DRAINAGE FILTERING SYSTEM

An undergraduate thesis

Presented to the

Faculty of the Institute of Computer Sciences

Philippine State College of Aeronautics

Brig. Gen. Benito N Ebuen Air Base, Lapu-lapu City

In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

AVATION INFORMATION SYSTEM

(BSAIS)

ANTOY, LORIE ANN Z.

AUGUSTO, JEANNE CLAUDINE A.

MONGCOPA, SHANIA F.

YBAÑEZ, KRISHA JULIANE G.

July, 2022
 2

APPROVAL SHEET

TITLE OF CAPSTONE PROJECT:

DRAINAGE FILTERING SYSTEM

PROPONENTS:

1. LORIE ANN Z. ANTOY

2. JEANNE CLAUDINE A. AUGUSTO
3. SHANIA F. MONGCOPA
4. KRISHA JULIANE G. YBAÑEZ
RECOMMENDED:

DR. GLENN C. CARO

Project Mentor/Adviser

ENDORSEMENT
The Capstone Project entitled DRAINAGE FILTERING SYSTEM prepared and
submitted by LORIE ANN Z. ANTOY, JEANNE CLAUDINE A. AUGUSTO, SHANIA F.
MONGCOPA, KRISHA JULIANE G. YBAÑEZ, has been examined and recommended for
approval and acceptance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PANEL OF EVALUATORS

Warlito B. Caro, Ph.D.

Chairman

Reymark C. Gesta Rachel H. Molinos, MLIS

Member Member

Rated by the Panel of Evaluator for Oral Defense with a RATING OF ___________.
Oral Defense: February 28, 2022

WARLITO B. CARO, Ph.D.

Campus Director
 3

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to provide participants with an extensive overview of

Drainage Filtering System, the study aims to answer the questions that concerns the problem at

hand. As water scarcity and drainage problems continue to rise, this has created numerous

problems along the way. Thus, with the help of Drainage Filtering System this will create a

helpful and reliable method to combat the said problems. The study also aims to seek effectivity

of the chosen components in order to check efficiency with this kind of approach. This study

utilizes the applied research design as it focuses on solving problems or providing solutions to

issues affecting individual, group or society. Furthermore, the study has also made use of

recyclable materials in order to present sustainable and viable resources. The findings of this

study could provide significant and relevant information to college students and aviation industry

with regards to creating adaptive means of preserving water usage.

*Keywords:
 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers namely Jeanne Claudine A. Augusto, Lorie Ann Z. Antoy, Shania F.

Mongcopa, and Krisha Juliane G. Ybañez, would like to acknowledge the people who helped the

researchers in conducting this capstone project for without them this would not be successful.

To Mr. & Mrs. Augusto, Mr. & Mrs. Antoy, Mr. & Mrs. Mongcopa, and Mr. & Mrs.

Ybañez, for their continued support in this research especially in the financial area and for

supporting the researchers throughout this entire process of writing and all throughout our entire

lives.

In addition, the researchers would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Glenn C. Caro as

the Capstone Project Mentor, for without her assistance and dedicated involvement in every step

of our journey, this paper would have never been accomplished, her advice and guidance allowed

us to perform the researcher’s fullest potential.

To the school, Philippine State College of Aeronautics Mactan – Campus, thank you for

giving the researchers a proper education, well-mannered conduct and the right process to grow

as an individual.

Above all else, the researchers would like to thank the Man above for all His greater

glory and guidance, truly, the researchers would not be where they are now if it were it not for

our Lord.
 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTERS TITLES PAGES

Title Page 1

Approval Sheet 2

Abstract 3

Acknowledgement 4

Table of Contents 5

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 7

Statement of the Problem 9

Limitation of the Study 10

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature

Related Literature 11

CHAPTER III PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Propose System Design 17

Methodology

A. Design 18

B. Construction/Assembly 19
 6

C. The Testing Process 20

CHAPTER IV RESULTS & DISCUSSION 21

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION 24

& RECOMMENDATION

CURRICULUM VITAE 28

REFERENCES 36

APPENDIXES

Materials 41

Prototype Making Procedures 42

Testing Process Procedures 44

pH Level Indicators 46

TDS Level Indicators 47

 7

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Drainage is the natural or artificial disposal of surface and subsurface water from an area

with an excess of water. This excess water can be generated by excessive rainfall or irrigation,

but it can also be caused by canal seepage or floods. More often than not, waters carried in the

drainage are left disregarded and wasted. These waters have the potential to become reusable

water for everyday living if given the proper amount of attention.

A Drainage Filtering System is installed to eliminate excess water in the development

with an added feature that turns waste water into reusable water. The Drainage Filtering System

will be utilizing a water filtration technique. Water filtration encompasses any technique or

procedure used to remove particles and impurities from water. Particularly, this project aims to

help the global problem of water scarcity.

Water shortage is not uncommon even in nations with abundant water resources.

According to UNICEF (n.d), water scarcity restricts access to basic hygiene practices at home, in

schools, and in health-care institutions. Every year, four billion people, over two-thirds of the

world's population, face extreme water scarcity for at least one month. To combat this problem,

one approach proposed by the UNICEF organization is to focus on increasing the efficiency of
 8

water resources, which includes rehabilitating water treatment and systems promoting

wastewater reuse.

In the Philippines, more than 3 million people rely on hazardous and unsustainable water

sources, while 7 million lack access to proper sanitation (Water.org, n.d.). Despite its increasing

economy, the Philippines faces enormous issues when it comes to access to water and sanitation.

In a local view, the city of Lapu-Lapu has also faced shortage in water supply. “Water

supply problem is not only in Lapu-Lapu City but all over Metro Cebu. And MCWD is already

hands up. Thus, they can no longer supply water in the city,” said Chan. The city has a lot of

excess water, particularly in Barangay Basak. This waste water has a lot of potential to be

rehabilitated and reused to aid the water shortage in the city. Thus, the researchers aim to

propose a drainage filtering system.

 9

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to introduce a Drainage Filtering System. Particularly, it aims to answer the

following subsidiary problems:

1. What underlying problem is aimed to be solved in this project?

2. What materials will be utilized for the prototype of the project?

3. How will the drainage filtering system work?

4. Based on the output of the project, up to what extent can the filtrated water be utilized?

5. Is the drainage filtering system effective in rehabilitating contaminated and polluted

water?
 10

Limitations of the Study

The study makes use of applied research design. This study will focus on turning

wastewater into a reusable water through a Drainage Filtering System. An experiment will be

conducted in order to check whether this drainage filtering system can turn wastewater into a

reusable supply and other certain uses except consumption. The researchers will be conducting

the study to be able to find a more efficient and effective approach when it comes to saving water

usage. The research will be limited and focus solely on the aspects of its use specifically in

household setting since it will not be able to cater bigger areas of drainage – gathering only the

information required to identify and comprehend the issues at hand. The researchers will

consider using some of the materials namely: charcoal, sand, gravel, filter paper, and chlorine.

The timeline intended for the study is three (3) months.

 11

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Improving the efficiency of water resources

According to the Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, it is critical to

seek alternative water sources and maximize water efficiency in this increasingly water-scarce

environment. The department promotes the use of alternative water sources, such as recycled

wastewater and stormwater, when they are socially acceptable, economically viable, and

environmentally sustainable, in order to assure the State's continued development and satisfy

increasing water demand. The most cost-effective and immediate approach to preserve water is

to improve water supply efficiency. Water reuse is seen as a long-term solution that is both

sustainable and cost-effective (Sun et al., 2011). Reusing water is a method that can assist

communities in reclaiming, recycling, and subsequently reusing water for non-drinking purposes

(Water Reuse Research, 2021).

Rainwater

Rainwater is a relatively clean water supply that, with the appropriate precautions, can

even be utilized for drinkable purposes. It is also a free resource that may be collected in large
 12

quantities from roof catchments and other paved areas and used for a variety of applications

(e.g., garden watering, toilet flushing, laundry, cooling and heating, hygienic use and drinking).

As a result, rainwater harvesting can help to ensure water sustainability by alleviating pressure

on the mains water supply (Rahman et al., 2019). Former agriculture secretary Dr. William Dar

and ex-environment chief Dr. Elisea Gozun claimed that the Philippines receives roughly 2,400

mm of rain annually, which is one of the world's highest and can be conserved for such purposes.

According to Dr. Dar, rainwater collection must be considered as a significant plan immediately,

not just for agriculture but also for home needs. Rainwater would be the most adaptive approach

to alleviating water scarcity in the event of a water catastrophe. The system can be used in both

critical and routine situations. It's an environmentally beneficial method that combines efficient

collection and storage, as well as a significant benefit to the local community. This water, once

treated, can be used in a variety of operations (Tanji and Kielen, 2002; van der Molen et al.,

2007). If the water-quality criteria meet the acceptable level, harvested rainwater could be

idealized and utilized as a source of supply water (Vialle et al., 2011).

Floodwater

After a disaster such as a flood, the water may not be safe to consume, cook or clean

with. High levels of raw sewage or other harmful pollutants may be present in floodwaters.

During a flood, underground storage tank (UST) systems may be displaced or damaged,

releasing their contents into the environment and contaminating soil, surface water, and

groundwater. Water can get contaminated with germs including waste, oil products, industrial

and agricultural waste, toxins, and other elements that can cause serious health conditions during

and after flooding. Early indications of contaminated flood water exposure include stomach

distress, digestive issues, headaches, and other flu-like symptoms (Flooding, 2021).
 13

According to Reible, the problem with floodwaters is they carry everything that they

touch. When a flood drags a vehicle, it also carries fuel and fluid levels. When water prowls the

soil, toxic substances and other contaminants that had been buried are dug up - cleaning

materials and other household products end up in the water. Environmental contamination is

more likely to occur when a large area is flooded (Reible, 2007).

Filtering Materials: Charcoal, Sand, Gravel, Filter Paper, Chlorine

Carbon in the form of charcoal has been utilized for a variety of purposes since ancient

times. Charcoal filters for water treatment are documented in Hindu scriptures reaching back to

450 BC. A sugar business employed charred wood, bones, and coconut charcoal for decolorizing

solutions in the 18th and 19th centuries. The pores of a typical carbon particle provide a bigger

surface area for water treatment (Musa et al., 2021). Contaminants attach to the surface of

activated charcoal granules or become caught in the activated charcoal's tiny pores during water

filtering (Amirault et al., 2003). The Water Quality Association recognizes activated carbon

filtration as an approved technology for keeping certain drinking water contaminants within the

EPA's National Drinking Water Standards.

The removal of suspended materials, as well as floating and sinkable particles, is

accomplished through sand filtration. The primary purpose of sand filtration is to remove

suspended particles. Depending on whether or not support aids are used, the yield ranges from 50

to 99.99 percent. The wastewater is gravity-fed vertically through a fine sand and/or gravel bed.

Absorption or physical encapsulation are used to eliminate particles (Sand Filtration | EMIS,

2020). In research from Ahn et al. (2017), to create the optimal removal procedure, which can be

assembled in the dispersed rainwater reservoir, a sand filtering technique was chosen from
 14

among numerous proposed techniques to remove non-point source contaminants. Several

previous studies have highlighted the superior removal efficiency and cost-effectiveness of sand

filtering technology.

Gravel can be used in water filtration as a natural filter, holding back pollutants as well as

other sand-sized particles. Gravel is resistant to water erosion due to its angularity and hardness

(Holmes, 2021). Because of its ability to keep back impurity-containing precipitates, Filter

Gravel is a very effective filter media. To achieve proper filtration, filter sand size, angularity,

and hardness are crucial filter sand qualities (Filter Gravel - Water Filtration Media - Danville,

California, 2014). In research from Hatt et al. (2007), gravel filters were shown to be quite

effective at removing silt and heavy metals under all water level regimes even as the system

clogged over time. Even when the water level was permitted to change, sediment and its

associated contaminants were efficiently contained in the top of the gravel filter, despite the

sediment particle size distribution being significantly smaller than the filter medium pore size.

In research from Gustafsson et al. (2018), filtrations were performed at two distinct

operational pressures, namely 1 and 3 bar, using filter papers with thicknesses of 9 and 29 m. For

the first time, data from a simulated wastewater (SWW) matrix reveal that a filter paper can

efficiently remove even the tiniest viruses, with up to 99.9980–99.9995 percent efficiency, at

industrially relevant flow rates, i.e., 60–500 L m2 h1, and low fouling, i.e., V max > 103–104 L

m2. Filter paper holds a lot of promise for the creation of reliable, cost-effective, and long-lasting

water purification systems (Gustafsson et al., 2018).

To prevent germ contamination, water companies add a disinfectant to the water—

usually chlorine or chloramine—that kills disease-causing bacteria like Salmonella,

 15

Campylobacter, and Norovirus. One of the main disinfectants used in public water systems is

chlorine. (Water Disinfection with Chlorine and Chloramine | Public Water Systems | Drinking

Water | Healthy Water | CDC, 2020). The hypochlorite solution is effective in inactivating most

bacteria and viruses that cause diarrheal illness at concentrations employed in residential water

treatment programs. Several studies in developing countries have proven that treated water

completely removes bacterial infections (Chlorination | The Safe Water System | CDC, 2021).

Chlorination can be performed as the last stage in the treatment process, which is how most

treatment plants conduct it. The primary goal of this chlorine addition is to disinfect the water

while also maintaining chlorine residuals in the water as it travels through the distribution

system. Because a lower CT value is required, chlorinating filtered water is more cost-effective.

This is the result of combining the concentration (C) and the contact time (T) (Hancock, 2021).

Water Quality

The pH level of water is one of the most important indications of its quality (Water

Quality 101: What Is pH in Water Testing?, 2019). According to the U.S. Geological Survey, a

changing pH in a waterway can be an indicator of increased pollution or some other

environmental condition, in addition to affecting organisms living in the water. The pH of water

is a measurement of how acidic or basic it is. The range is 0 to 14, with 7 being the neutral value.

Acidity is indicated by a pH less than 7, while a pH greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is a

measurement of the proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water. Acidic water

contains more free hydrogen ions, whereas basic water contains more free hydroxyl ions. Normal

rainfall has a pH of roughly 5.6, which is somewhat acidic due to the presence of carbon dioxide

gas in the atmosphere. pH is a significant indicator of water that is changing chemically because

it is altered by chemicals in the water (pH and Water | U.S. Geological Survey, 2019). The pH of
 16

water used for drinking or in the home is critical. Too alkaline or acidic water can cause damage

to pipes and equipment, as well as being unhealthy to drink. As stated by Cirino (2019), acidic

water with a pH of less than 6.5 is more likely to be contaminated with pollutants. Water's pH

normally ranges from 6.5 and 8.5, which is perfectly normal (Johnson, 2019).

A TDS meter is a compact hand-held instrument that measures the amount of Total

Dissolved Solids (TDS) in a solution, often water. A TDS meter detects the conductivity of a

solution and estimates the TDS from that reading because dissolved ionized solids, such as salts

and minerals, enhance the conductivity of a solution (Carollo, 2022). The TDS level indicates if

the drinking water is safe to drink, whether it has to be filtered, or whether it is heavily

contaminated. The TDS levels of 0 to 70 parts per million (PPM) are regarded as very soft, 70 to

150 being soft, 150 to 250 being slightly hard, 250 to 320 being moderately hard, 320 to 420 as

hard and 420 and beyond as very hard (Water Hardness Measurements, n.d.).

A high TDS level indicates that your water has a lot of dissolved solids, which are

usually minerals (Carollo, 2022). Increased dissolved solids concentrations can have technical

consequences. Hard water is formed by dissolved particles, which leaves deposits and films on

fixtures as well as the insides of hot water pipelines and boilers. Soaps and detergents do not

lather as well in hard water as they do in soft water. High levels of dissolved particles can also

discolor fixtures, damage pipelines, and give water a metallic flavor. Because of the amount of

minerals in the water, hard water causes water filters to wear out faster (Hancock, 2018). Soft

water, on the other hand, improves cleaning and rinsing efficiency since it makes soap lather

much more easily. Soft water allows a more effective cleaning as well as a more cost-efficient

cleaning approach because products will last longer (Home Climates, 2021). Water filtration
 17

systems are an excellent way to reduce total dissolved solids, but are subject to normal wear and

tear (Woodard, 2021).

CHAPTER III

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Propose System Design

 18

Figure 1

Methodology

A. Design
 19

Figure 2
The basic principle of the process is very simple. Contaminated freshwater flows through

layers of filtration materials such as; gravel, charcoal, sand, chlorine, and filter paper – where it

is not only gets physically filtered but biologically treated. Hereby, both sediments and

pathogens are removed. This process is based on the ability of organisms to remove pathogens.

B. Construction/Assembly
 20

Figure 3
As the process itself, the basic structure is just easy. Essentially, only the filter chamber, a

type of reservoir and pipes are required. The filter chamber can either be constructed as an open

or as a closed box. Depending on climatic and other factors, the one or the other is more

reasonable.

Once the facility is built, only clean sand is required for occasional replacement. As the

process of biological filtration requires a fair amount of time in order to purify the water

sufficiently, the filtering system usually operate at slow flow rates between 0.1 – 0.3 m3/h per

square meter of surface. The water thus remains in the space above the medium for several

hours and larger particles are allowed to separate and settle. In terms of construction, two

different types are feasible. The pressure can be built up either by pumps or gravity. While pump

systems need some type of engine and a more elaborate construction, gravity systems work

without any highly technological means (Huisman, 1974).

 21

C. The Testing Process

The process of turning wastewater into a reusable water goes through a series of testing in

order to check the effectivity of the aforementioned components.

To begin with, the system will be filled with wastewater – starting at the top, the first

component to filter the wastewater will be the gravel. As it reaches the first component, it is

responsible for effective filtering for its capacity to retain back impurity-containing precipitates.

The next component will be the charcoal which eliminates contaminants from water without

depleting it of essential minerals and salts, thus, charcoal is considered to be ideal in filtrating

wastewater. The third component which is sand, it is utilized to get rid of floating and sinkable

fragments, as well as persistent materials. Fourth, chlorine – addition to killing harmful

pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, aids in the reduction of unpleasant tastes and

odors in water. Chlorine also aids in the removal of slime bacteria, molds, and algae that thrive in

water supply dams, water pipe walls, and storage facilities. Lastly, filter paper which is a semi-

permeable paper filter placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow that filters wastewater, but still

allowing fine water to pass through. However, removing other particles that is left.

The testing process concludes by comparing the end-result of filtering wastewater to reusable

water. This will also test the effectivity of the materials used in the filtration process. The

researchers will conduct this procedure to check whether the wastewater can still be of use.
 22

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The filtration process of the Drainage Filtering System has effectively turned wastewater

into a reusable water with the presence of the following components: gravel, charcoal, sand,

chlorine, and filter paper. These components have greatly contributed to the success of filtering

the wastewater making it available to reuse.

The Drainage Filtering System will alleviate pressures on groundwater and other natural

bodies of water, reducing water scarcity. This initiative can provide an alternate water source,

allowing for greater water efficiency and conservation, both of which are important aspects of

long-term water management. Individuals would be able to utilize a more efficient and effective

strategy for conserving water as a result of this study.

In the process of making the Drainage Filtering System prototype, the researchers made

use of recyclable and sustainable resources in order to achieve maximum productivity with

minimum expense yet effective. The main material responsible for holding all the components is

a plastic bottle which is basically common and has a huge amount in terms of usage - with that, it

already presents less expense as plastic bottles can be found anywhere.

Drainage filtering system operates simply. Contaminated water flows through orderly

layers of filtration materials such as; gravel, charcoal, sand, chlorine and filter paper,

respectively. Each layer of components has its individual purposes. Gravel is used to filter out

large sediments, whereas sand is used to remove fine impurities. The activated charcoal removes

contaminants and impurities through chemical absorption. Chlorine destroys disease-causing

germs and helps make water safe to drink. Besides killing dangerous germs like bacteria, viruses
 23

and parasites, chlorine helps reduce disagreeable tastes and odors in water. Chlorine also helps

eliminate slime bacteria, molds and algae. Lastly, filter paper separates the fine particles of mud

from the water. A filter paper has smaller pores than cloth and hence can be used for this

purpose. Through these layers of processes, the contaminated water not only gets physically

filtered but biologically treated. Hereby, both sediments and pathogens are removed.

Figure 4
Figure 4 shows the total dissolved solids (TDS) level after the contaminated water was

filtered. 141 parts per million (ppm) is the amount of TDS, which indicates that the water

produced is considered soft water. This implies that the water may be used for but not limited to

watering the plants, regular toilet flushing, general cleanup, laundry, and dishwashing without

leaving water stains on fixtures, appliances, or clothing. Soft water improves cleaning and

rinsing efficiency since it makes soap lather much more easily. Soft water allows a more

effective cleaning as well as a more cost-efficient cleaning approach because products will last

longer (Home Climates, 2021). Thus, the end product of the Drainage Filtering System can be

utilized in general areas where water will be used, except for consumption.
 24

Figure 5 Figure 6

Figure 5 presents the pH (potential of hydrogen) level of the contaminated water. The pH

level is 4.67, which indicates that the water is acidic. On the other hand, Figure 6 presents the

result of the pH level after the contaminated water underwent the filtration technique. The pH

level of the water resulted in 7.83 which is interpreted as neutral. This means that the filtered

water collected from the Drainage Filtering System can be safely reused for other purposes,

except for consumption. According to Judith (2019), one of the most significant indicators of

water quality is its pH level. Acidic water with a pH of less than 6.5 is more likely to be

contaminated with pollutants (Cirino, 2019). Figure 5 and Figure 6 have also shown significant

differences in their appearances. Figure 6, the filtered water, shows a clearer water which

determines that the filtration technique can remove particles found in the water. This proves that

the Drainage Filtering System is effective in rehabilitating contaminated and polluted water.
 25

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The findings gathered from the Drainage Filtering System showed that it is possible to

turn wastewater into a reusable water, not only that, the aforementioned components also

contributed to the successful end-result of filtering the wastewater. It has also proven that the

components are effective to be used as filtering materials such that it removes, filters, and treats

wastewater through a process. It segregates particles, objects, and other visible fragments

providing that the filtered water can still flow through the system. Furthermore, the reusable

water is considered applicable to be treated and therefore, reuse. Thus, the filtered water can be

of use in terms of cleaning, washing, and other certain uses except consumption as it may contain

toxins that can possibly harm the body.

At some point, this system has somehow progressed through its entirety as it is relevant

and applicable specifically to households and other portions that demand a huge amount of water

supply. As with the introduction of such system, this will be helpful in times of crisis such as

water shortage and calamities that might potentially affect water supply. In reference to the

information above, this does not only aid water-scarcity, but it can also help in creating an

environment that lessens pollutants.

 26

Conclusion

In this increasingly water-scarce world, it is critical to seek alternative water sources and

maximize water efficiency. By means of a filtering system, waste water can be converted to

reusable water. A drainage filtering system uses a water filtration approach to not only reduce

excess water in a given area, but also to remove contaminants and particles from it. The filtering

materials used, which are gravel, charcoal, sand, chlorine, and filter paper, all help in improving

the quality of the water. During the treatment process, toxins are eliminated, resulting in filtered

and safe reusable water. Treated and recycled wastewater provides a cost-effective supply that

reduces the pressures on freshwater sources such as groundwater, rivers, and reservoirs, as well

as the stress they bear. This is especially significant in locations where water scarcity and

drought have occurred. The Drainage Filtering System, which employs a water filtration process,

is an environmentally friendly strategy that has substantial value to the community since it

allows water to be reused. Future research should focus on a more developed filtering procedure,

which would greatly improve waste water quality. If we do not gain a deeper awareness of the

consequences of wasting precious resources, people will continue to face the repercussions.
 27

Recommendations

The study aims to introduce a Drainage Filtering System. The following are the

recommendations for further studies: 1.) The researchers have tested the Drainage Filtering

System with a maximum of 10 testing periods only with which the researchers could not

determine the longevity and effectiveness of the natural materials used. Thus, it is recommended

that the drainage filtering system be tested until the filtering technique has reached its maximum

potential to determine the number of periods it can be utilized; 2.) The contaminated water and

filtered water were tested for its pH level and TDS level. However, these tests will only

determine the level of contamination in the water. The researchers recommend that the

contaminated water and filtered water be brought to a laboratory to identify the specific

contaminants eliminated by the filtering technique, if there is any; 3.) Water scarcity is a global

problem that is still experienced by many. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended

that households implement the drainage filtering system to conserve water resources and help in

minimizing discharge of water pollution; 4.) It is also recommended that airports implement the

Drainage Filtering System as it is a place with high water usage. Thus, reusing the filtered water

will help in conserving gallons of water. The filtered water can be utilized for washing an

aircraft, cleaning the airport, toilet flushing and the like; 5.) The drainage filtering system has

shown great potential for effective and cost-friendly water treatment for polluted and

contaminated water. With this, the researchers recommend that further innovation and a

feasibility study be conducted so that this will be implemented on larger scale projects such as

road drainage; 6. The developed project has manual mechanism where the collected filtered

water will be transferred manually to another container for reuse. However, this mechanism can

possibly be innovated for a more efficient system. The researchers, therefore, recommends that
 28

additional materials be utilized such as Arduino and Sensors to create an automatic Drainage

Filtering System where the filtered water will be automatically transferred to another container.
 29

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name: Lorie Ann Z. Antoy

Date of Birth: September 18, 1998

Address: Tabay Mabaw, Marigondon

Lapu-Lapu City

Contact Nos.: 09177755707

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Educational Background

Primary Education

Nissi Academy 2005 – 2011

Secondary Education

Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu 2011 - 2015

Tertiary Education

Cebu Doctors’ University 2015 – 2018

Philippine State College of Aeronautics 2018 – Present

 30

Affiliations/Membership in Organization

SEEDS School Publication of Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu – writer

Skills

 Active listening

 Communication

 Computer skills

 Customer service

 Interpersonal skills

 Leadership

 Management skills

 Problem-solving

 Time management

 Transferable skills

Awards

Grade 1 to Grade 10 - Consistent Honor Student

B.S. in Speech Language Pathology 2015 – 2018 – Dean’s List for all semesters
 31

Personal Information

Name: Jeanne Claudine A. Augusto

Date of Birth: May 17, 1999

Address: Tabay Mabaw, Marigondon Lapu-Lapu City

Contact Nos.: 09994099146

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Educational Background

Primary Education

Nissi Academy (2006-2008)

San Roque Child Development School (2008-2012)

Secondary Education

San Roque Child Development School (2012-2016)

Science and Technology Education Center (2016-2018)

Tertiary Education

Philippine State College of Aeronautics (2018 – Present)

 32

Affiliations/Membership in Organization

EMBER School Publication - Writer

STEC Performing Arts Club

Academic Club (Math Club)

Skills

Computer Skills

Written and Verbal Communication

Time Management

Self-motivation

Quick Learner

Teamwork

Willingness to learn

Awards

District Level Science Investigatory Project – 1st placer

Division Level Science Investigatory Project – 1st placer

Regional Level Science Investigatory Project

Grade 1 to Grade 10 – Consistent Honor Student

Grade 11 – With Honors

Grade 12 – With Honors

 33

Personal Information

Name: Shania F. Mongcopa

Date of Birth: November 29, 1999

Address: Barangay Apas, Cebu City

Contact Nos.: 09198369021

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Educational Background

Primary Education

Camp Lapulapu Elementary School (2006-2012)

Secondary Education

Medellin National Science and Technology School (2012-2014)

University of San Carlos - North Campus (2014-2016)

University of San Carlos – Talamban Campus (2016-2018)

Tertiary Education

Philippine State College of Aeronautics Mactan – Campus (2018-present)

 34

Affiliations/Membership in Organization

Sports Club Secretary

Drum & Lyre Corps – Majorette

Badminton Club

Skills

● Possess excellent and interpersonal skills

● Computer Literate

● Hardworking

● Able to learn and apply effectively

● Possess promising attitude and willing to be trained

● Good Leadership Skills

Awards

Top 5 and Top 6 in Junior High School

A participant in News Casting Activity in Junior High School

A participant in Milo Little Olympics Badminton Sport Singles Category

 35

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name: Krisha Juliane Gaco Ybañez

Date of Birth: December 11, 1994

Address: Dad Cleland Ave. Looc Lapu- Lapu City

Contact Nos.: 09455987999

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Educational Background

Primary Education

Lapu – Lapu City Central Elementary School

Secondary Education

St. Alphonsus Catholic School

Tertiary Education

Philippine State College of Aeronautics- Mactan Campus

Affiliations/Membership in Organization:

Commission on Students Election – PhilSCA Mactan Campus

 36

Skills

 Computer Literate

 Team player

 Adaptability

 Professional

 Active in extra-curricular activities (presentations and sports)

Awards

Performer of the Year

Athlete of the Year

Dean’s Lister S.Y. 2018-2019

 37

References

Ahn, J., Lee, D., Han, S., Jung, Y., Park, S., & Choi, H. (2017). Experimental study on

performance of sand filter layer to remove non-point source pollutants in rainwater. Water

Supply, 17(6). https://iwaponline.com/ws/article/17/6/1748/38206/Experimental-study-on-

performance-of-sand-filter

Carollo, R. (2022). What is a TDS meter and do you need one? Aquasana. Retrieved February

26, 2022, from https://www.aquasana.com/info/tds-meter-what-is-it-and-do-you-need-it-

pd.html

CDC. (2021). Chlorination | The Safe Water System. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from

https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/chlorination.html

CDC. (2020). Water Disinfection with Chlorine and Chloramine | Public Water Systems |

Drinking Water | Healthy Water. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved

December 15, 2021, from

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_disinfection.html

Chemical Safety Facts. (2022). Uses, Benefits, and Safety of Chlorine. Retrieved 9 February

2022, from https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/chlorine/#:~:text=Besides%20killing

%20dangerous%20germs%20like,mains%20and%20in%20storage%20tanks.
 38

E. Eroksuz and A. Rahman, “Rainwater tanks in multi-unit buildings: a case study for three

Australian cities,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 1449–1452,

2010.

EMIS. (2022). Sand filtration. Retrieved 9 February 2022, from https://emis.vito.be/en/bat/tools-

overview/sheets/sand-filtration#:~:text=Sand%20filtration%20is%20used%20for,filter

%2C%20it%20must%20be%20rinsed.

Filter Gravel - Water Filtration Media - Danville, California. (2014). Kleen Industrial Services.

Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.kleenindustrialservices.com/water-

filtration-media-filter-gravel.html

Flooding. (2021, August 31). US EPA. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from

https://www.epa.gov/natural-disasters/flooding

Gustafsson, O., Manukyan, L., & Mihranyan, A. (2018). High-Performance Virus Removal

Filter Paper for Drinking Water Purification. Global Challenges, 2(7), 1800031.

https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201800031

H. (2021, November 16). Top 5 Benefits of Having Soft Water. Home Climates. Retrieved

February 26, 2022, from https://homeclimates.com/blog/benefits-of-having-soft-water

Hancock, N. (2018, August 16). TDS and pH. Safe Drinking Water Foundation. Retrieved

February 26, 2022, from https://www.safewater.org/fact-sheets-1/2017/1/23/tds-and-ph

 39

Hancock, N. (2021, February 18). What is Chlorination? Safe Drinking Water Foundation.

Retrieved December 15, 2021, from

https://www.safewater.org/fact-sheets-1/2017/1/23/what-is-chlorination

Hatt, B. E., Fletcher, T. D., & Deletic, A. (2007). Treatment performance of gravel filter media:

Implications for design and application of stormwater infiltration systems. Water Research,

41(12), 2513–2524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.014

Holmes, J. (2021, September 14). What is the purpose of gravel in a water filter? Cement

Answers. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://cementanswers.com/what-is-the-

purpose-of-gravel-in-a-water-filter/

J. (2019, September 17). Water Quality 101: What Is pH in Water Testing? JENCO. Retrieved

February 26, 2022, from https://blog.jencoi.com/what-is-ph-in-water-testing

Johnson, J. (2019, December 2). The pH of water: What to know. Medical News Today.

Retrieved February 26, 2022, from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327185#summary

JSTOR Daily. (2022). How Toxic Are Flood Waters? Retrieved 8 February 2022, from

https://daily.jstor.org/how-toxic-are-flood-waters/

Musa, A., Saleh, S., Mohammed, K., Labaran, Y., Yau, J. and Mato, H., 2021. Evaluation of

Potential Use of Charcoal as a Filter Material In Water Treatment. [online] Irjet.net.

Available at: <https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i5/IRJET-V7I5373.pdf> [Accessed 15

December 2021].
 40

Osmeña, R. (2020, December 23). LLC initiates water projects as MCWD supply fails. Daily

Tribune. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from

https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/12/23/llc-initiates-water-supply-projects-as-mcwd-

hand-up/

Philippines water crisis - water in the Philippines 2021. Water.org. (n.d.). Retrieved December

15, 2021, from https://water.org/our-impact/where-we-work/philippines/

pH and Water | U.S. Geological Survey. (2019, October 22). USGS. Retrieved February 26,

2022, from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/ph-and-

water

pH of Drinking Water: Acceptable Levels and More. (2022). Retrieved 26 February 2022, from

https://www.healthline.com/health/ph-of-drinking-water?

fbclid=IwAR1SW3eLeEJCGasO0pT0s5tkkFt0EfIspkHwbG7DgSmlFV0W3CcCHhEYL

mE#TOC_TITLE_HDR_1

Sand filtration | EMIS. (2020). Emis. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from

https://emis.vito.be/en/bat/tools-overview/sheets/sand-filtration

This Simple Paper Water Filter Zaps Contaminants Like Nobody's Business. (2022). Retrieved 9

February 2022, from https://www.treehugger.com/low-tech-water-filter-cheap-simple-and-

removes-contaminants-nobodys-business-4867649

Understanding TDS and its Role in Drinking Water. (n.d.). Bisleri. Retrieved February 26, 2022,

from https://www.bisleri.com/blog-detail/understanding-tds-and-its-role-in-drinking-

water
 41

Water Filters Australia. (2022). How does charcoal purify water? Retrieved 9 February 2022,

from https://www.wfa.com.au/charcoal-water/

Water Hardness Measurements. (n.d.). YSI. Retrieved February 27, 2022, from

https://www.ysi.com/water-hardness

Water Management at Airports. (2022). Retrieved 26 February 2022, from

https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Water%20management%20at

%20airports.pdf

Water Reuse Research. (2021, July 15). US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/water-

reuse-research

Water scarcity. UNICEF. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from

https://www.unicef.org/wash/water-scarcity

Woodard, J. (2021, March 26). What is TDS in Water & Why Should You Measure It? Fresh

Water Systems. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from

https://www.freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blog/what-is-tds-in-water-why-should-you-

measure-it
 42

Appendix A

Materials

The researchers have prepared the following materials:

1.5 L Plastic Bottle Sand Charcoal Gravel

Filter Paper Dirty Water 10L Plastic Bottle

Liquid Soap

1000mL Plastic Bottle

1000 ml Plastic Bottle Chlorine

 43

Appendix B
Prototype Making Procedures
Step 1. Cut the bottom part of the plastic bottle then attach the filter paper at the top
portion of the bottle. Use the prepared plastic bottle upside down.

Step 2. Put the chlorine first, then the sand on the plastic bottle.
 44

Step 3. Place the charcoal inside the bottle. Make sure that the ratio of sand and charcoal
is 1:1.

Step 4. Put the gravel inside the bottle.

 45

Appendix C
Testing Process Procedures
Step 1. To test the effectiveness of the Drainage Filtering System Prototype, pour the
dirty water into the bottle.

Step 2. Wait for the dirty water to be filtered and collect the filtered water. You may also
transfer the filtered water in a plastic cup for a better comparison.
 46

Step 3 (OPTIONAL). In this procedure, you will be able to check if the filtered water is
a soft water. Transfer the collected water into the 1000mL plastic bottle then add a few drops of
liquid soap.

Step 4 (OPTIONAL). Shake the bottle vigorously for a few seconds. If there are visible
copious bubbles, and the resting water at the bottom of the bottle is clear then your water is a soft
water. As seen on the result, the drainage filtering system has turned the polluted water into
reusable water
 47

Appendix D
pH Level Indicators
 48

Appendix E
TDS Level Indicator