Hindawi Publishing Corporation

e Scientific World Journal

Volume 2014, Article ID 951019, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/951019

Review Article
Purslane Weed (Portulaca oleracea): A Prospective Plant Source
of Nutrition, Omega-3 Fatty Acid, and Antioxidant Attributes

Md. Kamal Uddin,1 Abdul Shukor Juraimi,1 Md Sabir Hossain,1 Most. Altaf Un Nahar,2
Md. Eaqub Ali,3 and M. M. Rahman4
1
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
2
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
3
Malaysia Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4
Bangabadhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

Correspondence should be addressed to Md. Kamal Uddin; [email protected]

Received 13 September 2013; Accepted 5 December 2013; Published 10 February 2014

Academic Editors: W. Gelderblom, T. Takamizo, and D. X. Tan

Copyright © 2014 Md. Kamal Uddin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an important plant naturally found as a weed in field crops and lawns. Purslane is widely
distributed around the globe and is popular as a potherb in many areas of Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean region. This plant
possesses mucilaginous substances which are of medicinal importance. It is a rich source of potassium (494 mg/100 g) followed
by magnesium (68 mg/100 g) and calcium (65 mg/100 g) and possesses the potential to be used as vegetable source of omega-3
fatty acid. It is very good source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and gamma-linolenic acid (LNA, 18 : 3 w3) (4 mg/g fresh weight) of
any green leafy vegetable. It contained the highest amount (22.2 mg and 130 mg per 100 g of fresh and dry weight, resp.) of alpha-
tocopherol and ascorbic acid (26.6 mg and 506 mg per 100 g of fresh and dry weight, resp.). The oxalate content of purslane leaves
was reported as 671–869 mg/100 g fresh weight. The antioxidant content and nutritional value of purslane are important for human
consumption. It revealed tremendous nutritional potential and has indicated the potential use of this herb for the future.

1. Introduction herbal medicine. Purslane has also been used in the treatment
of osteoporosis and psoriasis.
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) deserves special attention Recent research demonstrates that purslane has better
from agriculturalists as well as nutritionists. Purslane is a nutritional quality than the major cultivated vegetables, with
common weed in turfgrass areas as well as in field crops higher beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid
[1, 2]. Many varieties of purslane under many names grow [3]. Additionally, purslane has been described as a power food
in a wide range of climates and regions. Purslane has wide because of its high nutritive and antioxidant properties [4].
acceptability as a potherb in Central Europe, Asia, and the Different varieties, harvesting times, and environmental con-
Mediterranean region. It is an important component of green ditions can contribute to purslane’s nutritional composition
salad and its soft stem and leaves are used raw, alone, or with and benefits [5].
other greens. Purslane is also used for cooking or used as a Purslane is popular as a traditional medicine in China
pickle. Its medicinal value is evident from its use for treatment for the treatment of hypotension and diabetes. Scientifically,
of burns, headache, and diseases related to the intestine, liver, it is not proven to have antidiabetic effects, but still people
stomach, cough, shortness of breath, and arthritis. Its use as a use it for this purpose. An experiment has been carried out
purgative, cardiac tonic, emollient, muscle relaxant, and anti- for the extraction of crude polysaccharide(s) from purslane
inflammatory and diuretic treatment makes it important in to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of these constituents
2 The Scientific World Journal

with animal tests for the use of this plant in the treatment of shaped, succulent, and stalkless or have very short stalks,
diabetes [6]. about 5–30 mm long, and sometimes their edges are red-
Purslane is a very good source of alpha-linolenic acid. tinged. Leaves are green or green with red margin.
Alpha-linolenic is an omega-3 fatty acid which plays an
important role in human growth and development and in Seedling. Cotyledons (seed leaves) are egg shaped to oblong,
preventing diseases. Purslane has been shown to contain hairless, succulent, about 2–5 mm long, and sometimes
five times higher omega-3 fatty acids than spinach. Omega- tinged red.
3 fatty acids belong to a group of polyunsaturated fatty
acids essential for human growth, development, prevention Flower. Flowering initiates during May to September. Flowers
of numerous cardiovascular diseases, and maintenance of a originate as single or clusters of two to five at the tips of stems.
healthy immune system [7]. Our bodies do not synthesise The flowers are minute or small having orange yellow, purple,
omega-3 fatty acids. Therefore omega-3 fatty acids must be or white pink color with five petals and typically open only on
consumed from a dietary source. Omega-3 fatty acids contain hot and sunny days from mid-morning to early afternoon.
18 to 24 carbon atoms and have three or more double bonds
within its fatty acid chain [8]. Fish is the richest source of Fruit. Fruit consists of almost round to egg-shaped capsules,
omega-3 fatty acids. Health authorities highly recommend usually about 4–8 mm long that open around the middle to
that we consume fish regularly to meet our bodies’ require- release the seeds. Seeds are tiny, less than 1 mm in diameter,
ments of omega-3 fatty acids, as other sources are limited circular to egg shaped, flattened, and brown to black with a
and do not supply nearly as much omega-3 fatty acids [9]. white point of attachment. Numerous seeds are produced.
Purslane has recently been identified as the richest vegetable
source of alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 fatty acid 2. Health Benefits of Purslane
[10]. The lack of dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids has
resulted in a growing level of interest to introduce purslane 2.1. Nutrition. It is rich in vitamin A which is a natural
as a new cultivated vegetable [11, 12]. Purslane flourishes in antioxidant value. It can play role in vision healthy mucus
numerous biogeographical locations worldwide and is highly membranes and to protect from lung and oral cavity cancer.
adaptable to many adverse conditions such as drought, saline, Purslane contains the highest content of vitamin A among
and nutrient deficient conditions [13]. green leafy vegetables. It also contains vitamin C and B-
complex vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, and pyridoxine.
Distribution. It is reported that purslane was a common It provides highest dietary minerals such as potassium
vegetable of the Roman Empire. Origin of purslane is not (494 mg/100 g) followed by magnesium (68 mg/100 g), cal-
certain, but existence of this plant is reported about 4,000 cium (65 mg/100 g), phosphorus (44 mg/100 g), and iron
years ago. The succulent stems and fleshy leaves of purslane (1.99 mg/100 g) (Table 1).
reflect that it may have originated and adapted to desert The range of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Zn from the young stage
climates of the Middle East and India. It can be found in to mature plants was from 1612 ± 27 to 1945 ± 30 mmol kg−1
Europe, Africa, North America, Australia, and Asia [14].
DW, 2127 ± 23 to 2443 ± 27 mmol kg−1 DW, 1257 ± 10 to 1526
Botanical Classification. Portulaca oleracea is s cosmopolitan ± 31 mmol kg−1 DW, 218 ± 8 to 262 ± 3 mmol kg−1 DW, and
species and the genus Portulaca belongs to the family Portu- 128 ± 2 to 160 ± 1 mmol kg−1 DW, respectively. On the other
lacaceae, a small family with 21 genera and 580 species, and is hand, the Na and Cl concentrations in leaves were higher at
cosmopolitan in distribution, occurring especially in Amer- the young stage and lower at the mature stage. The Na and
ica with some species found in Arabia [15]. Purslane plants Cl concentrations ranged from 356 ± 4 to 278 ± 8 mmol kg−1
are succulent, annual herbaceous, and erect or decumbent DW and from 82 ± 2 to 53 ± 2 mmol kg−1 DW, respectively
up to 30 cm high. Purslane is botanically known as Portulaca [16].
oleracea and is also called portulaca.

Habitat. It grows well in orchards, vineyards, crop fields, 2.2. Omega-3 Fatty Acid. Purslane is one of the richest green
landscaped areas, gardens, roadsides, and other disturbed plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids. It has lower the choles-
sites. terol and triglyceride levels, raise the beneficial high density
lipoprotein. Moreover, the ability of omega-3 fatty acids to
Stem. Stems are cylindrical, up to 30 cm long, 2-3 mm in decrease the thickness of the blood may be advantageous
diameter, green or red, swollen at the nodes, smooth, glabrous in the treatment of vascular diseases [3]. Unlike fish oils
apart from the leaf axils, and diffusely branched, and the with their high cholesterol and calorie content, purslane also
internodes are 1.5–3.5 cm in length. provides an excellent source of the beneficial omega-3 fatty
acids without the cholesterol of fish oils, since it contains
Leaf. Purslane leaves are alternate or subopposite, flat, fleshy, no cholesterol. There are 3 varieties of purslane, namely,
having variable shapes, obovate, 1–5 cm long, 0.5–2 cm across, the green, golden, and a large-leaved golden variety [17, 18].
obtuse or slightly notched at the apex, tapering at base, Important sources of omega-3 fatty acids are summarized in
sessile or indistinctly petiolate, glabrous, smooth, and waxy Table 2. It has a low incidence of cancer and heart disease,
on the upper surface, with entire margin, small stipules, and possibly due in part to purslane’s naturally occurring omega-
cluster of hairs up to 1 mm long. Leaves are egg to spatula 3 fatty acids [19].
The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1: Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) (Nutritive value per 100 g). Table 2: Plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids (g/100 g).

Principle Nutrient value Percentage of RDA Category Fruits/vegetables Amount (g)

Energy 16 Kcal 1.5% Avocados, California raw 0.1
Carbohydrates 3.4 g 3% Broccoli 0.1
Protein 1.30 g 2% Strawberries 0.1
Total Fat 0.1 g 0.5% Cauliflower, raw 0.1
Cholesterol 0 mg 0% Kale, raw 0.2
Low
Vitamins Spinach, raw 0.1
Folates 12 𝜇g 3% Peas, garden dry 0.2
Niacin 0.480 mg 3% Cowpeas, dry 0.3
Pantothenic acid 0.036 mg 1% Beans, navy, sprouted, cooked 0.3
Pyridoxine 0.073 mg 5.5% Corn, germ 0.3
Riboflavin 0.112 mg 8.5% Bean, common dry 0.6
Thiamin 0.047 mg 4% Leeks, freeze-dried, raw 0.7
Vitamin A 1320 IU 44% Wheat, germ 0.7
Vitamin C 21 mg 35% Spirulina, dried 0.8
Electrolytes Medium Purslane 0.9
Sodium 45 mg 3% Oat, germ 1.4
Potassium 494 mg 10.5% Beachnuts 1.7
Minerals Soybeans kernels, roasted 1.5
Calcium 65 mg 6.5% Soybeans, green 3.2
Copper 0.113 mg 12.5% Soybean oil 6.8
Iron 1.99 mg 25% Walnuts, Persian, English 6.8
Magnesium 68 mg 17% Wheat germ oil 6.8
High
Manganese 0.303 mg 13% Butternuts 8.7
Phosphorus 44 mg 6% Walnut oil 10.4
Selenium 0.9 𝜇g 2% Rapeseed oil (New Puritan Oil) 11.1
Zinc 0.17 mg 1.5% Source: Bulletin, US Department of Agriculture Provisional table on the
Source: USDA National Nutrient data. content of omega-3 fatty acids and other fat components in selected foods
(HNIS/PT-103).

Purslane is best used for human consumption as a green

vegetable rich in minerals and omega-3 fatty acids [20].
Omega-3 fatty acid is a precursor of a specific group of hor- not present at all in flax oil. This would provide 1 mg of EPA
mones. It may offer protection against cardiovascular disease, for a 100 g portion of purslane or 10 mg for a kg (2.2 pounds),
cancers, and a number of chronic diseases and conditions or 1 g for 100 kg (220 pounds) of sample.
throughout the human life. The antioxidant enzymes such as Purslane is the richest source of gamma-linolenic acid
GPx, GR, SOD, and GST take part in maintaining glutathione (LNA, 18 : 3 w3) (4 mg/g fresh weight) of any green leafy
homeostasis in tissues. Also, increased levels of GPx, GR, vegetable. It also contains a small amount of eicosapentaenoic
GST, CAT, and SOD were found to correlate with elevated acid (EPA. 20 : 5 w3) (0.01 mg/g fresh weight) [21]. Subse-
glutathione level and depressed MDA and NO in rats, thus quently, purslane contained 18 : 3 w3 20 : 5 w3 and 22 : 6 w3
showing the antioxidant activity of purslane. (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) as well as 22 : 5 w3 (docosapen-
Purslane leaves contain higher contents of alpha-linolenic taenoic acid, DPA) [22].
acid (18 : 3 w3), alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and glu- Selected food sources of omega-3 fatty acids are illus-
tathione than the leaves of spinach. It grows in growth trated in Table 2. Rapeseed oil, walnut oil, butternuts, and
chambers containing seven times higher contents of alpha- wheat germ oil are excellent sources (6.8–11.1 g/100 g fresh
tocopherol than that found in spinach. One hundred grams weight) of omega-3 fatty acids. Good sources (0.6–3.2 g/100 g
of fresh purslane leaves (one serving) contains about 300– fresh weight) of these fats include green soybean, soybean
400 mg of 18 : 3 w3; 12.2 mg of alpha-tocopherol, 26.6 mg kernels, beechnut, and oat germ. Cabbage, cauliflower, broc-
of ascorbic acid, 1.9 mg of beta-carotene, and 14.8 mg of coli, strawberries, spinach, garden pea, corn, and common
glutathione [21]. dry bean are additional sources of omega-3 fatty acids. These
Purslane has the highest level of alpha-linolenic which is foods contain a smaller (0.1–0.3 g/100 g fresh weight) level of
an omega 3 fatty acid essential for human nutrition compared omega-3 fatty acids.
to any leafy green vegetable. A 100 g sample of purslane Purslane leaves contained higher amounts of alpha-
contains 300–400 mg of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). It also linolenic (18 : 3 w3) than stem fractions, whereas 20 : 5w3 was
has 0.01 mg per gram of eicopentanoic acid (EPA), which is higher in stem fractions [22] (Table 3).
4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 3: Composition of selected fatty acids in purslane (Portulaca oleracea) (% of total FA)a .

Omara-Alwala et al., 1991 [22] Simopoulos and Salem, 1986 [10]

Fatty acid Leaf Stem Whole plant Whole plant
18.3-omega-3 41.4–66.4 2.4–5.9 28.4–42.5 47.6
20.5-omega-3 0.8–12.6 18.6–35.5 6.4–21.5 0.1
22.3-omega-3 1.4–3.3 trace 1.0–3.0 —
22.6-omega-3 0.3–6.4 trace 0.6–5.6 —
a
Results from Omara-Alwala et al., 1991 [22], and Simopoulos and Salem, 1986 [10], expressed as mg of FA per kg or g of net weight.

Table 4: Fatty acid profiles in total lipid extracts from leaves of purslane and spinach.

Chamber grown purslane Wild purslane Spinach

Fatty acid
Dry wt% mg/g fresh wt Dry wt% mg/g fresh wt Dry wt% mg/g fresh wt
18.0 1.12 0.064 0.95 0.048 0.78 0.007
18.1 4.99 0.016 2.13 0.10 2.04 0.018
18.2 16.99 0.968 13.45 0.70 11.70 0.10
18.3 59.87 3.41 63.78 3.22 53.85 0.48
Source: Simopoulos et al., 1992 [21].

Leaves of purslane grown both in the controlled growth Table 5: Fatty acid composition of purslane fractions.
chamber and in the wild contained higher amount of alpha-
linolenic fatty acid (18 : 3 w3) than that of spinach leaves. Composition (% of total fatty acids)
Fatty acid
The highest amount (3.41 mg/g) of alpha-linolenic acid was Leaf Stem Flower
recorded in growth chamber grown purslane, which was 15:0 0.39 — 1.01
seven times higher than that of spinach leaves (0.48 mg/g) 16:0 13.09 16.90 19.30
(Table 4). 18:0 2.29 7.75 4.51
Total SFA 16.42 24.64 24.52
2.3. Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition. All fractions 16:1 0.54 0.51 0.90
contained very low lipid content with 0.47% in stems, 0.51%
18:1 4.29 3.38 12.30
in leaves, and 0.54% in the flowers (Table 5). In general,
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were found to be most Total MUFA 4.83 3.89 13.20
abundant in all fractions, followed by saturated (SFAs) and 18:2n-6 14.46 9.70 30.11
monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The most predomi- 18:3n-6 13.25 45.57 9.68
nant fatty acids were 18:3n-3 (50%) in the leaf, 18:3n-6 (46%) 18:3n-3 49.70 15.62 21.01
in the stem, and 18:2n-6 (30% of total fatty acid) in the flowers. 20:0 0.21 0.11 0.29
ALA content ranged from 149 to 523 mg (100 g sample) in
22:0 0.19 0.16 0.10
stems and leaves, respectively. An interesting finding in this
study was that 18:3n-6 was found at high levels in all fractions, 24:0 1.12 0.31 1.09
accounting for 46% in stems, 13% in leaves, and 10% in flowers Total PUFA 78.75 71.47 62.28
[23]. Lipid content (%) 0.51 0.47 0.54
Source: Siriamornpun and Suttajit, 2010 [23].
2.4. Antioxidants. The TPC in cultivars of P. oleracea ranged
from 127 ± 13 to 478 ± 45 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight of plant.
The IC50 ranged from 0.89 ± 0.07 to 3.41 ± 0.41 mg/mL, both in the growth chamber and in the wild, compared to
the AEAC values ranged from 110 ± 14 to 430 ± 32 mg the composition of spinach leaves (Table 6). Growth chamber
AA/100 g, and the FRAP values ranged from 0.93 ± 0.22 to grown purslane contained the highest amount (22.2 mg and
5.10 ± 0.56 mg GAE/g [24] (Lim and Quah 2007). DPPH 130 mg per 100 g of fresh and dry weight, resp.) of alpha-
scavenging (IC50) capacity ranged from 1.30 ± 0.04 to 1.71 ± tocopherol and ascorbic acid (26.6 mg and 506 mg per 100 g
0.04 mg/mL, while the ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant of fresh and dry weight, resp.), whereas beta-carotene was
activity (AEAC) values were from 229.5 ± 7.9 to 319.3 ± 8.7 mg slightly higher in spinach.
AA/100 g, the total phenol content (TPC) varied from 174.5 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and beta-carotene have been
± 8.5 to 348.5 ± 7.9 mg GAE/100 g, AAC varied from 60.5 ± reported to possess antioxidant activity, because of their
2.1 to 86.5 ± 3.9 mg/100 g, and FRAP ranged from 1.8 ± 0.1 to ability to neutralize free radicals, and have the potential
4.3 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g [16]. to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer [25]. Leaves
Higher amounts of alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and had the highest content of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and
beta-carotene were observed in the leaves of purslane grown DPPH, followed by flowers and stems (Table 7). Thai wild
The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 6: Antioxidant content of purslane and spinach leaves.

Alpha-tocopherol Ascorbic acid Beta-carotene

Name
mg/100 g (fresh mg/100 g (dry mg/100 g (fresh mg/100 g (dry mg/100 (g fresh mg/100 g (dry
wt.)󸀠 wt.) wt.)󸀠 wt.) wt.)󸀠 wt.)
Chamber grown purslane 22.2 230 26.6 506 1.9 38.2
Wild purslane 8.2 170 23.0 451 2.2 43.5
Spinach 1.8 36 21.7 430 3.3 63.5
Source: Simopoulos et al., 1992 [21].

Table 7: Ascorbic acid and beta-carotene content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity of different parts of
Thai purslane.

Antioxidant compound content

Plant parts
Beta-carotene (mg g−1 sample) Ascorbic acid (mg g−1 sample) DPPH (%)
Leaf 0.58 3.99 76.71
Stem 0.29 2.27 90.11
Flower 0.55 2.32 91.01

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