YAMUNA TECHNOLOGIES,NAGPUR

CONTENTS

Topic Page no.

Title 3

Objective 3

Introduction 3

Apparatus 4

Stepwise Procedure 5

Observations 5

Observations Table 5

Calculations 6

Result 6

Operating Instruction 8

Maintenance of the Equipment 8

Caution 8

NOTES 9
 REYNOLDS APPARATUS

 Objective:
To study the t ype of flow by Reynolds experiment
To observe dye filament and identify laminar, turbulent or transition flow

 Theory

Osborne Reynolds in 1883 conducted a number of experiments to determine the

Laws of Resistance in pipes to classify types of flow.

Reynolds number
Reynolds number 'Re' is the ratio of inertia force to the viscous force where viscous force
is shear stress multiplied area and inertia force is mass multiplied acceleration.

Re =

Where, Re = Reynolds number

V = Velocity of fluid (m/s)
D = Diameter of pipe (m)
µ (mu) = Coefficient of Dynamic viscosity of fluid (N-s/m²) or Pascal -sec.
õ (nu) = Coefficient of Kinematic viscosity of fluid (m²/s)
ñ (rho) = Mass density (kg/m3)

Reynolds carried out experiments to decide limiting value of Reynold's number to a

quantitatively decide whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. The limits are as given below.

The motion is laminar or turbulent according to the value of Re is less than or greater than a
certain value. If experiments are made with decreasing rate of flow, the value of Re depends on
degree of care which is taken to eliminate the disturbances in the supply or along the pipe.
On the others hand, if experiments are made with decreasing flow, transition from turbulent to
laminar flow takes place at a value of Re which is very much depends on initial disturbances.
The valve of Re is about 2000 for flow through circular pipe and below this the flow is laminar
in nature. The velocity at which the flow in the pipe changes from one type of motion to the
other is known as critical velocity.
  Apparatus

1. YAMUNA TECHNOLOGIES, Nagpur’s Reynolds apparatus consist glass tube with one
end having bell mouth entrance connected to water tank. The tank is of sufficient
capacity to store water. At the other end of the glass tube a cock is provided to control
the flow. A small dye container is placed at the top of tank.
2. Potassium Paramagnet (To give brightly visible reddish color streak)
3. Thermometer
4. Measuring tank
5. Stop watch

Die Holder

Water storage tank

TYPE OF FLOW

Vertical Glass Tube

Flow control valve.

Pump

Collection tank
Main tank

Laminar, Transition, Turbulent

Figure: Reynold's Apparatus

  Procedure

1.Measure and note down dia of pipe, size of measuring tank and also room temprature
2.Open the main supply valve and fill the tank of apparatus with water, with outlet of glass
tube is partly open so that no air is entrapped in the glass tube
3.Close the outlet valve of the glass tube and the inlet valve of the tank when the tank is full.
4.Leave the apparatus for sometime so that water in the tank is at rest and no disturbance.
5.Partly open the outlet valve of the glass tube and the inlet of the tank so that the velocity of
the flow is very small and the water level in the tank is fairly constant.
6.Open the inlet of the dye injecter so that the dye stream moves at a straight line throughout
the tube showing that the flow is laminar
7.Increase the velocity of the flow and again measure the discharge
8.Take six to seven readings till the dye stream in the glass tube breaks up and gets diffused
in water. Also encircle t h e velocity reading for which the dye flame at waves for the first
time near the outlet end of glass tube.
9.Repeat the experiment with decreasing rate of flow and encircle the reading for which dye
filament waves for the last time near the end of the glass tube; as the flow changes from
turbulent to laminar.

 Observations
1. Inner diameter of glass tube, D = 30mm
2. Cross - sectional area of glass tube, A = (π / 4) x D² = ( π / 4) x 0.03²= 0.000707 sq. m
3. Mass density of water, ρ = 1000 kg/ m3
4. Average Room temperature, θ = 25 ºC
5. Dynamic viscosity of water at room temp, µ = 0.009 N-s/m2
6. Volume of water collected Vol. = 0.0050 m3
7. Name of dye used: PP

 Observation Table

Run Volume Time (t) Discharge Velocity Re = ρ v d/ µ Type of flow

No (Q) V = Q/A

Units Sec. / m/s

1 0.0050 30 1.67 x 10 0.023 766 Laminar

2 0.0050 9 5.55 x 10 0.078 2620 Transition

3 0.0050 5 1 x 10 0.1414 4716 Turbulent

4 0.0050 10 5x 10 0.0707 2357 Transition

5 0.0050 4 1.45 x 10 0.1768 5894 Turbulent

 Sample Calculations

Re = = (1000 x 0.023 x 0.030) /0.009 =766.6

 Results

i) When discharge and Re was small dye line was seen almost straight. This was
clearly seen from stretches, till Re = 2000 i.e. Run No 1 this indicates laminar flow.
ii) When the discharge was further increased, the dye line moved towards pipe walls
and still remains in a single line. This was seen till run no 2 when Re =< 4000. This
indicate flow is transition state.
iii) When the discharge is further increased, the straight streak line of the dye was
seen for a small distance less than one third length of the pipe and then dye is
thoroughly mixed in the flow this was turbulent flow. Re is more than 4000.
Operating instructions

1. Fill the main tank with sufficient amount of water such that the suction
pipe strainer is dipped in water.
2. Priming not required, circulate the water throughout the system to clear
any dust and foreign particle in the piping.
3. Run the pump with by pass delivery valve open for few minutes.
4. Select any of the application to be used, slowly open the outlet valve of
that application keeping all other application valves closed.
5. Conduct the experiment and slowly switch over to other application
closing the previous one.
6. Avoid sudden opening of any valve.
7. The capacity of the pump is more than the last limits of the applications
so do not operate any of the application with fully opened valve. This may
damage or create leakage in the system.
8. Drain the water from all the tanks after experimentation to avoid rusting,
corrosion of the parts.

Precaution

1. Do not start the pump with all valves closed.

2. The centrifugal pump is self priming.
3. Avoid any type of shock to the instrument and piping.
4. Do not start the experiment without sufficient water in the sump tank.
5. Open the by pass delivery valve when the application is not in use.
6. Do not open fully the valves of the application as it may cause the
damage to the channel.
7. Do not run the pump dry.
8. Use clean water without any contamination to avoid chocking of the
manometer pipes and to protect the transparency of the channel.
9. Do not operate the equipment with any of the electric panel board
open.
10. Always keep the bypass delivery valve open when the application is not
in use.
11. Do not use the pump without strainer attached to the section pipe

Maintenance of the Equipment

1. Wipe with a clean moist cloth.

2. Do not use any type of acid, alcohol or detergents to clean the apparatus.
3. Contact the service station for any malfunction.
4. Remove water after use.
5. Always lock the wheels when in operation.
CAUTION

Do not attempt to open the instrument.

Warranty voids if the instrument is attempted to open except at authorized

service station.
(NOTES)