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Table of Contents
Learning Go Programming
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewers
www.PacktPub.com
Why subscribe?
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Downloading the color images of this book
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. A First Step in Go
The Go programming language
Playing with Go
No IDE required
Installing Go
Source code examples
Your first Go program
Go in a nutshell
Functions
Packages
The workspace
Strongly typed
Composite types
The named type
Methods and objects
Interfaces
Concurrency and channels
Memory management and safety
Fast compilation
Testing and code coverage
Documentation
An extensive library
The Go Toolchain
Summary
2. Go Language Essentials
The Go source file
Optional semicolon
Multiple lines
Go identifiers
The blank identifier
Muting package imports
Muting unwanted function results
Built-in identifiers
Types
Values
Functions
Go variables
Variable declaration
The zero-value
Initialized declaration
Omitting variable types
Short variable declaration
Restrictions for short variable declaration
Variable scope and visibility
Variable declaration block
Go constants
Constant literals
Typed constants
Untyped constants
Assigning untyped constants
Constant declaration block
Constant enumeration
Overriding the default enumeration type
Using iota in expressions
Skipping enumerated values
Go operators
Arithmetic operators
The increment and decrement operators
Go assignment operators
Bitwise operators
Logical Operators
Comparison operators
Operator precedence
Summary
3. Go Control Flow
The if statement
The if statement initialization
Switch statements
Using expression switches
The fallthrough cases
Expressionless switches
Switch initializer
Type switches
The for statements
For condition
Infinite loop
The traditional for statement
The for range
The break, continue, and goto statements
The label identifier
The break statement
The continue statement
The goto statement
Summary
4. Data Types
Go types
Numeric types
Unsigned integer types
Signed integer types
Floating point types
Complex number types
Numeric literals
Boolean type
Rune and string types
The rune
The string
Interpreted and raw string literals
Pointers
The pointer type
The address operator
The new() function
Pointer indirection - accessing referenced values
Type declaration
Type conversion
Summary
5. Functions in Go
Go functions
Function declaration
The function type
Variadic parameters
Function result parameters
Named result parameters
Passing parameter values
Achieving pass-by-reference
Anonymous Functions and Closures
Invoking anonymous function literals
Closures
Higher-order functions
Error signaling and handling
Signaling errors
Error handling
The error type
Deferring function calls
Using defer
Function panic and recovery
Function panic
Function panic recovery
Summary
6. Go Packages and Programs
The Go package
Understanding the Go package
The workspace
Creating a workspace
The import path
Creating packages
Declaring the package
Multi-File packages
Naming packages
Use globally unique namespaces
Add context to path
Use short names
Building packages
Installing a package
Package visibility
Package member visibility
Importing package
Specifying package identifiers
The dot identifier
The blank identifier
Package initialization
Creating programs
Accessing program arguments
Building and installing programs
Remote packages
Summary
7. Composite Types
The array type
Array initialization
Declaring named array types
Using arrays
Array length and capacity
Array traversal
Array as parameters
The slice type
Slice initialization
Slice representation
Slicing
Slicing a slice
Slicing an array
Slice expressions with capacity
Making a slice
Using slices
Slices as parameters
Length and capacity
Appending to slices
Copying slices
Strings as slices
The map type
Map initialization
Making Maps
Using maps
Map traversal
Map functions
Maps as parameters
The struct type
Accessing struct fields
Struct initialization
Declaring named struct types
The anonymous field
Promoted fields
Structs as parameters
Field tags
Summary
8. Methods, Interfaces, and Objects
Go methods
Value and pointer receivers
Objects in Go
The struct as object
Object composition
Field and method promotion
The constructor function
The interface type
Implementing an interface
Subtyping with Go interfaces
Implementing multiple interfaces
Interface embedding
The empty interface type
Type assertion
Summary
9. Concurrency
Goroutines
The go statement
Goroutine scheduling
Channels
The Channel type
The send and receive operations
Unbuffered channel
Buffered channel
Unidirectional channels
Channel length and capacity
Closing a channel
Writing concurrent programs
Synchronization
Streaming data
Using for…range to receive data
Generator functions
Selecting from multiple channels
Channel timeout
The sync package
Synchronizing with mutex locks
Synchronizing access to composite values
Concurrency barriers with sync.WaitGroup
Detecting race conditions
Parallelism in Go
Summary
10. Data IO in Go
IO with readers and writers
The io.Reader interface
Chaining readers
The io.Writer interface
Working with the io package
Working with files
Creating and opening files
Function os.OpenFile
Files writing and reading
Standard input, output, and error
Formatted IO with fmt
Printing to io.Writer interfaces
Printing to standard output
Reading from io.Reader
Reading from standard input
Buffered IO
Buffered writers and readers
Scanning the buffer
In-memory IO
Encoding and decoding data
Binary encoding with gob
Encoding data as JSON
Controlling JSON mapping with struct tags
Custom encoding and decoding
Summary
11. Writing Networked Services
The net package
Addressing
The net.Conn Type
Dialing a connection
Listening for incoming connections
Accepting client connections
A TCP API server
Connecting to the TCP server with telnet
Connecting to the TCP server with Go
The HTTP package
The http.Client type
Configuring the client
Handling client requests and responses
A simple HTTP server
The default server
Routing requests with http.ServeMux
The default ServeMux
A JSON API server
Testing the API server with cURL
An API server client in Go
A JavaScript API server client
Summary
12. Code Testing
The Go test tool
Test file names
Test organization
Writing Go tests
The test functions
Running the tests
Filtering executed tests
Test logging
Reporting failure
Skipping tests
Table-driven tests
HTTP testing
Testing HTTP server code
Testing HTTP client code
Test coverage
The cover tool
Code benchmark
Running the benchmark
Skipping test functions
The benchmark report
Adjusting N
Comparative benchmarks
Summary
Learning Go Programming
Learning Go Programming
Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure
the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information
contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or
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distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to
be caused directly or indirectly by this book.
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www.packtpub.com
Credits
Reviewers
Quintessence Anx
Project Coordinator
Parth Desai
Nidhi Joshi
Abhishek Kumar
Chris Schaefer
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Preface
Go is an open source programming language that lets programmers
easily build reliable and scalable programs. It does this by offering a
simple syntax which makes it fun to write correct and predictable
code using concurrency idioms and a robust standard library.
Go has a large and active online community and there are several
Go conferences that take place around the world yearly. Starting
with https://golang.org/, you will find numerous places on the web
that provide documentations, blogs, videos, and slides that cover a
wide range of Go-related topics. On GitHub, the story is no different;
some of the best known projects that are driving the future of cloud
computing, for instance, are written in Go with an ever growing list.
As you would expect, getting started with Go is simple, fast, and well
documented. However, “getting into” Go can be more challenging,
especially for newcomers from other languages. My first attempt at
Go failed. Even after reading the prescribed documentations and
going through the tutorials, there was a gap in understanding driven
by my own biases from previous programming experiences. Months
later I returned to Go and got into it. This time I read the language
specs, I read blogs, watch videos, and searched the web for any
discussion that provided design motivations and in-depth
explanations of the language.
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
}
$> go version
go version go1.6.1 linux/amd64
New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you
see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in
the text like this: "If all goes well, you should see the message Hello,
World! output on your screen.."
Note
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.
Tip
Tips and tricks appear like this.
Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what
you think about this book-what you liked or disliked. Reader
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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
che ponea Rosa a leggere alcune linee tracciate sul foglio rimasto in
mano sua.
Ad un tratto gli occhi della giovine s’infiammarono, rilesse ansante
quel foglio misterioso, e cacciando un grido, lo porse al principe,
dicendo:
— Oh! leggetelo! mio Signore; a nome del cielo, leggetelo!
Guglielmo passò il terzo tallo al presidente, prese il foglio e lesse.
Appena vi ebbe gettato gli occhi, che tentennò; la sua mano
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Il foglio datoli da Rosa, era la pagina della Bibbia che Cornelio de
Witt aveva spedita a Dordrecht a mano di Craeke cameriere del suo
fratello Giovanni, per pregare Van Baerle che bruciasse la
corrispondenza del gran Pensionario con Louvois.
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«Caro figlioccio!
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«20 Agosto 1672.
«Cornelio de Witt.»
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Ma in alto ben alto
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Cornelio continuò: