The ditch consists of a long continuous channel oval in shape
with two surface rotors placed across the channel.
• the rotor agitates and circulates the sewer so as to oxidize it
under aerobic conditions
•The aerated sewage is then settled in settling tanks and clear
supernatent liquid is taken out
•The stabilized sludge is then dried on sand beds and disposed off
A Typical Oxidation Ditch
A View of Oxidation Ditch
Drainage And Sanitary In
Building
AIMS:
➢ To avoid nuisance

➢ To prevent entry of foul gases from the sewer lines

➢ to provide facilities for the quick removal of foul

matter such as human excreta from the water
closet

➢ To provide healthy and aesthetic environment in

the building
 Aerated lagoon

 Similar to oxidation pond; but with a greater depth (2.4 yo 3.6

m)
 Aerobic conditions are maintained by mechanical aerators/
diffused aerators (Artificial aeration)
 Detention period is low(2 to 10 days)
 Land requirement is also small (5 to 10 % that of oxidation
pond)
 Generally used to treat industrial waste water
 Anaerobic lagoon
 Anaerobic throughout their depth except shallow
surface zone
 Constructed to a depth of about 6m so that the heat
energy is conserved and anaerobic conditions are
maintained
 Stabilization of sewage is brought about by the
combination of sedimentation and anaerobic
conversion of organic wastes to methane, CO2 and
other gaseous products, organic acids and cell tissues
Drainage and Sanitation in Buildings
Aims of building drainage
1. To drain away the liquid waste produced in the building as
quickly as possible so as to avoid nuisance
2. To prevent the entry of foul gases from the sewer lines
3. To provide facilities for the quick removal of foul matter
such as human excreta from the water closets
4. To collect the sewage systematically for its further
conveyance, treatment and disposal
5. To provide healthy and aesthetic environment in the
buildings
Principles of house drainage

1. It is advisable to lay sewers by the side of building rather than

below the building
2. Drains should be laid straight between inspection
chambers/manholes. All sharp bends should be avoided
3. Entire system should be properly ventilated
4. The house drain should be connected to the public sewer only
if the level permits (ie., only when public sewer is deeper than
the house drain; otherwise reverse flow will occur)
5. The house drainage should contain enough number of traps at
suitable points
6. House drain should be disconnected from the public sewer by
the provision of an intercepting trap to avoid foul gases from
public sewer
7. Joints of sewers should be watertight and should be properly tested
before use
8. Lateral sewers should be laid at proper gradient so that they will
develop self – cleansing velocity
9. Material of sewer should comply with standard requirements
10. Rain water from houses is collected from roofs and it is allowed
to flow freely on the road surface for catch basins/inlets
11. The sewage formed should be conveyed as early as possible after
its formation
12. The size of lateral sewers should be such that they will not
overflow at the time of maximum discharge
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
➢ Drain : Any pipe which conveys discharge from sanitary
appliances in a drainage system is a drain
➢ Building drain: The lowest horizontal piping of a drainage
system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and
other pipe inside the building and convey it to the building
sewer
➢ Building sewer: The horizontal pipe of a drainage system
which extends from the end of the building drain , receives the
discharge from it to a public sewer
➢ Soil waste: Discharge from water closets , urinal and similar
appliances
➢ soil pipe: Pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets

➢ Branch soil waste pipe: Pipe connecting one or more soil

waste pipe

➢ Waste water: Discharge from wash basins, sink and similar

appliances not containing human excreta

➢ Vent pipe: it is pipe installed to provide ventilation

 PLUMBING SYSTEMS
1 Single Stack System

2 One Pipe System

3 Two Pipe System

Single stack system
Single Stack System
 The waste water from bath room, kitchen, wash
basin, urinals, etc.. and also waste water containing
human excreta from water closet is discharged
through a single soil pipe
 This pipe is also made to act as a ventilating pipe
 One Pipe System

 The soil pipe carries

waste water from bath,
kitchen, urinal, water
closet etc.
 Separate vent pipe
connected to the
fittings
Two pipe system
 Two pipe system
 Soil pipe connected to all water closets and urinals
 other waste pipe is connected to bath , kitchen and wash
basin
 Both soil and waste pipe are separately ventilated by vent
pipes
 SANITARY FITTINGS
Traps: Is a devices, which contain a water-seal of about 50mm to
75mm to prevent gases escaping into sanitary fittings like wash
basins, water closets, sinks, baths, showers, etc
 water in the trap creates a seal that prevents sewer gas from
passing from the drain pipes back into the occupied space of the
building.
classification of traps according to shape:
1. P trap:
2. Q trap
3. S trap

Classification of trap according to use

1. Floor trap
2. gully trap
3. Intercepting trap
 P traps
 Legs are at right angles to each other
 Q traps
 Two legs meet at an angle other than a right angle
 S trap
 Both legs are parallel to each other
 Gully Trap
 Also called gullies
 Receive the sullage from baths, sinks, wash basin and
rain water from house tops
 The top of the gully trap is provide with cast iron
grating to prevent soil matter entering the drain
 Water seal 50-75mm
 Floor Trap

 Collect water from floors of baths and kitchens into drain

 It is provided with cast iron grated cover to admit water and
to prevent solid matter entering to the drain
 It is also called “ Nahni trap”
 Intercepting Trap
 Trap provided at the junction of municipal sewer and house
sewer.
 Prevents escape of foul gases from municipal sewer to house
sewer.
 Water seal 100mm.
 Tight fitting plug provided to help in cleaning operation
 Indian Type Water Closet
 Sitting position at floor level
 The length varies from 450 mm to 675mm
 Different size of Indian closets are available in the market
 It flushing rim is connected to a flushing cistern fixed above
the water closet
 Two foot rests are fixed on either side of the closet
 One disadvantage: the excreta does not fall directly into the
trap hence it require plenty of water (10 liter of water)
 when overhead water tank is not available then flushing done
manually
 European Water Closet
 Fixed above the floor level
 The flushing rim connected to the flushing cistern
 A cover provided at the top and also provided a elastic seat
 Excreta falls directly into the trap and hence it can kept more
clean
Anglo- Indian
 Flushing Cisterns
 The arrangement made to flush out the water closet or urinal is
called flushing cistern
 made of cast iron or porcelain
 The flushing cistern is fixed 2m and 0.6 m above the ground
level
 The capacity varies from 5to 15 lit
 Automatic cistern also available , and are installed in public
place(10 -15min)
 urinals
 The arrangements provided to receive urine
 Two type:
1. Bowl type
2. Stall or slab type

Bowl type:
 Bowl type basin with a flushing rim fixed at a convenient
height of about 0.6m
 flushed through hand operated syphonic type flushing cistern
 Slab/stall type comprises of a flat wall slab with partitions on
sides.
 It has a floor channel to drain off the discharge through a
trapped outlet
 The stall type urinal may be flushed by automatic flushing
cistern with a capacity of 10 to 15 litres
 Inspection chamber
 Constructed on house drain, to provide access for the cleaning,
inspection and repair of the drain
 Drainage pipes are made ‘U’ shaped and open in the inspection
chamber
 The floor slopes towards the open U shaped drain
 Chamber is provided with a C.I cover
 Size may be about 60 X 75cm and 90 cm deep
 They should be constructed at all junctions, bends, at about 10 m
interval
 Anti- siphonage pipe:
 Anti- siphonage pipe means any pipe provided in conjunction with a
trap in the sanitary fitting to prevent unsealing of the trap by
siphonage or back pressure.
 If several blocks are situated on different storeys discharging into the
same soil pipe, the antisyphonage pipe has to be necessarily provided
 Because the flushing in upper floors creates partial vaccum in the pipe
at lower region, inducing syphonic action and thus the water seals are
sucked in the lower floors

 Back- siphonage causes breaking of the water seal therefore anti-

siphonage pipe isrequires
Anti- siphonage pipe (fig.):
 Rural sanitation
 More than 70 % of the Indian population lives in the village

 The sanitary condition in the rural area are very poor

 The large sewage system with treatment work is not possible

because the population is not concentrated

 People live far and the limited population

 The satisfactory cheap techniques are adopted in rural area

 Stagnation of liquid waste promotes the growth of
mosquitoes, houseflies etc. which may leads to
communicate the diseases like malaria
 Pollution of wells
 Open storage of cowdung can also leads to insanitary
conditions
 Open defecation is also a bad habit prevalent in vaillage
areas
 Improper throwing of solid waste material also causes
insanitary conditions
 Ignorance, illiteracy, superstitions, lack of sanitary sense
etc. are prevalent among rural areas
 SANITARY LATRINES
 Open defecation should be discouraged. Hence some of the alternate
methods in unsewered areas for the collection and disposal of human
excreta are adopted
 The type of sanitary latrines to be adopted depends on the soil
condition, level of water table
1. Pit privy
2. Pail privy
3. Cesspool
4. Aqua privy
5. Bore hole latrine
6. Sanitary latrines
7. Concrete vault privy
 Pit Privy

 Consist of a pit of 1m^2 and 1.3m deep

 The sides are sometime lined with wooden planks or GI sheet
 The bottom not lined
 The pit covered by squatting seat
 The seat provided with wooden cover
 The wooden cover with hinge which can be kept closed when
not in use
 Vent pipe provided
 Temporary shed is constructed above the seat
 Lime should be sprinkled periodically to reduce odours
 Pit is filled , it is covered with earth of 0.6m thickness
 Method is useful when,
1. No well is located within 30m
2. The water table is deep
 Pail Privy
 Bucket or boxes are provided below the seat

 The bucket or box has holes underneath to allow the water to

escape

 The water collected in a pit nearby

 The night soil is removed by sweeper

 The night soil is then collected in trucks and disposed of far

away
 CESSPOOL
 Consists of a masonry chamber into which the faecal matter is
discharged from the water closet
 The sludge is collected at the bottom. Bottom is unlined and allows
the liquid to percolate. Only solid matter remains in the cess pool
 When the cesspool is filled up, it is emptied and material disposed of
suitably
 It is cleaned once in 2-3 year
 Not a suitable method
 AQUA PRIVY
 Based on the principle of septic tank
 Rectangular water tight tank over which the latrine is
constructed
 Sludge sedimented in the tank undergoes anaerobic digestion
 Effluent is percolated into ground through a soak pit or
absorption field
 Digested sludge after being filled completely has to be
removed
 Drop pipe is made to submerge in the liquid, thus bad smell
can be avoided
 The effluent is discharged into third chamber

 as the effluent rises, it is purified

 Bore hole latrine
 This is similar to pit privy except that instead of pit, a hole
 Hole dia 400mm
 The depth of the bore hole should be 1m above the ground
water table . Normally 4 to 8 m deep
 The hole is drilled outside the compartment
 A trap is provided to prevent the nuisance and odour
 When the hole is filled , it is covered by thick layer of the earth
and another hole is dug nearby
 Bio-gas plant
 Farmers use the cow dung as fuel
 If the dung is digested in a biogas plant, then the product
are;
1. Methane gas ( used as fuel for domestic purpose)
2. The liquid humus( good natural fertilizer)
 Bio gas plant commonly called as “ gobargas plant”
 Not only animal dung but also urine and human excreta,
crop wastes of paddy,s ugar cane, ground nut shell, forest
litter etc. can be used
 The slurry comes out of the plant is rich, odourless
 Bio gas production by anaerobic digestion is a 3 stage
process
1. Hydrolysis :- complex substances are converted into
soluable carbohydrates by anaerobic bacteria
2. Acid formation:- soluable organic compounds are
converted into volatile fatty acids by facultative and
anaerobic bacteria
3. Methane formation :- soluable fatty acids are transformed
into methane and carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria
KVIC model
 it consists of a deep well shaped underground digester connected
by inlet and outlet pipes .
 a mild steel gas storage drum,
 Constructed with brick masonry in cement mortar 1:4
 The inside of the tank is plastered
 This tank act as an anaerobic digester
 The cow dung is mixed with water in the ratio 1:1
 The slurry goes up and down around a guide pipe corresponding
to the accumulation and withdrawal of gas.
 The volume of digester is so designed as to hold the slurry for
about 55days
 During this period the cow dung slurry digested anaerobically
and produce bio gas
Fixed Dome
 it is circular masonry

 The main feature of this design is that the digester and gas holder are
operated of composite unit made of brick masonry.

 It has a cylindrical digester with dome shaped roof and large inlet and
outlet tank.

 The tank constructed with locally available material like brick, cement
mortar, it is circular masonry

 The digester and fixed dome remain below the ground level

 The slurry filled up to the level above the inlet and outlet the slurry
goes anaerobic digestion in about 50 days
 AIR POLLUTION
 Air pollution is defined as the presence of one or
more contaminants in the atmosphere, such
quantity and duration as may be injurious to
human, plant, animals

Source of air pollution are:

 Natural air pollution
 Man made air pollution
NATURAL SOURCE
 Volcanic disturbance contributing hydrogen fluoride ,
hydrogen chloride

 Wind blowing , causing the spread of dust particles

 Aerosol of natural origin by volcanic action

 Smoke of forest fire

 Natural chemical action to releasing carbon dioxide, hydrogen

sulphide into atmosphere
Man Made Source
 The combustion of fuels to produce energy for heating and
power

 The exhaust emission from transport vehicles that use petrol,

diesel oil, etc

 Waste particles , dust matters are heat from industrial area

 Effects Of Air-pollution
 Effect of vegetation
▪ Sensitive vegetation is severely damaged by SO2
▪ Radioactive substances cause genetic damage to vegetation
 Effect on human being and animals
▪ Increased symptoms of cardiac and pulmonary diseases
▪ CO and CO 2 etc. can cause serious health issues
▪ Serious odour problems are caused by emission of H2S
▪ NO2 causes respiratory illness in children
 Asthematic attacks on people
 Effect on materials:
- Abrasion
- Deposition of materials
- Direct chemical attack
- Indirect chemical attack
- corrosion
Air Pollution Control

 Controlling air pollution by zoning

 Air pollution control at the source

 Controlling air pollution by devices

Controlling air pollution by zoning
 The zoning system adopted at the planning stage itself

 Separate zone or area aside for industries there by reducing

the ill effect of air-pollution on urban area

 The zoning industries based on the type of industries ad their

function

 Every city has its own zoning rules

 Zoning of the industries may be based on performance

 Performance:
- traffic congestion
- hazardous
- industrial nuisance such a smoke, noise, dust,
odour, etc

 In India, the zoning system varies from city to city

 Ex: In Bangalore, three zones are provided for light,

medium and large industries
 Air pollution control at the source
 Raw material substitution:
- one raw material result in a pollution problem while
substitute material does not, obviously substitute would be
more desirable
- ex: low sulphur fuels to replace high sulphur fuels
 process modifications:
- pollution reduction can frequently be achieved by new or
modification process
 Equipment alternation:
- newer type of equipment are less pollution prone
 Removal of pollutant at source:
- The costly control equipment is necessary to remove
pollutants from the main gas stream
 Controlling air pollution by devices
 Device used for dust collection based on the
method of removal:
1. Internal separators
2. Wet collection device
3. Electrostatic precipitation
1:Internal separators
➢ Gravity setting chamber
➢ Cyclone
➢ Fabric filter
2:Wet collection device
➢ Cyclonic scrubbers
➢ Venturi scrubbers
➢ Spray chambers
 1:Internal separators
1 Gravity setting chamber:
 The dust is separated from the gas by reducing the velocity of
the gas
 The size of the chamber for very low velocity of the gas required
very large
 The dust particle settle down in the chamber
 Velocity of the chamber kept between 0.3 to 3m/s
 At such reduced velocities, the particles settle down to the
bottom hopper by gravity
 The particles are removed through dust outlet
 The dust free gas is taken out through the outlet
 The chamber capable of removing only the large particles of size
25 to 50 micron
 Cyclone
 Works on the principle of seperating the particulate matter from
the gas, by converting the inlet gas stream into a double vortex
 The gas first allowed to spiral down at the inner surface and
then it spiral upward at the central portion of the cyclone.
 Hence called “ reverse flow cyclone collector”
 Due to the inertia the dust particle settle down in the surface
where they are collected by inertial impingement
 Removing particle of size 10-0.4micron
 Fabric filter

 Oldest method
 The dust pass through a fabric (cloth) to which the dust gets
attached
 The velocity of flow is low so the large particle get settled in
the bottom
 Fine particle get attached to the fabric due to electrostatic
charges
 For cleaning the bags, compressed air is blow in the reverse
direction
Wet Collection Devices
1: cyclonic scrubber
Venturi Scrubbers
 The venturi scrubber consist of a venturi throat

 Dirty gas passes at a velocity of 3400 to 12600mm/min

 The water added in the direction of flow

 Water enter at the throat

 The scrubber can clean about 4000 liters of gas per

minute

 can clean very fine particle

 Electrostatic precipitator
 The dust are removed by electrostatic attractions
 The high voltage wires of about 40-50 KV are placed in the
centre of each passage
 The dirty gas passes between the high voltage wires and the
ground plate
 The high voltage in the wires produce billion of electron and
bombards the gas molecule, which become positive and
negative ions
 The positive ions return to the negative wire electrode
 The negative ion combine with the dust particle
 -vely charged dust particle collect at the positively charged
particle
Electrostatic precipitators

o Works on the principle of electrical charging

of particulate Matter (-ve) and collecting it in a
(+ve) charged surface.
o 99% efficiency.
o Can remove particle size range of 0.1 μm to
1 μm.
Six major components
o A source of high voltage
o Discharge electrodes and collecting electrodes
o Inlet and outlet for gas
o A hopper for disposal of collected material
o An electronic cleaning system
o An outer casing to form an enclosure around
electrodes
 FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL POLLUTION
CONTROL BOARD
(a)Advise the Central Government :The Central Pollution
Control Board can advise the Central Government on any
matter concerning the prevention and control of water
pollution.
(b)Co-Ordination with State Board: Central Pollution Control
Board is to Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and
resolve dispute among them.
(c)Technical Assistance/Guidance to State Boards: Central
Pollution Control Board is to provide technical assistance and
guidance to the State Boards, carry out investigations and research
relating to problem of water pollution and prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution.
(d)Training Programme :Central Pollution Control Board is to
plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be
engaged in programmes for the prevention, control or abatement
of water pollution.
(e)Organising Comprehensive Programme: Central Pollution
Control Board is to organize through mass media a
comprehensive programme regarding the prevention and control
of water pollution.
(f)Functions as State Board: By the Amending Act, 1988, the
Central Board can perform such of the functions of any State
Board i.e., “power to give directions”-“every State Board shall
be bound by such directions in writing as the Central
Government or the State Government may give to it.
(g)Publication of Statistical/Technical Data :Central Pollution
Control Board is to Collect, compile and publish technical and
statistical relating to water pollution and the measures devised
for its effective prevention and control and prepare manuals,
codes or guides relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and
trade effluents and disseminate information connected
therewith.
(h)Laying Down Standard for A Stream/Well: Central
Pollution Control Board is to lay down, modify , in
consultation with the State Government concerned the
standards for a stream or well.
(i) Execution of Programme at National Level: Central
Pollution Control Board is to plan and cause to be executed by
a nationwide programme for the prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution
 FUNCTIONS OF STATE POLLUTION
CONTROL BOARDS
(a)Planning Comprehensive Programme :The State Pollution
Control Board is to plan a comprehensive programme for the
prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in
the state and to secure the execution thereof.
(b)Advisory functions: The State Pollution Control Board is to
advise the state government on any matter concerning the
prevention, control or abatement of water pollution.
(c)Dissemination of Information: The State Pollution Control Board
is to collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution
and the prevention, control or abatement thereof.
(d)Investigation and research :The State Pollution Control Board is
to encourage, conduct and participate in investigation and research
relating to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution.
(e)Organising training programme :The State Pollution Control Board is
to collaborate with the Central Board in organising the training of persons
engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of
water pollution and to organise mass education programmes relating
thereto
(f)Inspection of sewage/trade effluents plants The State Pollution
Control Board is to inspect sewage or trade effluents works and plants for
the treatment of sewage and trade effluents, and to review plans,
specifications or other data relating to plants setup for the treatment of
water, works for the purification thereof and the system of the disposal of
sewage or trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as
required by the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
(g)Lay down Standards for Causing Discharge of Water The State
Pollution Control Board is to lay down, modify or annul effluents
standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quality of
receiving waters resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify
water of the state.
(h) Economical Methods of Treatment of Sewage: The
State Pollution Control Board is to evolve economical and
reliable methods of treatment of sewage and trade effluents,
having regard to the peculiar conditions of soil, climate and
water resources in different regions.
(i)Methods Regarding Utilization of Sewage The State
Pollution Control Board is to evolve methods of utilization of
sewage and suitable trade effluents in agriculture.
(j)Methods of Disposal of Sewage :The State Pollution
Control Board is to evolve efficient methods of disposal of
sewage and trade effluents on land, as are necessary on
account of the predominant conditions of
(k)Laying Down Standards for Treatment of Sewage
(l) Advisory Functions