CPCQ13-

07

TCS
Concept 1: Percentages as Fractions & Decimals Wipro
Infosys
PERCENT All
AMCAT
tests
PER CENT

Out of Hundred

Let us take an example. Let the following be the marks scored by A and B in a test.
A B
50 100
“Who scored the highest mark???”
Obviously ‘B’!
But,
A B
50/50 100/200
Now, who scored better? It is ‘A’.
So, we can understand that the base value is required while calculating percentages.

Different ways of solving percentage questions:

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Breaking into smaller values Converse Relating Fractions (FPT)
1. 40% of 30 = ? 82% of 150 = ? 1. 16.66% of 24
W.K.T, 10% of 30 = 3 This question can be done in the 2. 33.33% of 90
If 10% is 3 then, 40% previous way (80+2)% but, there is 3. 12.5% of 32
would be 3*4 = 12. 10% another simple method for these
So, 40% of 30 = 12. type of problems. Students will try to solve the above
2. 35% of 40 = ?
Here, 35 can be split as
(30+5).
W.K.T, a% of b = ( )
a
100
∗b
mentioned questions by either type
1 or type 2.

W.K.T, 10% of 40 = 4
So, 30% of 40 = 12
Similarly, b% of a =( ) b
100
∗a But tell them to think differently
and introduce them the concept of
5% of 40=2 Implies, a% of b = b% of a converting percentages to
(Half of 10%) 5% So, 82% of 150 = 150% of 82 fractions.
∴ 35% of 40 = 14 Here 150 can be split as 100+50
3. 91% of 70 = ? 100% of 82 = 82 With the FPT given below, the above
50% of 82 = 41 mentioned questions can be solved
10% of 70 = 7
∴ 150% of 82 = 82% of 150 = 123 easily.
90% of 70 = 63
1% of 70 = 0.7 1%
∴ 91% of 70 = 63.7

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 1 of 26

 CPCQ13-
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4. 3.555% of 40 = ?
10% of 40 = 4 0.5% 1
1% of 40 = 0.4 1. 16.66% of 24 = *24 = 4
6
3% of 40 = 1.2
0.5% of 40 = 0.2 1
0.05% of 40 = 0.02 2. 33.33% of 90 = *90 = 30
3
0.005% of 40 = 0.002
∴ 3.555% of 40 = 1.422 1
3. 12.5% of 32 = *32 = 4
8

Similarly take the remaining fractions and form a table:

Fraction – Percentage Table (FPT):
1/6 = 1/8 = 1/9 = 1/10 = 1/11 =
½ = 50 1/3 = 33.33 1/4 = 25 1/5 = 20
16..66 12.5 11.11 10 9.09
2/6 = 2/9 = 2/10 = 2/11 =
2/2 = 100 2/3 = 66.66 2/4 = 50 2/5 = 40 2/8 = 25
33.33 22.22 20 18.18
3/8 = 3/9 = 3/10 = 3/11 =
3/3 = 100 ¾ = 75 3/5 = 60 3/6 = 50
37.5 33.33 30 27.27
4/6 = 4/9 = 4/10 = 4/11 =
4/4 = 100 4/5 = 80 4/8 = 50
66.66 44.44 40 36.36
5/6 = 5/8 = 5/9 = 5/10 = 5/11 =
5/5 = 100
83.33 62.5 55.55 50 45.45
6/9 = 6/10 = 6/11 =
6/6 = 100 6/8 = 75
66.66 60 54.54
Few students would ask trainers a method to
remember this table. 7/8 = 7/9 = 7/10 = 7/11 =
It is as simple as follows: 87.5 77.77 70 63.63
8/9 = 8/10 = 8/11 =
½ = 50% 8/8 = 100
88.88 80 72.72
Half of it
¼ = 25% 9/10 = 9/11 =
9/9 = 100
Half of it 90 81.81
1/8 = 12.5% 10/10 = 10/11 =
Half of it Connect the Dots: 100 90.90
1/16 = 6.25% 2 4 5 1
= = = = 50% 11/11 =
Half of it 4 8 10 2
1/3 = 33.33% 1/6 = 16.66% 100
2 3 1
Divide = = = 33.33%
6 9 3
By 3 1/9 = 11.11%

It’s better to give examples in class such that the denominator of fractions will be a factor of the number.
Give more examples in class and make them solve without using pen.

 33.33% of 120= (1/3)*120 = 40

 14.28% of 21= (1/7)*21 = 3
 18.18% of 121 = (2/11)*121 = 22

 33.33% of 26= (1/3)*26= 8.66

 14.28% of 29= (1/7)*29= 4.14

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 2 of 26

 CPCQ13-
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These bad examples would create an impression that percentages are tough. So it’s better
to avoid these examples at the earlier stages of the class.

It is of no use to search for these values in that table, because these are indirect values.
So
now insist students to complete the table. Few students would feel it is boring to
complete the
entire table but let us tell them this would be helpful in

1
data interpretation, profit and loss, SI & CI.

7 4 Finally,
1
7
is magical as the value is 14.2857142857 and it
has some pattern which would be helpful in filling the table.

5 2
Write these numbers around a circle.

For 1/7,

8 take the least number

(i.e., 1) in the circle
and continue through
the path of the circle. Finally, have a decimal point after two digits from
the start.
1
= 14.2857
7

For 2/7, take the second least number (i.e., 2) and follow the above step.
2
= 28.5714
7
Continue the same for the remaining fractions.
3
= 42.8571
7

4
= 57.1428
7

5
= 71.4285
7

6
= 85.7142
7

Challenging Questions:
1. 77% of 64
50%+25%+2% = 32+16+1.28 = 49.28
2. 62.5% of 232
50%+12.5% = 116+29 = 145
3. 87% of 155
155% of 87 = (100+50+5)% of 87 = 87+43.5+4.35 = 134.85

Drill 1

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 3 of 26

 CPCQ13-
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1
a) 25% of 80 = * 80 = 20
4

b) 15% of 200: Shortcut:

10% of 200 = 20 + 15% of 200 = 200% of 15
5% of 200 = 10 100% = 15 => 200% =30
30

c) We know, 1/8 =12.5%

Therefore 3/8=12.5*3=37.5%

d) 62.5% as fraction
1
50% =
2

( 12 )+( 18 )=( 58 )
1
12.5% =
8

e) 1.25 in percentage is 1.25*100 = 125%.

Concept 2: Percentage Increase and Decrease
Consider a person riding his bike at a speed of 100 km/hr (seems to be quite fast, isn’t?). After some time he
thought to become adventurous and increased his speed to 110 km/hr (quite impossible with Indian road system,
isn’t?). Now, what is the percentage increase? (Students will easily answer it as 10%. Appreciate them and
continue further).

Now, the bike started wobbling and he reduced his speed back to the original in fear of falling down. (Ask the
students the by what percentage he should reduce his speed to be back to the original? Students will answer it as
10%) Explain them that the answer is wrong and give the following explanation.

10%

100 110

?
Now introduce,
Change
% increase or decrease = ( ) * 100
Base Value

Here, when coming back from 110 km/hr to 100 km/hr, the base value is 110 km/hr. So, applying the above
formula, we get the answer to be 9.09%.

Example:
On a valentine day, there are 40 roses with a guy. In the evening before he meets his girlfriend, he gets 8 more
flowers thereby increasing it to 48. What is the percentage increase?

% increase = ( 48−40
40 )
∗100 = 20%
40 48

Logic: 8 is increasing from 40. So the base value is 40.

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 4 of 26
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“Base value is the value from where the increase/decrease happens”

Now, let us see some more examples and figure out a relation between the % increase and decrease.

If the question is by what percentage A is greater than B, then ( A−B

B )
∗100

If the question is by what percentage B is less than A, then (

A )
A−B
∗100
We can tell the students that the denominator should be the base value or the value with which the
increase/decrease is compared.
Or orally also we can make them understand by telling like by what % A is greater than B and by what % B is
less than A. Whatever comes after ‘than’ is the base value.
Or in other way, the second one is the base value.
[If A > B, then Base –> B
E.g. 1 E.g. 2: E.g. 3:
A = 125, B = 100 A = 150, B =100 A = 200, B = 100
A > B (%) = (25/100)*100 = 25% A > B (%) = (50/100)*100 = 50% A >B (%)=(100/100)*100 = 100%
B < A (%) = (25/125)*100 = 20% B < A (%) = (50/150)*100 = 33.33% B < A % = (100/200)*100 = 50%
Ask the students whether they can find any pattern between % increase and decrease from
the previous examples discussed.
% increase % decrease

10% ( 101 ) 9.09% (

1
11
)

25% ( ) ()
1 1
20% Fraction of increase/decrease
4 5
50% ( 12 ) 33.33% ( 13 ) is given in braces

100% ( ) 50% ( )
1 1
1 2

This can be generalised as,

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 5 of 26

 CPCQ13-
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1 1
↑= ↓
n n+1

Consider your brother asked you to buy 2 bananas.

When you went to the shop you find a “Buy 2, Get 1” offer. So, now you have got 3
1
bananas. i.e. 1 banana increased for 2 bananas. => ↑. On your way back your
2
stomach starts growling and you eat 1 banana. Now, you are left only with 2
1
bananas. i.e. 1 banana decreased for 3 bananas => ↓
3

Finding what is the % increase or decrease?

In 2011, the cost of a pen was Rs.20. In 2012 the cost of a pen is Rs.25. What is the percentage increase?
Difference 25−20
( ¿ *100 = ( )*100 = 25%
Base 20

25% increase or (1/4)

Now, what should be the percentage decrease to reduce it to same rate Rs.20?

1 1 1 1
It is 20 % or (1/5) [ ↑= ↓ ] [ ↑= ↓ ]
n n+1 4 5

Now, if (3/5) increases, what will be the decrease? Is it (3/6)? No.

It is ( nx )↑=( n+x x ) ↓
x 1
=
Because, n n
x
1 1 x
= =
So, decrease should be, n n+ x n+ x
+1
x x

So, if (3/5) increases, the decrease should be (3/8).

x x
When there is increase; there should be a decrease of
n n+ x
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 6 of 26
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Application of % increase and decrease concept:

1 1
Wherever there are two terms whose product is constant, we can apply increase and decrease.
n n+1

“Trainers can solve drill problems as examples to explain this concept more clearly”

Similarly, we can apply the rule in questions involving relations like,

Area of rectangle = Length * Breadth
Area of triangle = (½)*base*height
Expenditure = Price * Consumption

Example:
There were 400 students and the strength increases by 20% on next year. In second year the
strength is again increased by 25%. What is overall percentage increase?

20%↑ 25%↑

Let, a= 20, b=25

ab
Overall increase = a+ b+
100
20∗25
= 20+25+ = 50%
100

1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year

400 480 600
Formula for successive % increase/decrease:

ab Take negative sign before the value

a+ b+
100 if it is % decrease

Application of the concept:

I) Consider your boss has decided to give you a total increment of 50% for 2 years. How will you split the 50%
to get maximum money possible?

Solution:

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 7 of 26

 CPCQ13-
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ab
Since a + b + should be maximum, a + b should be greater. Product should be a maximum, so the %
100
will
be equally split, i.e. when both percentages is equal, then
1st year  25%
2nd year  25%
ab 25∗25
a + b+ = 25+25+ = 56.25%
100 100

II) A shopkeeper agrees to give an option to the customers where he can split a total discount of 40% into two.
If you are a smart customer, how will you split the discount?
Solution:
ab
a + b+
100
‘ab’ should be as minimum as possible. For the product to be zero, one of the discounts should be 0%.
1st year  0%
2nd year 40%

ab 0∗40
a + b+ = −0−40+ = 40%
100 100

Drill 2

Difference 7−5 2
a) [ ¿*100 = ( ¿*100 = *100 = 40%
Compared value 5 5

Difference 40−28 12
b) [ ¿*100 =( ¿ *100 = *100 = 30%
Compared value 40 40

c) Assume Y=100; X=120 (Because X is 20% ↑ than Y)

Difference
% less = *100 Shortcut:
Compared value
120−100 1
= *100 Increase = 20% = .
120 5
1
=> Decrease = or 16.66%. [Since,
6
1 1
↑= ↓]
n n+1
120−100
= *100 = 16.66%
120

d) Initially rate was Rs.24/kg

Now, the rate is Rs. 27/kg
The increase was Rs.27-Rs.24 = Rs.3/kg.
1 1
3 kg for every 24 kg => ↑= ↓
8 9
1
∴ =11.11 %
9

e) Usual Method: Shortcut:

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 8 of 26

 CPCQ13-
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ab
Let us assume the speed of the car = 100 km/hr a+ b+ (Successive % ↑/↓)
100
25∗20
Given, 25% ↑ => Speed = 125 km/hr = 25+20+
100
Also, 20%↑ => Speed = 125 + 20%(125) = 50%↑
= 125 + 25 = 150 km/hr
Final Speed – Initial Speed = 50 km/hr => 50%↑

f)
a b c
Difference Percentage point = 12-10 Percentage point = 100 base points
% increase =( = 2 percentage points ∴ 2 Percentage points = 200 base
Compared value
)*100 points
12−10
= ∗100
10
2
= ∗100
10
= 20%

Difference
g) W.K.T, The formula to calculate percentage is, ( ) * 100
Base value

2002 – 2003 => ( 120−80

80 )∗100 = ( )∗100 = 50%
40
80

2003 - 2004 => ( 120−110

120 )∗100 = (
120 )
10
∗100 = 8.33%

2004 - 2005 => ( 150−110

110 )∗100=(
110 )
40
∗100 = 36.3%

2005 - 2006 => ( 200−150

150 )∗100=(
150 )
50
∗100 = 33.33%

Therefore, percentage change over 2002-2003 is the greatest.

Concept 3: Simple Interest

Interest
Every person has different interest. Let us say I have interest in reading books etc. Ask students as how many of you
are hostellers? Then how much will you pay for it? Why are you paying hostel fee? Because you are not the owner
of the hostel. You are using the management’s property for a period of time, for which you are paying.
If a person uses other’s property, he should pay some amount. That amount is called Interest.

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement

“SI is calculated every year
on the principal amount alone.”
Percentages Instructor Notes Page 9 of 26
 CPCQ13-
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You are going to deposit some amount in the bank. The bank will use that amount for a particular time period.
So the bank is paying some interest. After that, you will be getting your initial amount and interest.

Simple Interest:
If a person borrows a sum of (P) at the rate of interest (r %) for n years, then the simple interest will be:
P∗n∗r
Simple Interest (S.I) =
100

And at the end of ‘n’ years, the money which he will be paying back is termed on Amount.
Amount = S.I + P
Pnr
Amount = ( )+P
100
If you would have borrowed a sum P at the rate of r% the interest will be calculated as follows.

Interes
t SI is constant for every year
Pr r% of P
1st year
100
Pr r% of P
2nd year Pr
100 For ½ year
Pr 2∗100
5thyear r% of P
100

Pnr
Therefore for ‘n’ years ( ¿
100

For example:
Your friend is borrowed Rs.1000 from you, he says that he will give the amount after 2 years and he is
ready to pay interest for 2 years at the rate of 10% per annum. What will be the total amount you get after 2
years?
FORMULA METHOD CONCEPTUAL IDEA

Principal = Initial amount 1st yr ( 10% of 1000 ) = 100

= 1000 2nd yr ( 10% of 1000 ) = 100
P∗n∗r Total interest = 200
Simple Interest (S.I)=
100
= (1000*10*2)/100 Amount = P+I
= 200 = 1000 +200
Amount = 1200 = 1200

Give some examples and ask them to do the problems without using their pens.
E.g. - P=1000, R= 7.5%, N=4 years SI=?
Calculating for every year with 7.5% is quite time consuming, So we will calculate it as
SI is same for every year => (4 x 7.5) % of 1000 = 30 % of 1000 = Rs. 300
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 10 of 26
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Drill 3:
a. As we all know, Shortcut:
Pnr 5400 for 3 yrs
S.I = 5400/3 =1800 per yr
100
Here, Principal has been lent for 3 years at r = 12% per yr
12% SI and the person pays back Rs.5400. So, 12% of P =1800
SI=5400 r=12% n=3 yrs 1% of P = 150
 5400 = (P* 3* 12)/100 100% of P = 15,000
P = 15,000
b. Usual Method: Shortcut:
To find n:- For Rs. 100 => 4.5%
Pnr ↑ ↑
S.I =
100 For Rs. 450 => x%
450∗n∗4.5
81 ¿
100 They are directly proportional. So, cross multiply
9 * 9 = 4.5 * n * 4.5 100 * x = 4.5 * 450
 N=4yrs 4.5∗450
X= = 20.25% (for 1 year)
100
=> x = 20.25 * 4 = 81%
c. From the question,
Hence, n = 4 years
Amount = Rs.2400
N= 6 yrs, r=10%
As we all know,
A= P+ I
2400= P+0.6P( for 6 yrs)
[10% for 1 yr, therefore for 6 yrs its 60%]
2400=1.6 P
P= 1500

Concept 4: Compound Interest

In SI, interest always depends on the principal only. In Compound Interest it depends on current year interest
and previous year’s interest.

Compound Interest:
Formula
r n
Compound Interest = P[1+ ] -P
100
r n
Amount = P[1+ ]
100

This concept is derived from successive percentage increase/ decrease.

Year Interest
r

“CI
[1+
1st year 100 is not constant for
] every year“
2nd year r
[1 + ]
: 100
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 11 of 26
 CPCQ13-
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:
:
:
r
5thyear [1 + ]
100

Therefore for ‘n’ years,

r n
A = P [1+ ]
100
We know A= P+ I
Therefore interest or
C.I = A - P
r n
 C.I =P [1+ ] -P
100

For E.g.: P=Rs 1000. N= 2yrs. R=10%

FORMULA METHOD CONCEPTUAL IDEA
r n
C.I = P [1+ ] -P
100
10 2
= 1000[1+ ] - 1000 Years P I Amount
100
1st year 1000 10% of 1000= 100 1100
110 2
= 1000[ ] - 1000
100 2nd year 1100 10% of 1100 = 110 1210
2
= 1000[1.1] - 1000
= 1000[1.21] - 1000 C.I for 2 yrs = 100 + 110 = Rs. 210
= 1210 - 1000 Amount for 2 yrs = 1000 + 210 = Rs.1210
= 210

Compound interest will be calculated annually, half yearly or quarterly.

Annually,
r n
A= P [1+ ]
100
Half yearly,
r /2 2n
A= P [1+ ]
100
Quarterly,
r /4 4n
A= P [1+ ]
100

Modular Arithmetic
Replace the numbers with respective remainders.
Remainder when divided by 9: When a number to be divided by 9 is given, the remainder will be the digital
root of the number divided by the divisor
Eg: What is the remainder when 7280 is divided by 9?
7+2+8 = 17 => 8

Remainder when divided by 11:

In case of 11, the remainder is the difference of alternate numbers
Ex: What is the remainder when 1763891 is divided by 11?
(1+6+8+1)- (7+3+9) = -3 (or) 8

Application of Modular Arithmetic in CI:

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 12 of 26
 CPCQ13-
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E.g. 1: Find the simple interest on a principle of Rs.123456789 for at the rate of 11% for a period of 7
years.
a. 9506172753 b. 9506182753 c. 9507774536 d. 9501256621

SI= Pnr /100 => Pnr/1 (Since Digital root of 100 is 1)

SI=123456789 X 11 X 7 => 9 x 2 x 7 => 126 => 9
[1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9 = 45 => 4+5=9]
Only option that has the digital root of 9 is Option (a)

E.g. 2: A= 605, n= 2 years, r=10%, P=?

a. 480 b. 490 c. 500 d. 510

A= 605 R = 10% a. 480 b. 490 c. 500 d. 510

6+5 = 11 10/100 4+8 = 12 4 + 9 = 13 5+0+0 => 5 5+1 => 6

=> 2 => 1/1 = 1 =>1 + 2 = 3 =>1+3= 4
LHS RHS
A = P (1 + r%)2
2 = P (1 + 1) 2 => 4*P
The only answer option that satisfies the equation is c
5 * (4) = 20 => 2
Note: If there are two answer options with the same digital root, go with divisibility rule for 11

Drill 4:
A. Principal = Rs. 30,000, R= 7%, C.I = 4347 & A=? Short cut:
r n Years P I
A = P [1+ ]
100 st
1 yr 30000 7% of 30000= 2100
7 N
34347 = 30000 [1+ ] 2nd yr 32100 2100 + (7% of 2100) = 2247
100
34347 2100+ 2247 = 4347.
= [1.07]N Hence the answer is, N= 2 yrs.
30000
N
B . 1.1449=[1.07]
From the problem, Shortcut:
N=2 yrs
P= 1200 1% of 1200 = 12
Amount = 1348.32 12% of 1200 = 144
N= 2 yrs For 2 yrs 12%
r n Therefore for 1 yr 6%
A= P [1+ ]
100 Approximately it will be 6%
r
1348.32 = 1200 [1+
100
]2
r 2
1.1236=[1+ ]
100
C. Principal = Rs.10,000,R= 8%,N= 1.5 yrs
Calculating for every quarter year. Don’t waste time in solving this question in
8 class. Just give the logic and make the class
Therefore r= %=2% N= 6 q.yrs understand.
4
r n
 A = P [1+ ]
100
2 6
==10,000 [1+ ]
100
= 10,000[1+ 0.02]6
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 13 of 26
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Alternative:
Percentage method :
P=10000, r=8% per yr, n=1.5 yrs
Calculating for every quarter year.
8
Therefore r= %=2% N= 6 q.yrs
4
Quarter year Principal Interest Amount
(2% of Principal )
1 10000 200 10200
2 10200 204 10404
3 10404 208.08 10612.08
4 10612.08 212.24 10824.32
5 10824.32 216.48 11040.80
6 11040.80 220.82 11261.62

Concept 5: Relation between SI and CI

CI for an year= (CI for the previous year) +r% of (CI for the previous year)

Let us calculate SI & CI for the principal of Rs.1000 with rate of interest 10% per annum for 3 years.

Years SI CI
(10% on 1000) ( 10% on 1000)
1
100 100
(100 + 10%on 100)
2 100
110
(110 + 10% on 110)
3 100
121
Total 300 331

The difference between SI and CI for 3 years is Rs.31

For that let us take ’P’ as principal with rate of interest ‘r’ for ‘n’ years, it can be given as
Years SI CI
1 Pr Pr
Pr + r (Pr)
2 Pr
Pr + Pr2
Pr+Pr2 +r (Pr+ Pr2)
3 Pr
Pr+2Pr2+ Pr3

We can also find the CI for nth year by taking coefficients from nth row of Pascal’s triangle.

1 C1 = 1 * (Pr)

1 1 => C2= 1 * (Pr) + 1 *( Pr2)

1 2 1 C3= 1 * (Pr) + 2 *(Pr2) + 1 * (Pr3)

1 3 3 1 C4 = 1 * (Pr) + 3 *(Pr2) + 3 * (Pr3) + 1 * (Pr4)

1 4 6 4 1 C5 = 1 * (Pr) + 4 *(Pr2)+ 6* (Pr3) + 4 * (Pr4)+ 1*(Pr5)

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 14 of 26
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Drill 5:
a. Sum of money doubles itself in 5 years i.e., Amount=2P
Amount = P + I
2P= P + I => I = P in 5 years (Given)
8P= P + I => I = 7P in how many years? (Required to find)
Type Given Solution
Interest is 7P in how many years?
Amount= 2P in 5 years
Simple Interest Interest is : P in 5 years
I= P in 5 years
7P in 35 years
Amount = 8P in how many years?
2 = (1+ r%)5
Amount= 2P in 5 years Cubing on both sides
Compound Interest
= > 2P = P (1+ r%)5 8 = (1 + r% )15
Multiplying with P on both sides
8P= P(1+ r%)15 => n= 15 years

b. Given that r= 5%, total interest = Rs. 50 as

simple interest for 2 years. Interest is same for the first year in SI
We know that in simple interest rate of and CI.
interest always be same. So, SI (2 years) = Rs. 50
i.e. 2 years interest = Rs. 50 => SI (1 year) = Rs. 25 = CI
1 year it should be Rs. 25 Hence, CI is
So 5% of P = Rs. 25 Year Interest
100% of P (or) P= Rs. 500 1 25
Compound interest for 2 years is 25+(5% of 25)
2
r n =26.25
C.I = P [1+ ] -P
100
Total CI (2yrs)=25+26.25=>51.25
5 2
= 500 [ 1+ ] - 500
100
105 105
= 500* * - (500)
100 100
C.I = 551.25 – 500 = Rs. 51.25

c. Years SI CI
1. Pr Pr
2. Pr Pr+ Pr2
3. Pr Pr+ Pr2+Pr2+ Pr3

The difference between SI & CI for 2 years

= Rs. 120
(Pr+Pr2) - Pr = Rs. 120
Pr2 = Rs.120 ------- (1)
The difference between SI & CI for 3 years = Rs. 366.
3Pr2+ Pr3= 366
Sub (1) in (2)
3(120) + Pr3= 366 ------------ (2)
Pr3= 6
We know that Pr2=120
Pr3 = 6
Pr2*r = 6

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 15 of 26

 CPCQ13-
07
120*r = 6
6 1
r= *100 = *100 = 5%
120 20

Googly Questions:
1. Wrong
A number increased by 20% and then decreased by 10%.
When a value is successively increased and decreased it is given as
AB 20∗10
A-B – = 20−10− = 8% [Where A, B are
100 100
percentage changes]

2. Wrong
From given that 98% water and weighs 2.5kg, so we can define it as
2% of 2.5kg = 0.05
Initially given that 99% water whether water content increases or decreases the solid content will be same.
So, 1% of 2.5kg also = 0.05kg
100% of solid content = 0.05*100
= 5kg
3. Correct
4. Correct
5. Correct

Concept Review Questions:

1. Method 1: Method 2: Method 3:
80∗45
120% of x = 45 If we reduce 120 by 1/3, we get 80. 120 45 => x =
120
45
x= *100 So, if 120% of x = 45, to get 80% we ∴ x = 30
120
x = 225/6 just have to reduce it by 1/3. 80 x
x = 37.5 i.e., 45*(1/3) = 15. => 120x = 80*45
12
80% of 37.5 = *37.5 = 30 So, 80% of x = 45-15 = 30
100

2. 3 years back Present 3 years later

3600 4800 ?

1200 ?

()1
3
↑ ()
1
3
↑

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 16 of 26

 CPCQ13-
07
From 3600 to 4800 there is an ( 13 ) increase.
So, there should be same rate of increase after 3 years.
 ( 13 ) of 4800 = 1600
∴ 3 years later = 4800+1600 = 6400

3. Usual Method: Shortcut:

x+9 = 56% of [(x+9)+x] 1st Person : 2nd Person
We can find x from this 56 : 44
x+9 = 42 Ratio is, 14 : 11
x = 33 Ratio difference = 3
But difference has to be 9
So multiply by 3 on either sides.
14*3 : 11*3
Therefore, the required ratio is 42 : 33.

4. 30% of marks ……..failed by 10 marks

40% of marks …….got 15 marks extra
So 10% of marks = 10+15 = 25
=> 100% of marks = 250
To pass the person has to get 30% + 10 marks
30% of mark = 25*3 = 75
∴To pass, Peter should get = 75+10 = 85.

5. Increases by x% Decreases by y%
1 1
So increase by Decrease by
n n+1
1 1
E.g.: = 25% = 20%
4 5
x is increased by 25% whereas, y is decreased by 20%. So, x>y

6. In the beginning,
Petrol price = 100%
New petrol price = 125%
Expenditure = 100%
New expenditure = 115%
Difference
The actual cost Rs. 125 and the amount Purchase has to be reduced = * 100
Base
that can be afforded is Rs. 115. Difference = 125-115 = 10

115
= * 100 The actual cost Rs. 125 and the amount that cannot be afforded
125
is
Cost incurred = 92% Rs. 10. (i.e., 125-115 = 10).
So, 8% has been reduced
10
= * 100 = 8%
125
The person has to reduce the purchase by 8%.

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 17 of 26

 CPCQ13-
07

7.

8. Sum should double with 12.5% interest per annum.

Let P=100 Interest has to become 100% of
P+I = 200 Principal for the amount to
So P has to become 2P with 12.5% interest double itself
In 1 year = 12.5
In 8 years, 12.5*8=100
So it takes 8 years for the sum to double itself.

9. Usual Method : Shortcut:

If the interest is calculated for more number of 3000
years then the amount should be low.
In part 1 it is 8% for 4 years so the amount should be 32%(x) 18%(3000-x)
less than second part. In 2nd part the amount should be
higher because the years are less. 32% of x = 18% of (3000-x)
8% for 4 years is similar to 32% for 1 year. 32x = 54000-18x
And, 9% for 2 years is similar to 18% for 1 year. 50x = 54000
They are in the ratio, x = 1080
32 : 18 => 3000-x = 1920
16 : 9 ∴ 1080, 1920
So the amount should be divided in reverse ratio
because if the interest is high, then the amount should
be low.
=>9: 16
Therefore, 3000/25 = 120 => 1 part = 120
So the amount is divided as
9 * 120: 16 * 120 = 1080, 1920

10. Before we solve this problem, let us understand an example to solve this problem better.
Assume, P=100, r= 10% and n=2 yrs
To calculate SI, 10% (100) = 10 20% (100) = 20 10% (200) = 20
10% (100) = 10
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 18 of 26
 CPCQ13-
07
= 20
So, we can either add the principal or the rate of interest according to the question.
Here, since rate of interest is not given we add the principal.
First year she has deposited Rs. 8000 and at the end of 1st year she withdraws Rs. 2000.
So, principal is Rs. 6000 for 2nd and 3rd year.
At the end of 3rd year, Total Principal = 8000+6000+6000
= 20000
The amount with her is = Rs 2000+7800
= 9800
She has deposited Rs 8000 and she gets Rs 9800
Therefore 1800 is the interest. So in 1 year if she deposits 20000, she gets a interest of 1800.
A=20000
I =1800
% of interest =?
100% = 20000
1 % = 200
Therefore ----- % = 1800
9% = 200*9 = 1800
Therefore the rate of interest is 9%.

Alternate Method:

8000∗r 6000∗r 6000∗r Total Interest

100 100 100 1800
+ + =
(1st Year) (2nd Year) (3rd Year)

Withdraws Rs. 2000

Amount = 7800
Principal = 6000
Interest = 7800-6000 = 1800
 80r+120r = 1800
 200r = 1800
 r = 9%

11. At the end of 1st year the person gets = 5600

The man invested Rs 5000
Therefore the interest amount is = 5600 – 5000 = 600
Therefore the man gets Rs 600 for 1 year
% of interest = ?
100% = 5000
1% = 50
-----% = 600
12% = 50*12
= 600
1Therefore the rate of interest is 12%
This is compound interest so interest is calculated on the interest amount for the second year
% 12 of 600 = 72
At the second year = 600+600+72
Interest = 1272
Amount = 5000+1272 = 6272
So, the amount due at the end of the second year is Rs. 6272.
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 19 of 26
 CPCQ13-
07

12. Method 1: Method 2:

AB 120
Is it SI or CI??? A+B+ = 10 + 12 +
100 100
2200+120
Had it been SI, 1st yr = 10% of 8000 = 800 =
100
2320
2nd yr = 12% of 8000 = 960 =
100
Adding these, 8000+800+960 = 9760 = 23.2%
But, this is not in the answer options. So, we need to calculate, 23.2% of 8000
Hence, it is CI. W.K.T, 10% of 8000 = 800
P = Rs 8000 20% of 8000 = 1600
10% is interest = 800 (first year) So, 3% of 8000 = 80*3 = 240
12% on Rs 8800 (second year) 0.2% of 8000 = 16
1% = 88 23.2% of 8000 = 1600+240+16 = 1856
12%= 88*12 = 1056 ∴ The total amount = 8000+ 1856 = 9856
Therefore the amount = 8000+800+1056 = 9856

13. Principal = Rs. 2500

Simple interest Compound Interest
Rate = 4% per annum Rate = 2% [Compounded semi annually (half year)]
Interest = 4% on 2500=100 4 half year in 2 years.
SI for 2 years =Rs. 200 1st half year interest = 2% on 2500 = 50
2nd half year interest=50+2% on 50 =51
3rd half year interest = 51+2% on 51=52.02
4th half year interest=52.02 + 2% on 52.02 =53.06
CI for 2 years = 206.08
Difference between CI & SI = 206.08 – 200 = Rs.6.08

14. Each year 4.5% increases and 20% decreases,

Hence,
For 1st year = 6500*1.045*0.8 = 5434 Since, 4.5% increases, we multiply by 1.045
For 2nd year = 5434*1.045*0.8 = 4542.824 20% decreases, so we multiply by 0.8
For 3rd year = 4542.824*1.045*0.8 = 3797.80

15. Let, P1 = Principal of first payment Shortcut:

P2 =Principal of second payment P= Rs. 550; I=20%
I1 = Interest paid in first payment At the end of 1st year, A = Rs. 660
I2 = Interest paid in second payment Let us assume 1st instalment = x
Given, equal instalments => P1+I1 = P2+I2 So, 2nd instalment =
W.K.T, P1+P2 = 550 => P2 = 550 – P1 (660-x) + 20% of (660-x)
Since interest = 20%, I1 = 550*0.2 = 110 => I2 = (550-P1)*0.2 Remaining + (20% of remaining)
So, P1+110 = (550-P1)*0.2 + (550-P1)
=> 2.2P1 = 550 Two equal instalments,
P1 = 250  x = (660-x) + 20% of (660-x)
∴ Each instalment = P1+I1 = 250+110 = 360 Solving, we get x = 360

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 20 of 26

 CPCQ13-
07

Class Structure (2 hrs)

60
40
20
0
Time (in hrs)

als as
e es
t
es
t CI Q
im re er er d CR
c c In
t
In
t an
De De e d SI
d e/ pl un ee
n
s an ea
s
Sim po w
n cr m be
t
tio eI
n
Co
r ac ag on
sF n t
elati
a ce R
es Pe
r
tag
en
rc
Pe
Topics

Practice Exercise:
1. Usual Method: Shortcut:
From question favourite sport of 11 students Since, percentage is asked, we’ll find that out of
out of 40 is basketball. So we need to find how 100.
much percent is 11 out of 40. We can write like,
11 110
We can write * 100 = = 27.5 40 => 11
40 4
20 => 5.5
100 => 27.5
x
2. Let us take the initial fraction as
y
Question says that numerator increases by 20% and denominator decreases by 10%.
16
It is given that this new value is equal to
21
1.2 x 16
=
0.9 y 21
4 x 16
 =
3 y 21
x 4
=
y 7
4
i.e. The initial fraction is
7

3. The initial salary= Rs. 10000. Successive increase

ab
Salary after 1st year = 20%↑ a+ b+
100
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 21 of 26
 CPCQ13-
07
300
Salary after 2nd year = 15%↑ 20+15+ = 38%
100
20% of 10000 = 2000 38% of 1000 = 3800
At the end of 1st yr 10000+2000 = 12000 10000+3800 = 13800
10% of 12000 = 1200
5% of 12000 = 600
So, 15% of 12000 = 1800
At the en d of 2nd yr= 12000+1800 = 13800.

4. Price increases by 15% Shortcut:

Consumption increases by 10% E =P*Q
E= P*C Now P increases by 15% i.e. 1.15P and Q
Effective increase in expenditure increases by 10%, i.e. 1.1Q
P∗C Therefore E = 1.15P *1.1Q
=> P+ C + = 1.265PQ
100
Here 10+ 15 + [(10*15)/100] Therefore the increase is 0.265
25+ (150/100) = 26.5% Percentage increase in expenditure will be
0.265 * 100 = 26.5%

5.
Price Consumption Expenditure
1 1
25%↑ = = 1
4 n ?↓ =
1 n+1
↑ Constant
4 1
↓
Increase = 25% 5
Decrease = 20%

6. The lady saves Rs. 2.50 while purchasing the item for Rs. 25.
The amount of the item is =25+2.50 = Rs. 27.50 The change is taking place from
Her savings in percentage = (2.5/27.5) * 100 Rs. 27.50 to Rs. 25.
= (100/11) So, Base Value = Rs. 27.50
= 9.09 ≈ 9% Change = Rs. 2.50

7. Method 1: Method 2:
We know that pass percentage = 40%, the student W.K.T, 40% = 140
got 80 marks, but fails by 60 marks. 80% = 280------------(1)
Hence the pass mark is => 80+60 =140 20% = 70 -------------(2)
Therefore, 40% = 140 marks, Now adding (1) & (2), we get,
Now maximum marks = (100/ 40) * 140 = 350. 100%(Max. marks) 280 + 70 = 350

Method 3:
40%=140
120%=420
Answer must be less than 420
Therefore option c)350
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 22 of 26
 CPCQ13-
07

5 5 4 4
8. of 112 = * 112 of 70 = * 70
7 7 5 5
= 5* 16= 80 =4*14= 56
Now, to find by what much percentage is 56 less than 80,
( 80−56 ) Change∈Value
 ∗100 [% change = * 100 ]
80 Base Value
24
 ∗100
80
 30%

9. Credit = 31%
So, Cash = 100% - 31% = 69%
Difference between credit and cash
 69% - 31% = 247
 (69% - 31%)of x = 247
 38% of x = 247

 2% of x = 13 (divide both side by 19)

 x = 650
 Total customers in the shop = 650.

10. Price of the car = Rs. 3.25 lakhs Alternate Method:

Insured amount = 85% of price of car. WKT the formula for successive %
Amount received = 90% of insured amount. ab
 90% of 85% = 76.5 inc./dec. = a+ b+
100
 Amount received = 76.5% of price of car. 150
 Difference between price of car and amount received,  −15−10+
100% - 76.5% = 23.5% 100
 Difference in the amount = 23.5% of 3,25,000  -25+1.5
= Rs. 76,375  -23.5 %
 Difference in the amount
11. Given,
P% of P = 36 Logically Thinking,
P/100 * P = 36 Only 60% of 60 will end with 6
P2 = 3600 Hence the answer is Option b) 60
P = 60

12. Assume that total number of people = 100

Given 60% of people are poor
i.e. Poor people= 60
Rich people = 40
Given, 10% of rich are illiterate. i.e. 10% of 40 = 4
We know that illiterate people = 40 (40% of 100)
Poor illiterate = 40 – 4 = 36
Percentage of poor people who are illiterate
 36/60 * 100
 60%

13. Method 1:
Total amount received after 4 years = 364.80 [ A= P+ S.I]
We know that 3.5% per annum for 4 years = (3.5*4) = 14% for 1 year.

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 23 of 26

 CPCQ13-
07
Now we have,
P∗1∗14
A = P+ S.I S.I=
100
14 P
364.80 = P+
100
364.80= P + 0.14P
364.80=1.14P
P = 364.80/ 1.14 = Rs.320

Method 2:
A=364.80
R= 3.5% *4= 14%
Let us assume 20% for easy solving
Option a) 20% of 260=52 (Not even close to 364.80)
Option b) 20% of 300=60 (Even 20% is slightly less than 364.80)
Option c) 20% of 320=64 (20% is exceeding 364.80 so 14% will definitely fetch the answer)
Option d) Eliminated (Because its greater than option c)

Pnr
14. I =
100
[Note: Here consider rate = time (don’t consider rate percent)]
(9/16)P = Pr2/100
(9/16) = r2 /100
r2 = (900/16)
r = 30/4= 7.5
So rate = 7.5
No of years = 7.5

15.
Years CI Amount
1 (10% of 2400)240 2400+240=>2640
2 (10% of 2640) 264 2400+240+264=>2904
3 (10% of 2904) 290.4
For 3rd year alone is 290.4 i.e.. for 12 months is 290.4
4 month is 290.4/3 =96.8
Total interest for 2 years 4 months is 240 + 264 + 96.8 = Rs.600.8

16. Method 1: Method 2:

Amount – Principal = 88200 – 80000 = 8200 Given value = 88200
Going from the options for the rate of interest Difference = 8200
5% actual amount = 80,000 (Initial Principal) Base value = 80,000----- Actual Principal
1st year 5% (80,000) = 4000 (8200/80000)*100 =10.25%
Amount at end of 1st year = 84000 ab
Principal for 2nd year = 84000 Applying the formula = a+ b+ ,
100
5% of (84000) = 4200 Now checking with the options, r=5%,
Amount at the end of 2nd year = 88200 10.25 = 5 + 5 + (25/100)
5% is the rate of interest. 5% per year.

Method 3:

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 24 of 26

 CPCQ13-
07
Going from options
Option b)6%
Had it been Simple Interest
2 yrs =12%
12% of 80000=8800
A=88800
It is exceeding the given amount. Hence the only option less than 6% is option a)5%

17. C.I for 2 yrs = Rs.282.15

S.I for 2 yrs = Rs.270 Logically thinking,
For 1 year = 270/2 = Rs.135. SI (2yrs)=270
When we compare SI and CI, the difference is Rs.12.15. So 1st yr =135
(12.5/135) * 100 = 9% Option a) P=1500
So 12.15 is 9% of 135 100%=1500
From this we can tell that, r% = 9% 9%=135
To find the sum W.K.T, Hence, Option A is the answer
9% is Rs.135
1% = 135/9=15 => 100% = Rs. 1500

18. P= 1200 Shortcut:

Amount = 1348.32, N= 2 yrs 1% of 1200 = 12
r n 12% of 1200 = 144
A= P [1+ ]
100 For 2 yrs 12%
r 2 Therefore for 1 yr 6%
1348.32 = 1200 [1+ ]
100 Approximately it will be 6%
r 2
1.1236=[1+ ]
100
100+r
1.06=
100
106=100+r
r=6%

19. Money triples in 15 years 6 months = 15.5 years

P
?
15.5 2P
years ?
3P

For ‘ P’ to become ‘3P’ it has taken 15.5 years, so for ‘3P’ to become ‘2P’ it is half of ‘3P’ = 15.5/2 = 7.75
years.

20. Let we assume P=100(sum) it has become 2P =200 in 10years.

We know that SI is always same for n years. So 200 – 100 = 100/ 10years =10%
 Rate of interest per annum = 10%

21. Principal = Rs. 8000

Rate = 10%

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 25 of 26

 CPCQ13-
07
Compounded half yearly Rate = 5% for 6 months.
Year P I Amount
1st half year 8000 5% of 8000 = 400 8400
2nd half year 8400 5% of 8400 = 420 8820
3rd half year 8820 5% of 8820 = 441 9261
Therefore CI after 1 ½ years = Rs. 9261
[OR]
Logically thinking ,
If it had been Simple interest
5% of 8000=400(interest being
constant in SI)
So 1.5yrs=1200
CI will be slightly greater than SI
So Option B) 9261

1
22. Amount becomes 6 times. = 25/4 times
4
Using the formula,
r n
A = P [1+ ] = (25/4) times P
100
r n
(25/4) P = P [1+ ]
100
5/2 = 1+ R/100 = 150%

23. Interest caused in third and fourth year is Rs. 576 and Rs.691.20
So the difference = 691.2 – 576 = 115.2
What % of 576 is 115.2?
(115.2/ 576) * 100 = 20%
Now going from options
a) 2000
For the 1st year interest = 20% of (2000) = 400----- (1)
For 2nd year interest = 20% of (2400) = 480--------- (2)
Sum at the end of 2nd year = 2400+480 = 2840
For 3rd year interest = 20% of (2880) = 576
Amount at the end of 3rd year = 3456
So we can see that at 3rd year the interest is Rs.576 which is same as given in question.
The sum is Rs.2000

24. We can directly use the formula

SI = Pnr/100
Amount = SI + P
pnr p∗5∗10
3000 = P + =P+
100 100
2P + P = 6000
P = 2000

25. Rupee 1 has become Rs 12 in 60 years Alternate Method:

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Pnr
I =Instructor Notes Page 26 of 26
100

1∗60∗r
 CPCQ13-
07
Interest in 1 year = 12/60= 0.2
100% => 1 Re.
? <= 0.2Re
= 20%
Rate per annum = 20%

26. P has to become 2P

Using the formula
r n
Amt= P [1+ ]
100
Since, A= 2P
r 9
2P= P[1+ ]
100
r 9
2 = [1+ ]
100
21/9- 1 = r/100 => 100[21/9- 1] = r

27. Simple Interest = Rs. 160 for 2 years. Logically thinking,

For I year = Rs. 80 Difference between SI and CI =10
The difference in CI & SI = Rs. 10 This 10 is the interest of 2nd yr and it can be
We need to find what % of 80 given as 10. defined as INTEREST OF INTEREST
X% of (80) =10 What percentage of 80 is 10??
(X/100)* 80 = 10 1
X = (10*100)/80 = 12.5 =12.5
8
28. The total interest obtained = Rs. 90
Interest obtained for Rs.600 in 2 years = (600*2* r) /100
= 12r
Interest obtained for Rs. 200 in 3 year = (200 * 3 *r) / 100
= 6r
12r+6r = 90
18r = 90 => R = 5%

29. The amount = Rs.132 Logically thinking ,

The present worth be ‘x’ (principal) (1.1)P=132
X+ 10% (x) = 132 Considering only unit digit
X+0.1X=132 1.1* P must give 132
X = 132/1.1 = 120 Only option that satisfies is Option D
{1.1 * 120=132}

30. x, y and z be the three parts,

Rate of interest = 5% Logically thinking ,
For ‘x’ amount after 2 years = 1.1 x P1(1.1) = P2(1.5) = P3(1.2)
For ‘y’ amount after 2 years = 1.15y
For ‘z’ amount after 2 years = 1.2z Equal instalments {P3(1.2) is a multiple
x + y + z = 2379 of 3 & 4} therefore, every instalment must
Since amounts are equal be a multiple of 3 & 4
x+ (1.1/1.15)x +(1.1/1.2) x = 2379
x+ (110/115)x+ (110/120)x = 2379 Only option that satisfies is
[1+22/23 +11/12] x=2379 Option A - 828
[(276+264+253)/276] x = 2379
x = 828
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 27 of 26
 CPCQ13-
07

Assorted Applications
1. If radius is increased by 25% and height is decreased by 20%, what is the percentage increase in
Volume of Cylinder?

2. In “LOL-Mart”, the price of ‘Wax’ deodorant is 10% less than ‘Milestone’, which is 25% more than ‘Get-
Set’, which is 20% less than ‘Smogge’. If the price of Wax is Rs.360, what is the price of ‘Smogge’?

3. P= 0416220460, R= (40% of 62.5%)% for the first year, 12.5% for the next 4 years, 6.25% for next 4
years. What is the effective rate of interest on the Principal 0416220460 for the given time period?
a. 11.11% b. 22.22% c. 33.33% d. 44.44%

4. O. S. Gagan has invested his political incentives in a Swish Bank under CI.
The CI for the fourth year was Rs.192 crores and that of the 5th year was
Rs.256 crores. What is the amount invested and the rate of interest
offered by the bank?

5. Stove Bobs is crazy about the “ORANGE” products. Recently an Orange

Ibat2, costing Rs.54880 was launched. He, being an ORANGE maniac,
isn’t able to resist himself from buying it. For Stove, Ibat2 would solve
most of his problems as it had a battery life of 1.23 hours (3 minutes more than Ibattgf1). He has been
saving money for 3 years in a bank which pays an interest 40% p.a. compounded annually. What is the
minimum amount Stove should have started with so that his wish gets fulfilled?
a. 18000 b. 19000 c. 20000 d. 21000

Trainers can refer videos for the answer to these questions.

The above questions should be handled only in Tier – 1 colleges

Mind Bender

No of blues = (100% + 100%) G = 200% of G

B = 2G
No of yellow = 200% of (G)
Y= 2G
No of red balls = Y – 25% of (Y)
= 2G- 25% of (2G)
R = 1.5G
Given there are less than 15 balls
Total balls = B+Y+ R+G
= 2G + 2G+ 1.5G + G = 6.5G
If G=1 No. of balls is in decimals
If G=2 No. of balls = 6.5 *2 = 13
 B = 2G =4
Y = 2G = 4
Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 28 of 26
 CPCQ13-
07
R = 1.5G = 3
G=2
------------------
13 balls

Focus Academy for Career Enhancement Percentages Instructor Notes Page 29 of 26