Histopathology Lecture Notes I BSMLS-3B

MODULE 1 - the origin of Virchow’s idea: Cells are derived from other
MODERN CELL THEORY cells
2 BASIC TENETS: Rudolf Virchow (1858)
 All cell only come from other cells (The principle of - theorized that cells also come from cells or all living cells
Biogenesis) come from pre-existing cells.
 Cells are the fundamental units of organism - Latin phrase omnis cellula e cellula “all cells arise from
Principles of Modern Cell Theory cells”
1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
2. All the life functions of organisms occur within cells. - Prokaryotes are thought to be the first to live on Earth.
3. All cells come from already existing cells. - Eukaryotes evolved from Prokaryotes.
Addition to The Modern Cell Theory
1. Cells contain and pass on hereditary information during cell
division.
2. All cells are relatively the same in relation to basic structure,
chemical composition and metabolic activity.
3. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) of the cell
occurs within the cell.
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Animal Cells Plant Cells Bacteria

Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane No nuclear membrane

Robert Hooke (1665)

- examined a dead tissue which is a thin slice of “cork” using No cell wall Cell wall: cellulose Cell wall: peptidoglycan
a primitive microscope. He observed some square tiles or
small compartments within the cork, thus he coined the
term “cell” and was able to publish “Micrographia”. Multiple DNA Multiple DNA Single circular
- Hooke was not aware that the cork cells were long dead chromosome chromosome chromosome
and, therefore, lacked the internal structures found within
living cells Small vacuole Big vacuole No vacuole
- first to observe cells as microscopic structures – smaller in size – small in size – smallest in size
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
- was first to use an advanced microscope in examining a
Have lysosomes Have lysosomes No lysosomes
living tissue/cells and unicellular organisms including the
RBC and the sperms, and protest calling them
“animalcules.”
Have centrioles No centrioles No centrioles
- first to observe living cells, like sperm
- invented the microscope
Matthias Schleiden (1838) No chloroplast Chloroplast No chloroplast
- states that plants are made up of cells and is one of the
proponents of the cell theory.
- cell is the basic unit of life Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic Chromosomes
- started laying the foundation of the Modern Cell Theory
contain a single circular contain multiple linear
Theodor Schwann (1839)
chromosome chromosome
- states that animals are made up of cells and also one of the
condensed in the nucleoid condensed in a membrane-
proponents of the cell theory.
via DNA supercoiling and bound nucleus via histones
- was responsible for the events that led to the concept of
the binding of various
the Cell Theory
proteins
*Collaboration of Schleiden and Theodor Schwann:
 All different parts of plants and animals are made up of transcription and translation transcription occurs in the
cells occur simultaneously nucleus, and translation
 Cells can be produced from other cells occurs in the cytoplasm
 Defined plant cell as the basic unit of plant and animal contain only one copy of contain two copies of each
cell as the basic unit of animals. each gene (haploid) gene (diploid)
*Note: In 1839, after a conversation with Schleiden, Schwann non-essential prokaryotic extrachromosomal plasmids
realized that similarities existed between plant and animal genes are commonly are not commonly present
tissues. This laid the foundation for the idea that cells are the encoded on
fundamental components of plants and animals. extrachromosomal plasmids
Robert Remak (1852) genomes are efficient and contain large amounts of
- published convincing evidence that cells are derived from compact, containing the little non-coding and repetitive
other cells as a result of cell division which later been repetitive DNA DNA
plagiarized by Rudolf Virchow that became one of the cell
theories.

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BERJAMIN, DORADO C, ERMITANIO, 1
GUPITEO, LARIOSA, RESURRECCION
Histopathology Lecture Notes I BSMLS-3B
COMPARISON BETWEEN Golgi Apparatus - a factory in which proteins received
ANIMAL, PLANT, AND BACTERIAL CELL from the ER are further processed and
Structure present in all cell types: sorted for transport
1. Plasma membrane Ribosomes - synthesizes protein
2. Cytoplasm
3. Ribosomes Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell
4. DNA - responsible for ATP (cell’s energy
Animal and Plant cells – complex chromosomes each with a currency) synthesis
single double-stranded Lysosomes - cell’s suicide bag
Bacterial cell – single circular DNA - protects the cell by engulfing foreign
Structure Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell bodies that enter the cell
- involved in cell renewal
Cell Wall absent made of made of Chloroplast - carry out photosynthesis in plant and
cellulose peptidoglycan algal cells
also called as - it is also the primary center for light-
murein
dependent and light-independent
Size smaller small smallest reactions during photosynthesis
Vacuole small and large; single absent Vacuoles - act as a storage for nutrients as well
numerous as waste materials to protect the cell
Chloroplast absent present absent for toxicity
Each of the organelle contributes to:
Characteristics of Cells:  Heredity
 nucleus is the most prominent organelle  Energy
Major Organelles:  Synthesis
 endoplasmic reticulum  Transport
 golgi body  Movement
 vacuoles Prokaryotes
 mitochondria - can engage in almost all activity in eukaryotic cell
 nucleus - golgi bodies, ER, mitosis, true nucleus and mitochondria are
 locomotor appendages absent here
- bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes
Structure Function
- more developed cell line
Cell Membrane - provides mechanical support that Fungi
facilities the shape of the cell while - ingest organic substrates
enclosing the cell and its components - has cell wall
from the external environment - asexual and sexual reproduction through spores
Cell wall - provides structure, protection, and - microscopic and macroscopic
filtering mechanism to the cell Algae
Cytoplasm - where chemical reactions occur - photosynthetic
- has cell wall and chloroplast
Organelles - cell components enclosed by Protozoans
membrane and contributes to - protist that lack cell wall
metabolism, transport, synthesis - usually have locomotor organelles
- partition the eukaryotic cells into - has a dormant stage
compartments - feed on others
Nucleus - contains the hereditary material (DNA) Archaea
- sends signals in the cell to grow, - single-celled prokaryotic organisms that have distinct
mature, divide, or die molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria and
- most visible organelle eukaryotes
Nucleolus - ribosome synthesis - derived from the Greek word archaios, meaning “ancient” or
- involved in cellular activities and “primitive”
cellular reproduction - can survive in environments that are hostile to all other life
Nuclear - a double membrane that encloses forms
membrane the cell nucleus - majority of archaea cannot be cultured within the laboratory
- it serves to separate the setting
chromosomes from the rest of the cell - archaea reproduce asexually through binary fission
- it also manages what materials can - cells have a coiled ring of DNA
enter and exit the nucleus, it does so - archaea that live
by being selectively permeable in extreme
Endoplasmic - contains many of the enzymes habitats such as
Reticulum required for several metabolic hot springs and
processes, and the surface of the ER deep-sea vents
is essential for other operations like are called
diffusion, osmosis, and active extremophiles
transport. - flagella allow the
Smooth ER – lipid synthesis archaea to move
Rough ER – protein synthesis
Chromosomes - an organized package of DNA that
carries the genetic information of
individuals

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BERJAMIN, DORADO C, ERMITANIO, 2
GUPITEO, LARIOSA, RESURRECCION
Histopathology Lecture Notes I BSMLS-3B
Habitat
- they can survive environments such as hydrothermal vents
and terrestrial hot springs.
- they were also found in a diverse range of highly saline,
anaerobic, hot (more than 100° Celsius), freezing, acidic,
alkaline and salty environments
*The archaea cell able to live in extreme environments can be
classified depending on their ability to live in specific conditions.
Four such classifications are:
o Hyperthermophilic - tolerance for high temperatures
o Acidophilic - able to survive acidic environments:
o Alkaliphilic - can survive in highly alkaline liquids
o Halophilic - tolerance for high salt content

History:
Archaea was once classified as bacteria until American
microbiologist Carl Woese (in 1977) they are actually consist of
two separate lineages , on the basis of analyses of
ribosomal RNA. Woese called these two lineages the eubacteria
and the archaebacteria. These names were subsequently
changed to bacteria and archaea (the archaea being distinctly
different from bacteria), but Woese’s splitting of the prokaryotes
into two groups has remained, and all living organisms are now
considered by many biologists to fall into one of three great
domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

*Molecular analysis has shown that domain Archaea are

subdivided into 5 phyla that include:
 Euryarchaeota
 Crenarchaeota
 Korarchaeota
 Thaumarchaeota
 Nanoarchaeota

Traits that differentiate Archaea from Bacteria and Eukaryotes:
1. Cell walls: virtually all bacteria contain peptidoglycan in
their cell walls; however, archaea and eukaryotes lack
peptidoglycan
2. Fatty acids: bacteria and eukaryotes produce
membrane lipids consisting of fatty acids linked
by ester bonds to a molecule of glycerol. In contrast, the
archaea have ether bonds connecting fatty acids to
molecules of glycerol. Although a few bacteria also contain
ether-linked lipids, no archaea have been discovered that
contain ester-linked lipids.
3. Complexity of RNA polymerase: bacteria contain a simple
RNA polymerase consisting of four polypeptides. However,
both archaea and eukaryotes have multiple RNA
polymerases that contain multiple polypeptides
4. Protein synthesis: bacteria have an initiator tRNA (transfer
RNA) that has a modified methionine, whereas eukaryotes
and archaea have an initiator tRNA with an unmodified
methionine.
5. Metabolism: methanogenesis (the production
of methane as a metabolic by-product) occurs only in the
domain Archaea

Examples of Archaeans:
 Aeropyrum pernix
 Thermosphaera aggregans
 Ignisphaera aggregans
 Sulfolobus tokodaii
 Metallosphaera sedula
 Staphylothermus marinus
 Thermoproteus tenax

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BERJAMIN, DORADO C, ERMITANIO, 3
GUPITEO, LARIOSA, RESURRECCION